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5251
A Kinetic Model for the Esterification of Lactic Acid and Its Oligomers
Navinchandra S. Asthana, Aspi K. Kolah, Dung T. Vu, Carl T. Lira, and Dennis J. Miller*
Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State UniVersity,
East Lansing, Michigan 48824
The kinetics of esterifying lactic acid and its oligomers with ethanol over Amberlyst 15 cation-exchange
resin have been determined via batch reaction studies. The kinetic model for esterification of lactic acid and
its oligomers uses nth-order, reversible rate expressions for esterification and oligomerization reactions. Rate
constants, activation energies, and equilibrium constants were generated via regression of experimental results.
Model predictions for esterification of 20%, 50%, and 88% lactic acid solutions in water are in good agreement
with experimental results over a wide range of experimental conditions.
1. Introduction
We recently reported on the esterification of lactic acid with
ethanol to form ethyl lactate in a reactive distillation column.1,2
Reactions were performed using different aqueous solutions of
lactic acid as reactants in the presence of Amberlyst 15 cationexchange resin as a catalyst. Water as a reaction product was
continuously removed from the column in the column distillate
stream, thus driving the reaction toward higher acid conversion
and ester yields. Under optimum reaction conditions, >95% acid
conversion with 65% yield of ethyl lactate was achieved.
At concentrations of >20 wt % in water, lactic acid undergoes
oligomerization reactions to form linear oligomer acids. The
extent of oligomerization is inversely related to the water content
of the solution.3,4 These oligomer acids react with ethanol to
yield oligomer esters. In reactive distillation or any other lactic
acid esterification scheme, oligomer formation and esterification
adversely affect ethyl lactate yield and pose a considerable
challenge in predicting process behavior. For accurate design,
therefore, it is critical to include and characterize oligomer
reactions in the process model.
Many reactive distillation models only consider reaction
equilibrium.5,6 These reaction equilibrium models are useful in
cases where the reaction kinetics are very fast (e.g., where
equilibrium is achieved in a short reaction time) but systematically predict higher conversions than those that are obtained
experimentally in cases where the reaction kinetics are slow.
In those cases, it has been shown that kinetics-based simulations
give more accurate and more reliable predictions.7,8 In lactic
acid esterification, where a series of relatively slow reactions
occurs, a reliable knowledge of the kinetics is, thus, essential
to simulate the process effectively.
There have been several reports describing the kinetics of
lactic acid esterification with different alcohols.9-17 Most of
them involve dilute aqueous solutions of lactic acid (e20 wt
%),8-11 thus obviating the need to account for oligomers in
solution. Others have examined esterification kinetics at high
lactic acid concentrations but have not explicitly included the
role of oligomers. Engin et al.16 studied the esterification of 92
wt % lactic acid solutions with ethanol, accounting for hydrolysis of oligomer acids but ignoring esterification reactions. Zhang
et al.17 made no mention of oligomers in their study of
esterification kinetics of 80 wt % lactic acid. The esterification
kinetics developed by Tanaka et al.14 represent the only prior
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 1-517-3533928. Fax: 1-517-432-1105. E-mail address: millerd@egr.msu.edu.
5252
silicon oil as the circulating fluid. The reactor was also equipped
with a condenser, thermocouple, and sampling port.
At the start of reaction, the reactor was filled with the desired
amount of lactic acid and ethanol and heated to reaction
temperature. A catalyst was added to the reactor through one
of the reactor ports. The point of catalyst addition was
considered as time zero for the reaction. The extent of reaction
was followed by sample withdrawal and analysis at regular
intervals.
All reactions that involved 20 wt % lactic acid, as well as
reactions conducted at temperatures of >80 C for 88 and 50
wt % lactic acid, were conducted in a stirred 300-mL Parr batch
reactor (Model 4561, Parr Instrument Co.). For each experiment,
the reagents and catalyst were charged into the reactor and
heated to the reaction temperature. Stirring commenced after
the temperature was attained; this was noted as zero reaction
time. Samples were withdrawn periodically over the course of
the reaction and analyzed. For all reactions, total concentration
and conversion of lactic acid is reported on a monomer
equivalent basis. The 88 wt % lactic acid solution consists of
monomer acid (L1) and linear oligomer dimer acid (L2), trimer
acid (L3), and tetramer acid (L4); therefore, the concentrations
of L2, L3, and L4 were multiplied by 2, 3, and 4, respectively,
and added to the L1 concentration to give the monomer
equivalent concentration.
2.3. Analysis. All samples were analyzed for water (W) and
ethanol (EtOH) using a Varian model 3700 gas chromatograph
that was equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD)
and a stainless steel column (4 m 3.25 mm) packed with a
liquid stationary phase of Porapak Q. The column oven was
subjected to a temperature program that involved heating from
413 K (after a 2-min hold) to 493 K (and held for 6 min) at a
rate of 20 K/min. High-purity helium (99.999% pure) was used
as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 20 mL/min. The injector and
detectors were maintained at 493 K.
Lactic acid monomer (L1) and its linear oligomer acids (L2,
L3, and L4), ethyl lactate (L1E), and ethyl esters of oligomer
acids (L2E, L3E, and L4E) were analyzed using HPLC. A
complete description of the analysis methodology is presented
in detail elsewhere.1-3 The total acid content was determined
by titration with a standard 0.1 N NaOH solution, using
phenolphthalein as an indicator, as a check of HPLC results.
The results obtained for the acid content from HPLC were
comparable to those from titration.
3. Results
The base case conditions for reaction included 88 wt %
lactic acid feed and ethanol with feed quantities of 0.30 mol of
lactic acid (L1 equivalent), 0.2 mol of water (present in 88 wt
% lactic acid solution), and 0.97 mol of ethanol, a catalyst
loading of 3 wt % of total reactant weight, a temperature of 80
C, and an agitation speed of 740 rpm. To cover a broad range
of conditions, esterification reactions were also performed on
solutions containing 20, 50, or 88 wt % lactic acid (compositions
provided in Table 1) using ethanol:lactic acid molar feed ratios
from 1:1 to 4:1, catalyst loadings from 0 wt % to 5 wt %, and
reaction temperatures from 335 K to 363 K. The results of these
experiments were used in the regression analysis of the kinetic
model (described below) to determine an optimum set of rate
constants that describe esterification. Representative results from
experiments and from the kinetic model are represented in
Figures 1-6 by data points and dotted lines, respectively.
Because the 88 wt % lactic acid solution contains the highest
concentrations of oligomers (Table 1) and, thus, represents the
20 wt %
lactic acid
50 wt %
lactic acid
88 wt %
lactic acid
23 wt %
(5.6 mol %)
46 wt %
(15.2 mol %)
3 wt %
(0.5 mol %)
77 wt %
(94.4 mol %)
2.6 M
51 wt %
(84.3 mol %)
5.9 M
58 wt %
(43.5 mol %)
22 wt %
(9.2 mol %)
6 wt % (1.8)
2 wt % (0.4)
12 wt %
(45.1 mol %)
10.8 M
L2
L3
L4
H2O
monomer equivalent
concentration
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 45, No. 15, 2006 5253
Figure 3. Arrhenius plot of rate constants from initial rate of lactic acid
esterification. Reaction conditions: 88 wt % lactic acid solution, ethanol:
lactic acid molar ratio ) 3, catalyst loading ) 3 wt %, and agitation rate
) 740 rpm. Legend: ([) k1, (9) k2, and (2) k3.
5254
L1 + EtOH y\
z L1E + H2O
k /K
1
k2
L2 + EtOH y\
z L2E + H2O
k /K
2
k3
k4
k5
4. Kinetic Model
4.1. Reaction Pathways. Based on the reactant and product
composition profiles during esterification of the 88 wt % lactic
acid solution, a set of reaction pathways have been defined for
the kinetic model. The set of reactions, which are given in
reactions 1-5 below, describes lactic acid monomer esterification as well as oligomer formation and esterification. All
oligomers that are larger than dimers (L2 and L2E) are lumped
together as L3 and L3E; the quantities of larger oligomers are
small enough that they do not significantly influence the
reaction, either kinetically or with regard to overall acid
concentration and mass balances. A similar set of reaction
pathways was proposed by Tanaka et al.14 Esterification of
the 50 wt % and 20 wt % lactic acid solutions is com-
(4)
L3 + H2O y\
z L 1 + L2
k /K
(3)
z 2L1
L2 + H2O y\
k /K
(2)
L3 + EtOH y\
z L3E + H2O
k /K
(1)
(5)
4.2. Evaluation of Mass-Transfer Limitations. Two possible modes of mass-transfer limitations are associated with
heterogeneously catalyzed reactions: one across the solid/liquid
interface (external mass transfer) and other within the catalyst
particle (intraparticle diffusion). In the evaluations below, liquidphase effective diffusivities were calculated using the WilkeChang equation.19
Chakrabarti and Sharma20 suggested that external masstransfer limitations for ion-exchange resin-catalyzed reactions
can be eliminated by conducting experiments at stirring rates
of >500 rpm. To check their assumption, a theoretical calculation was performed to ascertain the magnitude of the external
mass-transfer rate. Solid-liquid mass-transfer coefficients were
calculated using a Sherwood number (kSL,jLt/De,j) of 2.0, which
is the theoretical minimum value. The observed reaction rates
of L1, L2, and L3 + L4 were calculated from their concentrationversus-time profiles. (Oligomers L3 and L4 were lumped together
because of uncertainty in the response factor for L4 and because
of its low concentration.) For each component, the maximum
mass-transfer rate (kSL,j Cj) was determined to be at least an
order of magnitude greater than the observed reaction rate,
indicating that there are no significant solid-liquid mass-transfer
limitations. Resin particles physically disintegrate at stirring rates
of >800 rpm; therefore, all reactions were conducted at a speed
of 740 rpm.
The possible presence of intraparticle mass-transfer resistances
was examined by determining the observable modulus (2 )
(-rj)Lt2/Cj/De,j) and applying the Weisz-Prater criterion; the
maximum value of 2 observed was 0.15, which is sufficiently
small to indicate that intraparticle mass-transport resistances are
unimportant. This is consistent with previous reports that
intraparticle diffusion limitations in reactions with Amberlyst15 under similar conditions could be considered negligible.9,10,21
4.3. Kinetic Model Equations. A simple nth-order reversible
reaction model has been chosen to describe lactic acid esterification that has been catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 ion-exchange
resin. The rate of formation for each component in the reaction
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 45, No. 15, 2006 5255
dxL1
dt
[ ( )(
[ ( )(
EA1
xL1xEtOH -
RT
EA4 xL12
wcat k4 exp 0
RT
K4
K1
EA5 xL1xL2
dxL2
dt
RT
[ ( )(
[ ( )(
EA2
E A4
wcat k4 exp 0
RT
K5
K2
xL2xW -
( )(
xL12
K4
EA5 xL1xL2
k50 exp -
dxL3
dt
RT
[ ( )(
EA3
RT
xL3xEtOH E A5
E A1
dt
dt
dxL3E
dt
K5
[ (
[ (
[ (
[ (
RT
)(
)(
)(
E A2
RT
E A3
RT
xL2xEtOH xL3xEtOH -
(6)
- xL3xW
)]
xL3xW -
xL1xEtOH -
)]
K3
[ ( )(
dxL1E
dxL2E
RT
)]
xL3ExW
[ ( )(
- xL3xW
xL2ExW
xL2xEtOH -
RT
- xL2xW +
( )(
k50 exp -
)]
xL1ExW
)]
)]
xL1xL2
K5
(8)
)]
xL1ExW
K1
(9)
)]
)]
)]
xL2ExW
K2
(10)
xL3ExW
K3
(7)
[ ( )(
[ ( )(
EA1 xL1ExW
dxW
- xL1xEtOH
) wcat k10 exp dt
RT
K1
EA2 xL2ExW
( )(
EA3 xL3ExW
k30 exp -
RT
xL2xW -
K3
xL12
K4
RT
K2
)]
)
)]
- xL2xEtOH +
)] [ ( )
( )(
)]
E A4
- xL3xEtOH
E A5
+ k50 exp -
RT
xL3xW +
xL1xL2
K5
parameter
RT
(13)
value
k01
k02
k03
k04
k05
EA1
EA2
EA3
EA4
EA5
48000 kJ/kmol
54500 kJ/kmol
74100 kJ/kmol
52000 kJ/kmol
50800 kJ/kmol
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
2.4
0.6
0.3
5.0
5.0
Fmin2 )
(11)
E A1
xL1ExW
dxEtOH
) wcat k10 exp xL1xEtOH +
dt
RT
K1
E A2
xL2ExW
xL2xEtOH +
wcat k20 exp RT
K2
E A3
xL3ExW
k30 exp xL3xEtOH (12)
RT
K3
)(
( )(
(xi,cal - xi,expt)2
samples
nsamples
(14)
5. Discussion
To illustrate the validity of the kinetic model, composition
profiles were generated from eqs 6-13 for the entire range of
experimental conditions examined. Representative results of the
model are shown in Figures 1-6. (Additional esterification
results are given in the Supporting Information.) For 50 and 88
wt % lactic acid, predictions for component profiles were in
reasonably good agreement with the experimental values; for
20 wt % lactic acid, predictions were in excellent agreement
with experiments. Error values or deviations (expressed as a
percentage) between experimental and model predictions for
each component are provided in Table 3. For experiments with
88 wt % feed solution, errors were small during the initial 180
min of reaction but became larger as the reaction approached
equilibrium. Errors were larger for L2E and L3E on a percentage
basis, but those species were present in small quantities and,
thus, do not significantly affect major component concentrations.
For 88 wt % lactic acid, overprediction of L2E formation at
equilibrium resulted in overprediction of acid conversion relative
to the experiment (Figure 3).
The kinetic model described here is based on the concentration of species (e.g., mole fraction) in solution. We recognize
5256
Table 3. Comparison of Experimental Values and Model Prediction for Esterification of 20, 50, and 88 wt % Lactic Acid Aqueous Solutions
with Ethanol
EtOH:LA
molar ratioa
catalyst
loading (wt %)
reaction
temperature (C)
L1
L2
L3
Percent Error
L1E
L2E
L3E
EtOH
20.5
10.1
7.7
2.7
11.2
7
3.6
2.6
2.5
0.6
6.6
37.1
15.9
12.2
16.9
16
9
5.7
6.6
9.6
3.6
14.5
25.1
28
20.5
25
31.2
29.8
29.1
16
31.5
13.1
29.6
10.9
4.4
2
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
3
5.2
2.3
2.1
0.9
2.1
1.6
1
0.6
0.8
0.2
4.2
49
29.2
37.1
25.9
14.7
24.4
24.7
39.1
14.8
34.8
6.2
2.9
1.1
0.5
2.0
1
1.4
0.4
1.2
1.2
0.4
0.04
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.3
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.2
0.4
0.03
0.2
0.08
0.2
0.05
1
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
4
5
3
3
3
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
62
72
90
1
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
4
3
3
3
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
61
71
90
20.2
11.2
4.8
5
13
4
3.5
14.2
5.2
4.1
1
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
4
3
3
3
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
60
70
90
9.2
3.5
4.2
17
9.7
5.8
14.1
2.8
5.6
4.6
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 45, No. 15, 2006 5257
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