GENERATION SYSTEM

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric

power from other sources of primary energy. The fundamental
principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s
and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. The basic
principle is the electricity movement of a loop of wire, or disc copper
between the poles of a magnet. For electric utilities. it is the first
process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. Electricity is most
often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators,
primarily driven by heat engines fuelled by chemical combustion or
nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of
flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include
solar photovoltaic and geothermal power and electrochemical
batteries.

Construction Services Structure Integration (CSSI)

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Construction Services Structure Integration (CSSI)

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The layout shows the components of a

standard electrical supply for a city where
electricity is produced by a source, the
primary supply and then transmitted to
substations by high voltage wires which
uses transformers to amplify the voltage
then transmit it to secondary substation
and onto secondary lines through
transformers into the premises of the end
users
In Jamaica electricity is transmitted using
138000 volts step-down to 24000 volts for
domestic and industrial use.

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1. Step-down Transformer
2. Step-up Transformer
Step-down transformers are employed at the point of transmitting load into the facilities to the users. They are usually Pole
Mounted or Pad mounted

POLE MOUNTED TYPE 1

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PAD MOUNTED TYPE 2

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Transformers
Transformers that are generally employed in the built environment are Step-down Transformers. The step-up transformers
are used mostly by the power supply company in the transmission of power.
Step-down Transformer
The step down transformer is used to reduce the voltage from the high voltage used for transmission to the lower
voltage that is employed in the built environment

130000 volts

24000 volts

440/240/220/110 etc

CROSS SECTION OF PADMOUNT

TRANSFORMER
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FROM SERVICE PROVIDER TO INTERNAL

DISTRIBUTION

Panel Box
ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
TP 1
LIGHT
TP 2
PLUGS
TP 3
PLANTS
TP 4
AC
TP 4
TP 5
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LIGHTS

PUMPS

Panels, Breakers, Sub-Panels and distribution Panels Conduits installation

1

4
`

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3 1: Distribution Panel
2: Main 3 Phase Breaker
3: Conduits installed before
concrete placement
4: Main to Sub breaker
5: Main Breaker with above Main
6: Breaker with connecting cables

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METERING
Metering is done through a single meter or through a meter centre

In single metering the main comes from a pothead directly to the individual meter
In the meter centre the mains comes to a control switch and then each meter feeds from that point

Meter centres are mostly used for buildings or structures where the clients needs individual electrical billing, while single metering is when the client
need only one billing
The rules regulating meter centres is found in JS-21 , but some of the most common BUT regulation are:

The base of the meter centre must have a minimum thickness of eighteen inches (18)
First metre socket must be one foot {1-0) from the finish floor level
Load on the rooms cannot be more than 400 AMPS with special permits need to go above
The room can be open front
The room must be ventilated

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Circuits

Each circuit is govern by a breaker that is located in a panel box mounted on a wall of the structure
Circuits are rated by the resistance of the control breaker. The amperage is usually marked on the breakers in the panels and this is the indicator for the
load rating of the circuit
The typical plug circuits are either 110 or 220 volts
Five plugs are allowed 120 volts/20amps circuits. In the kitchen it is reduced to three per circuits
Light circuits are 15 amps with a maximum 12 lights permitted per circuits

Switches and Plugs

Switches are placed 4-6 from the finish floor level (FFL)
Plugs are Placed 0-18 from the finish floor level
110 plugs are vertical while 220 are tandem

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GEI
The GEI is the government electrical inspectors that gives certification on
behalf of the government for the purpose of the utility company to
conduct any form of termination.
No electrical connection can be made by the utility company without the
certification of the GEI.

Application for electrical supply

Application is made by a licensed electrician to the GEI office for
inspection
If approval is given it is taken to the utility company along with the
title of the property and the approved drawings from the parish
council. The drawings are usually stamped by PE ( professional
engineer)
The supply from point is determined by the utility company

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8+

Solar & Photovoltaic

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Introduction

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has recently emerged from its long hibernation; a technology
only used in satellites and special remote applications is now available to everyman
This is due to a convergence of:

THE SUN
SOURCE OF
ENERGY

Governments looking for alternative energy forms to replace the unsustainable ones we
depend on today
Modern manufacturing capability
The energy needs of modern society
World-wide abundance of free solar energy

TYPICAL
APPLICATION
OF PANES
FACING 18
DEGREES
SOUTH

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Slide 13

Caribbean Background

High dependency on imported fossil fuels

Dependency on traditional biomass fuels, e.g. wood, charcoal, plant/animal waste

Exposure to negative impact of climate change and environmental damages,

e.g. sea level rising, hurricanes, flooding

Substantial sources of renewable energy, e.g. solar resources

Inadequate local human capacity for installation, operation, and maintenance

of sustainable energy systems

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Shortly after the silicon PV cell was invented the first commercial applications
of PV were in rural telephone systems and radio transmitters

Today rural off-grid applications of PV improves life in very important ways;

pumping water for drinking and irrigation, providing energy for lights in
schools, refrigeration of medicines, and much more

This is especially true in developing nations where the utility grid is

unavailable or unreliable

Myanmar water pumping

Rural telephone power USA 1955

Rural health clinic Zambia

Construction Services Structure Integration (CSSI)

images courtesy of
DOE/NREL: (M. & W. Rhodes,
Byron Stafford), LORENTZ

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Slide 15

Systems and Configurations

A utility-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system

A utility-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system is becoming

the most common system configuration

Solar power-plant components can be arranged in many

ways to design PV systems for different situations, but the
most common configuration is a utility-connected system,
a.k.a grid-tied

In most cases energy is not stored at the home (batteries)

instead the power is fed to the loads and the excess is
sold to the grid it is a power generator

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Slide 16

Distributed Generation (DG) systems

Distributed Generation (DG) systems produce electricity close to where

it is used avoiding losses from long transmission lines

Small scale Distributed Generation systems can include PV systems,

wind turbines, water turbines

If consumers are connected to the utility grid, excess power not used at
the moment can be sold to the grid

DG system may also be the only power source, a.k.a. Off-Grid

COMBINATION

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Slide 17

Portable PV systems

Portable PV systems focus on mobility, examples of these

systems are boats, temporary traffic signs, and power
sources for portable electronics.

A number of applications require power when the sun is not

available, requiring a form of storage as part of the PV
system

IMAGE:
1 PV USE FOR REMOTE CELL SITE
2 BOAT USING PV SYSTEM
3 REMOTE TENT IN THE HIGH MOUNTAINS

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Slide 18

Types of solar collection

The simplest device to harvest solar radiation is the

flat-plate collector

solar energy is absorbed on a flat surface without any

form of concentration

Not as sensitive to the incidence angle to the sun;

direct as well as diffuse radiation is converted to
power

Flat-plate collectors may be installed in a fixed

orientation or on a sun-tracking mount

Nearly all residential and commercial hot water and

PV solar energy collectors are flat-plate

Image courtesy of DOE

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Slide 19

Domestic Application

Residential PV has two unique advantages over all forms of energy; solar modules fit on rooftops,
close to the load

By bringing energy production and consumption together - something fossil fuel power plants and
other renewable energy can't do suburban PV is distributed generation (DG) without the
transmission losses incurred with grid power

Being distributed, PV actually competes with retail power delivered by the utility not wholesale
(enforced by law: net metering)

Imagine a world with solar on every possible rooftop - and electric vehicles in every garage

Every person becomes an energy entrepreneur

The sun never sends a bill

No wars over energy, no man-made environmental disasters

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Slide 20

Consideration

The cost to bring power from a utility may in some cases be prohibitive

Remote or Off-Grid PV systems are a great option for architectural

applications that are too distant to be economically connected to the
utility grid

In these cases PV is often an ideal choice due to its simplicity; no fuel

to transport and very low maintenance

Water pumping

Navigation beacon

Images: Courtesy of
DOE/NREL: (University
of Wyoming, Stennis
Young, Dave Parsons,
LarryAhasteen, John
Masson, United Solar
Ovonic), Sun Xtender
Remote cabin

Navaho homestead

Communications

Construction Services Structure Integration (CSSI)

Traffic signs

Lighting

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Slide 21

Considerations

The rate of change in energy consumption is

unsustainable economically and environmentally

The worlds population has grown by a factor of 3

in the last 60 years and the1) USAs energy demand
by a factor of 6 per capita

China and India joining industrialized life further

result in explosive growth

Each year energy demand grows by ~2% - and is

expected to grow by 30-50% 2)
by 2020, almost
doubling by 2050 from today

There are large amounts of coal and natural gas,

however the pollution from these fuels will destroy
our current habitat

Energy demand is unsustainable with current

means

The unsustainable rate of energy use must be reversed

Who is going to solve this problem and how ?

1)
2)

Construction Services Structure Integration (CSSI)

World Energy Council

Graph and data source: Novatlantis http://www.novatlantis.
ch/fileadmin/downloads/2000watt/leichterleben_eng.pdf

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Slide 22

Considerations
Fossil Fuels

The long term trends are all very alarming

Peak-oil production has occurred twice now (USA ~1976, global ~2010)

Replacing oil and coal will be monumental undertakings and will take decades of
concerted effort

The longer we wait the more difficult, risky, and expensive it will become
The USA has 2% of the worlds reserves and requires 25% of the oil produced no amount of drilling will fix this

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Slide 23

PV Growth
Not all countries are developing PV at the same rate; Germany has been the steady and strong growth center thanks to a solid
PV policy and a strong desire to replace nuclear energy with renewables
Spains attempt to develop PV was rapid and sporadic (2008) due to poorly developed incentives and commitments
USA and China are just awakening to PVs potential to provide a significant part of the energy demands, with enormous
potential growth due to the large energy needs

Graph courtesy of European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA)

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Slide 24

Considerations
Solar consideration for building

Most material used in the production of PV are imported into the

country, The same is done for fossil fuel energy production therefore
it is the cost benefit analysis that will be the deciding factor if a
country promote the use of this natural form of energy consumption.

Architectural consideration is one of the positive factor in the

application of PV due in large part to the passive nature of total
product.

The sourcing and the manufacturing of cheap technology to

maximize on the delivery of PV energy to the point of use will
continue to under changes and improvement, but it still will be a of
the a cheaper and sustainable type of energy.

Incentive driven by govern contribution will have to be the driving

factor for PV in the Caribbean.

Construction Services
Structure Integration (CSSI)
Image: creative commons Ed Uthman

Industry overall requires a few elements to succeed:

Cost-effective and reliable technology
Political will, support, and incentives
Educated consumers
Safe and reliable installations

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Slide 25

PHOTOVOLTAIC AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The layout shows the components of a standard electrical supply for a city where
electricity is produced by a source, the primary supply and then transmitted to
substations by high voltage wires which uses transformers to amplify the
voltage then transmit it to secondary substation and onto secondary lines
through transformers into the premises of the end users
In Jamaica electricity is transmitted using 138000 volts step-down to 24000 volts
for domestic and industrial use.

Area of Design

ELECTRICAL LINE

transformer

distribution
Panel

DIAGRAM

ELECTRICAL

Lot Service Main: JPS Supply

No 2 or 2/0
Estimated distance from supply main =50 feet
Electrical cable runs underground From electrical poles to utilities room

Underground cable area

BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

JPS

250KVA
Equipment

ITEMS
safety factor
General electrics

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

VOLTS

EQUIPTMENT

AMPS

QUANTITY

15
20
60
60
150
40
40

20
10
1
2
1

TYPE

HP

PHASE

1.5
Outlets

110/120-volts
220/450-volts

Main Panels

3phase
15 tonne

Offices
offices
Elevator
Air-condition
ROOF
EQUIPTMENT
FIRE PROTECTION
fire detection
Audio
SERVERS
SPRINKLER
HEATERS
domestic Water
IRRIGATION PUMPS
SERVERS

110v
220v
415v
415v
415
220v

Elevator
AHU
Chiller
PUMPS

110v

70

220v
110v
220v

40
20
20

Double Pole
Double Pole
Triple Pole
Triple Pole
Triple Pole
Triple Pole
Triple Pole

1
2
3
3
3
25

3
2
2
3
10000

PUMPS
PUMPS

Triple Pole
5
5

3
1
3

mf

Uf

# of lamps

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

1.420087787
4.219493395
2.485153628
1.710560289
8.855896334
27.54574461
4.244126001
5.244642396
4.570100697

1
1

535
Items
Safety Factor
Lighting

Generators

Description

type

Location

lux

LIGHTING
Lumens

Offices 1
office 2
Services
Vault
Passage
lobby
Conference
upper lobby
bathroom

500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
300

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

Area sq,ft

Room Height

LED Light Fixtures

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
External

2'x2 Troffers
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

stand by main generators

Kva

8.520526723
25.31696037
14.91092177
10.26336174
53.135378
165.2744677
25.464756
31.46785438
45.70100697

15'
15'
15'
15'
15'
15'
15'
15'
15'

output

60.29580514

CIRCUITS
Items
Safety Factor 1.5
General electrics

Description

type

Location

volts

Breakers(AMPS)

110
220
220

20
15
15

Outlets
lighting

110/220v
110/220v
110/220v

Offices
offices
Ceiling

Generators
100kva

Floors

QUANTITY

TYPE

20
10
7

Single pole
Double Pole
Double Pole

1.5
"

Electrical System

spacing

1.5

3*100 amps

250kva
220/110

10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'

Lighting for the internal of the building will consist of :

2 x 2 LED Ceiling Mounted Direct truffers
9w 220v DIRECT recess Lamp
90 LPW standard efficacy, and designed to 50,000 or 75,000 hours. Or 8 years
Step able Dimmable
Input voltage 220volts
22 watts 2000 LUMENS
CRI 93

PHOTOVOLTAIC
A utility-connected Photovoltaic (PV) system is becoming the most common system
configuration
Solar power-plant components can be arranged in many ways to design PV
systems for different situations, but the most common configuration is a utilityconnected system, a.k.a grid-tied
In most cases energy is not stored at the home (batteries) instead the power is fed
to the loads and the excess is sold to the grid it is a power generator

Electrical Outlet layout

Ground Floor

ELECTRICAL ROOM
ELECTRICAL WIRING
Attached to roof

ELECTRICAL WIRING
In walls
ELECTRICAL WIRING
from panels

Section A-A

PV PANELS

BATTERIES

ELECTRICAL PV
Calculation of the solar PV energy output of a photovoltaic system
Yellow cell = enter your own data
Green cell = result (do not change the value)
White cell = calculated value (do not change the value)
Global formula :

E = A * r * H * PR

E = Energy (kWh)
A = Total solar panel Area (m)
r = solar panel yield (%)
H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)*
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value = 0.75)

Total power of the system

Losses details (depend of site, technology, and sizing of the system)
- Inverter losses (6% to 15 %)
- Temprature losses (5% to 15%)
- DC cables losses (1 to 3 %)
- AC cables losses (1 to 3 %)
- Shadings 0 % to 40% (depends of site)
- Losses weak irradiation 3% yo 7%
- Losses due to dust, snow... (2%)
- Other Losses

*You can find this value on the map below or here :

solar radiation data

You have to find the global annual irradiation incident on your PV panels with your specific inclination (slope, tilt)
and orientation (azimuth).

More info
Source : www.photovoltaic-software.com

75329kWh/an
335m
15%
2000kWh/m.an
0.75

50.3kWp

8%
8%
2%
2%
3%
3%
2%
0%

ORIENTATION
:
1 8 DEGREES
DUE SOUTH

PV PANELS

SIZE 3FEET X 5FEET

WEIGHT
MANUFACTURER: GENCO
LOCATION ON STRUCTION ROOF
18 DEGREES SOUTH
SUPPLIED BY ENERSAVE SOLUTION

PANELS
INVERTER
MAIN ELEC, PANEL

TYPICAL FLAT PV PANEL SAME PROPOSED FOR

BUILDING SYSTEM (3FEET X 5FEET)

BATTERIES
BATTERIES
No Batteries
ITEMS ROOF AREA
1

479

UNITS

% USE

MSQ

PANEL SIZE

70

1.953697372

# PANELS
172

PANEL WATTAGE (W)

250

KW

STORAGE

42905.82625

40%

STORAGE

No Batteries
17162.3305

2
3
4

KWH/DAY
PEAK SUN HOURS (Consumption)
6

257.43

AH/DAY
5363.125

Batteries :
Alignment : Series
6 volts
Type Solar
# of 168

WH/day
(Consumption)
257430

TOTAL AH REQUIRED FOR 60%

SYSTEM VOLTAGE DEPLETION
48

8581

Battery Ah
Capacity
420

Total Batteries
BATTERY VOLTAGE BATTERIES IN PARALLEL BATTERIES IN SERIES Required
6

20.43095238

163.45

TYPICAL BATTERIES TYPE USED IN

PV APPLICATION

BATTERIES SPECIFICATION SHEET

TYPICAL BATTERIES IN
SERIES

PLAN VIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION

The placement of the panels on the roof provided
for the best advantage for the direct feeding of
sunlight. The panels also provided shading for the
roof. The roof of the building is the part of the
building envelope that is responsible for the
largest amount of radiant heat flow into the
building. The application of the PV panel on the
roof provides also a radiant barrier for the building.

PANORAMIC VIEW OF BUILD WITH PV APPLICATION

The panel arrangement occupy 60 percent
of the roof area with the remainder of space
used for the purpose of mechanical and
maintenance.
The amount of panel placed on the roof is
110 with ease of access for maintenance

BUILDING CONSUMPTION AND PV SYSTEM

OUTPUT
Total load ( building power consumption)
413 amps (90.860 kw}
Total production of pv system ( peak output}
50.3 kw
The peak output power of the system is 50.3kw which provides 251.3keh per day over the 5
peak sun hours.
The facility consumes 95.260kw peak power which amounts to 762.08 kwh hours per 8 hour day
The system therefore offsets 33% of the overall consumption of the facility