PCAT Vocabulary

10/15/2014

Dimly: l m. (He knows dimly about computer science)

Salient: ni bt, ng ch . (Those were some salient information posted on the
website).
Freer: more free.
Bureaucracies: quan liu. (He knows many important bureaucracy figures in the room)
Staffed: arranged a position / b tr. (My boss staffed an intelligent guy to the IT department
yesterday.)
Secularizing: trn tc ho. (One action that can be exaggerated by many religious believer is
the secularization of their religious figure)
Autocrat: ngi chuyn quyn (He was one of the most powerful autocrats in the government)
Regime: ch , h thng cai tr. (Nowadays, the majority of industrial countries follows the
democratic regime model.)
Decreed: h lnh [decree = sc lnh]. (The king decreed many rules that must be abide strictly)
Imams: lnh t Hi Gio.
Dissenters: ngi c thi chng i, ngi theo o Tin Lnh khng tin vo gio l ca nh
th Anh. (He was the leader of a political dissenters group that caused violence across the
country)
Liturgy: nghi thc t l (synonym : ritual)
Clergy: gii tng l (That church have many shady clergymen that assisted the priest in stealing
from innocent citizens)
Subjecthood: the status or position of a subject
Ethos: cc gi tr tinh thn, o c, c tnh (The elders often prefers young educated men who
respects and valued good ethos)
Emancipated: gii phng, phng thch (The slave was emancipated from the white people after
the war ended)
Deposed: ph trut (The CEO was deposed yesterday by the committee due to his incapability of
controlling the company economic situation)
Assertion: xc nh, khng nh (synonym: confirmed) (The evidence gathered is sufficient for
the assertion of the murderer identity)
Inclusion: s bao gm (The inclusion of ATM development was one of the most advanced
technology of modern bank transaction)
Civic: thuc cng dn (In the past, there were many conflicts arise between private property and
civic property)
Nonetheless: ging vi however, d sao/ tuy nhin. (Nonetheless, he still went to the party to
meet up some friends and having fun before the test)

Non sequitur: li ni do quo ( trc sau khng nh mt). (Sequitur is sure)

Innumeracy: not that precise with numbers/ probability. (Not as extreme as insufficient
math skill)
Malady: disease/illness.
Marginal: at the rear/edge of something.
Creaky: squeaking sound.
Skepticism: doubting over certain things/information, hoi nghi.
Presupposition: assuming something that has not been proved.
Coherence: A situation which all parts of something fit together well.
CELL DIVISION:
Karyokinesis: nuclear division
Cytokinesis: cell division
Sister chromatids: chromatids that are identical, both formed up
a chromosome
Centromere: helds the two sister chromatids together in a
chromosome
Chromatin: uncoiled form of DNA
MITOSIS:
Four steps of the INTERPHASE:
o G1: Interphase initiation, cell size increase w protein
synthesis
o S: DNA synthesis occurs
o G2: Cell prepare to divide
o M: cell divisions occurs (mitotic phase)
IPMAT:
o Interphase
o Prophase: chromosome condense, centrioles separate &
move to the opposite poles of the cells
o Metaphase: chromosome lines up
o Anaphase: each chromatids separates by spindle fibers

o Telophase: nuclear membrane form up around the

chromatids, spindle fibers disappears.
Cytokinesis: where cleavage furrow occurs.
MEIOSIS:
IPMAT 1 (2N -> 4N -> 2N)
o Prophase 1: where synapsis occurs with chiasmata
IPMAT 2 (2N -> N)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISMS
Gonads (testes + ovaries): gametes producing organs.
Spermatogenesis: sperm generation
Oogenesis: egg generation
Polar body: small cells contains a little more than nucleus
HUMAN REPRODUCION
Testes are stored in scrotum (2-4 deg less than body temp,
essential for sperm survival).
Testes = progesterone production site
Sperm pathway: from vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to
urethra
Spermatogenesis:
o Occurs in the semiferous tubules of the testes
o Diploids cells + differentiation= Primary spermatocytes
o Primary spermatocytes + meiosis I = Secondary
spermatocytes
o Secondary spermatocytes + meiosis II = Spermatids
o Spermatids mature into Spermatozoa (sperm)
Acrosome
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
Ovary: female gonads, where oogenesis occurs
o Follicle: locates on the ovaries, where oogenesis takes place
Oviduct: locates near the ovary, the secondary oocyte get sucks up
here.

Uterus: a muscular chamber connected with the fallopian tubes

Cervix: lower, narrow ends of the uterus
Oogenesis:
o Occurs in ovarian follicles
o At birth, primary oocytes exists, once the first period
occurs, primary oocytes + meiosis I = secondary oocytes
+ polar body.
Secondary oocytes consists of zona pellucida (inner
layer) and corona radiate (outer layer)
o MEIOSIS II only occurs when FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE.

FEMALE SEX HORMONES:

Estrogen: sex drive, female characteristics, endometrium
maintenance
Progesterone: stimulates endometrium walls growth and
maintenance.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE: (FOLM steps)
Follicular phase: Anterior pituitary secretes FSH to stimulates
follicle development, which secretes estrogen
Ovulating phase: an ovum is released from the follicle, LH is
increase with estrogen
o Menopause: ovaries is less sensitive to hormones, susceptible
to atrophy and eventually lead to a drops in estrogen and
progesterone = unstable moods and physiological change.
Luteal phase: LH induces corpus luteum formation on the
ruptured follicle, which secretes estrogen and progesterone for
endometrium walls for embryo implantation.
Menstruation: if fertilization did not occurs, corpus luteum
atrophy, estrogen + progesterone drops = endometrium vessels
bleed a bit = menstrual cycle.
Fertilization (12-24 hours after ovulation)
Acrosomal process: acrosomal enzymatic fusion with the ovum
membrane
Cortical reaction: occurs after acrosomal process, xuwhich
stimulates metabolic activity and fertilization membrane formation
Fertilization membrane: triggers by cortical reaction.
Monozygotic twins (identical): a single zygotes splits into two
embryos and shared the chorion sacs, placenta and amnion
Dizygotic twins (fraternal): 2 ovums are fertilized by two sperm.

Transformation: takes up of foreign plasmid by bacterial

chromosome, forming up new genetic combination
Conjugation: bacteria bridging reproduction (sexual), sexually
differentiate by the presence of F factors, antibody resistance gene can be
passed this way.
F factors: bacterial sex factors
HFr cells: cells with genes that are capable of enter recipient cells to
combine with pre-existing genes to form new genetic combination. (takes
place via conjugation)
Transduction: bacterial genes packages by virion capsules and infects
each other, leading to genetic combination.
Recombination: linked genes are separates via chromosome
breakage and rearrangement when organisms are crossed.
GENE REGULATION
Inducible system: required an inducer to stop the transcription,
usually the substrate of transcription is the inducer. Inducer is
present = synthesis occurs, inducer absent = no synthesis. (only
when needed)
Repressible system: required a corepressor, combines with the
repressor to inhibits transcription
o Corepressors are synthesized as a by-products, therefore if
too much corepressors, no more enzyme synthesis.
o Defective genes that codes for defective corepressors wont
be able to turned off, hence enzymatic synthesis always
occurs = constitutive.
BACTERIOPHAGE (VIRUS)
Lytic cycle: virial infection that lead to lysing of bacterial cells
Lysogenic cycle: virial infection that keep bacterial cells alives and
reproducts cells with identical new genes combination.