Impressive similarities between the Indian cultures: general adaptation to European culture Indian America Became more independent on European goods During American Revolution they asserted independence Played off each the powers, tried to be neutral French had better relations as they had no expansion plans, however French could be just as ruthless Most Indian alliances with French were result of British fear of expansion Indians lost most of their people, Europeans didn't Indians benefited from the horse The Spanish Borderlands New Spain was the must prosperous colony, however Spain in North America was poor In Florida, competition for St. Augustine between Brits and Spanish=good relations with Indians in Florida St. Augustine also had large black population as it was the destination for many slaves In New Mexico, the population was poor but expanding, as was Louisiana California was deadly Religion played a big role in all the colonies The French Crescent In New France religion and state were the same Thinly populated New Orleans was the most profitable colony French colony of inclusion=women get property rights, metis, and Indian clothes New England Puritan Government All male churchgoers were voters=all laws were mad by religion Not tolerable to other religions Roger Williams (Rhode Island) argued for toleration John Locke argued for toleration=Toleration Act=other religions in New England French and Hurons in the north=no settlement up there The Middle Colonies New York was the most ethnically diverse Rich landowners choose to rent versus sell=Pennsylvania more attractive Quakers who ran Pennsylvania were tolerant vs. Puritans in New England In Pennsylvania land was sold in individual lots vs. communal plots In Pennsylvania people moved around more than in New England=settlement of the individual=basis for future expansion The Backcountry Modest lifestyle Disdain for rank The South White, black, and Indians Most of the population was black slaves Plantation was the institution for social life in Charleston Charleston grew rice In the Chesapeake tobacco was grown=smaller plots=more diverse mosaic of farmers Growing racial solidarity between whites Traditional Culture in the New World Due submission for the general good Traditional farming vs. plantation farming
Traditional farms diversified (self sufficient) plantation or commercial farming
wasn't Guilds in cities Few opportunities for women, however some did take on husbands work after their death The Frontier Heritage Labor was in short supply as people could own their own farms easily In Spanish colonies people had Apache slaves Quebec slaves worked with workers Wages for free workers were very high=most unskilled work done by slaves Half of the migrants to 13 colonies were slaves Indentured servants common to Convicts were also sent from Britain Bad conditions Diverging Social and Political Patterns In the 18th century the three empires grew sharply away from each other Population Growth Big population boom High fertility rate Infant mortality down Different immigration policies led to English boom Everyone allowed into the colonies Social Class Attempts to establish the class structure failed in the New World Land monopolies (New York) where large landowners owned the land were established, however people had access to cheap land for themselves (Pennsylvania) that few people settled on them North America had an economic not aristocratic hierarchy New France has the Seigneurs New Spain rank is based on race In Catholic cultures people of title were from European nobility, while Brits celebrated social mobility=people worked towards new class Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality In Catholic colonies bureaucracy stifled economic growth while in 13 colonies business boomed British Colonies increasing economic inequality as all money in rich hands Land became more expensive in British colonies Less land, hemmed in by French and Indians Land was divided up into parts for heirs=smaller plots=farm the land harder for $$=soil exhaustion=need more land As a result more poor people Contrasts in Colonial Politics Catholic colonies were very centralized vs. British system Local assemblies in British colonies (voted from freemen) Assemblies controlled $$ therefore controlled colony The Cultural Transformation of British North America Marked with increasing ethnic diversity, economic growth and social tensions Ideas of the Enlightenment reach BNA vs. Catholic suppression of new ideas in their colonies The Enlightenment Challenge People weren't born into position Locke wanted rights for people vs. government Enlightenment appealed to those who had bettered themselves in society Enlightenment spread in BNA cause most people were literate vs. Catholic colonies had low literacy rates=Enlightenment didn't spread Wealth led to the creation of a "cultured" class=thought about the enlightenment
A Decline in Religious Devotion
New ideas=decline in old ideas (religion) Opposed Calvinism (church idea) that people were predestined liked Arminianism instead ( you worked your way to heaven) The Great Awakening Church began to favor rich merchants (they were the ones who were into enlightenment) Edwards, preacher led emotional sermons to get poor people back to church Preached purity, no decadence One of the first national events in history Children begin to attend church Great Awakening Politics Great Awakening applied more to those who weren't rich (therefore didn't believe in enlightenment as they had not bettered themselves"