Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Presented at
1989 N.C. W C F Conference
I.
the aeration system. The aerator provides for oxygen transfer, mixing, and
recirculation of the mixed liquor. Through the proper design of the aeration
system, it is possible to achieve organic removal, ammonia removal (nitrification), and nitrate removal (denitrification) in a single sludge system.
The oxidation ditch concept also has the potential for phosphorus removal.
There are a number of types of aeration units which have been utilized in
oxidation ditches. This includes turbine aerators, jet aerators, surface
aerators, and brush aerators. Manufacturers have developed a number of
is installed.
- 1 -
l
1.
'
f,
The draft-tube aerator serves to pump water through the draft-tube providing
single-point aeration and positive wastewater recirculation through the
ditch.
aerators are positioned in the oxidation ditch channel at the two ends of the
race track configuration.
Carbonaceous
Denitrification
- 2 -
The overall
Organics + 02 + N + P-New
2.
Cells + 02 -C02
Nondegradable
Cellular Residue
In the aerobic portion of the channel, organic materials (BOD, COD, TOC) are
oxidized by the bacteria using oxygen as an electron acceptor.
In the anoxic
portions o f the basin, the organic materials are oxidized by the bacteria
using nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor.
2NH4'
+ 302-2N02'
4. .2N02' + O2-2NO3-
- 3 -
is approximately 8.4.
i s presented as Equation 5.
5.
+ New Cells
tion to occur.
Denitrification is an alka-
Denitrifi-
cation normally will begin occurring when the bulk mixed liquor dissolved
oxygen concentration is 0.5 mg/l or less. A dissolved oxygen gradient is
present in each biological floc particle composing the mixed liquor as shown
- 4 -
dissolved oxygen versus time line is the oxygen uptake rate expressed in
units of mg/l per minute.
The oxygen uptake rate is dependent on several parameters including wastewater characteristics, temperature, F/M level, and the mean cell residence
time or sludge age.
suspended sol ids (MLVSS) concentrations within a given aeration basin volume
will change the slope of the dissolved oxygen versus time line and the
re1 ative proportions o f aerobic-anoxic basin volumes.
If an anoxic zone is not provided, then denitrification will not occur. The
loss of an anoxic zone may result from the process being operated under a
very low F/M condition (weekends), very low oxygen uptake rates, excessive
aeration, or excessive recirculation.
the resulting higher oxygen uptake rate may cause the detention time o f the
aerobic portion of the basin to be insufficient for complete nitrification.
- 5 -
;N
Where:
T = Basin Temp.,
OC
pH = Basin pH
D.O. = Basin D.O. concentration, mg/l
1.3 = Monod half saturation constant for oxygen, mg/l
From the maximum growth rate, the minimum nitrifier mean cell residence time
(MCRTN) can be calculated by:
7.
8"
UN
Where:
Q"
Where:
.The required hydraulic detention time of the aerobic zone can now be
calculated as follows:
- 6 -
Where:
YH
X v = MLVSS, mg/l
KD
So = Influent BOD
SE = Effluent soluble BOD, mg/l
Where:
The design MCRTD is determined using a safety factor of 2.5, similar to the
nitrification MCRT.
11.
- 7 -
. "
I'
The required hydraulic detention time in the anoxic zone can now be
calculated by:
12.
D.T.
= (No
- NE)
x v qDN
Where: No = Influent TKN, mg/l
SDO = OU/V
Where:
Increasing the recirculation rate reduces the slope o f the dissolved oxygen
gradient and, therefore, reduces the detention time of the mixed liquor in
each pass of the anoxic zone.
-8-
The ditch aeration system is sized based on the oxygen demand which will be
exerted on the aeration system.
- d'
NOR
Xv
No
MLSS, lbs
a'
b'
c'
d'
The amount o f oxygen required for the aerobic portion of the system is
normally a function of BOD removal, MLVSS in the system, and the ammonia
loading. Normally, 4.5 pounds of oxygen are required per pound o f amnonia
removed.
Normally, 2.6
allow variation in the level of oxygen transfer, level of MLVSS concentration, and aeration volume.
- 9 -
the process to be operated at both high F/M (high oxygen uptake rate) and low
F/M (low oxygen uptake rate).
undertaken in November 1986 to determine the levels of effluent BOD and TSS
which are routinely achieved in oxidation ditch wastewater treatment plants
in the U.S.
presented in Table 1.
In the oxidation ditch process, the activated sludge mixed liquor undergoes
continuous alternation of aerobic/anoxic conditions enabling a wide variety
of microorganisms to survive.
favorable conditions for simultaneous removal of carbonaceous BOD, nitrification, and denitrification.
single sludge system for three processes, and because carbonaceous BOD
removal occurs i n both aerobic and anoxic conditions, oxidation ditches are
usually characterized by capital and operational costs lower than a
traditional activated sludge treatment plant achieving similar performance.
The oxidation ditch process can achieve consistently high levels of BOD,
suspended solids, and nitrogen removal.
10
, -
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF DITCH ACTIVATED SLUDGE PERFORMANCE DATA
BOD
Location
(mg/l)
E f f 1uent
TSS
sv I
(mg/l) (mg/l)
FLOW
C1 ari f i er
Overflow
(mg/l)
(gpd/ft2)
Sol ids
Clarifi r Loading
Q mgd Area ft5
lbs/hr/ft2
RAS
MLSS
1.2
395
3000
1.0
3040
0.69
200
.6
565
2340
0.3
1062
0.69
223
1.01
351
3060
1.75
2880
1.02
0.26
310
3000
0.22
840
0.60
200
1.3
230
3200
2.7
5652
0.79
10
69-70
0.7
220
4500
0.7
3180
0.69
95
2.0
157
6500
1.5
12723
0.62
Clayton, GA
(Jackson Plant)
13
121
0.44
187
3400
2.29
2353
1.37
S o u t h Florida
115
0.908
1620
0.82
6720
0.15
Immokcalee, FL
Holdenville, OK
12
Thompson, NY
16
Dawson, MN
30
Presque Isle,
ME
28
5-8
Clayton, GA
(N.E. Plant)
Foley, AL
- 11 -
TABLE 2
Effluent
BOD
Influent
TSS
mg/l
mg/l
July
103
Total
N
pH mg/l
Total
F1ow
BOD
TSS
MGD
mg/l
mg/l
124
0.928
2.5
6.8
4.65
6.42
81
98
0.844
10
32
6.8
5.88
6.46
Sept.
171
87
1.170
6.9
1.89
4.22
Oct.
208
118
0.908
6.9
4.92
6.66
Nov.
226
134
1.155
7.0
4.79
4.92
Dec.
216
150
0.957
12
10
6.8
5.97
6.34
Jan.
199
142
1.126
10
6.8
5.53
4.52
Feb.
215
179
0.908
6.9
3.14
6.43
1.167
6.7
2.69
3.77
Month
Aug
TKN*
NH3*
March
mg/l
Apr i1
230
141
0.98
10
6.9
1.91
6.2
May
196
143
0.89
6.8
3.14
10.40
June
226
141
0.750
6.8
2.14
7.9
188
132
3.89
6.19
Avg
32*
25.6*
0.976
6.6
12
9.5
Representation of FLOC
Figure 1
Aerobic
Port ion
of Floc
Portion
of Floc
tA
co
a.0-
Mechanical
,erator #l
.4
03
E 2.5C
0
03
s2.0-
x->
1.5-
(D
1.0-
-0
0.5
Mechanical
Aerator Y2
Existing
aerator
100
200
300
400
500
700
600
800
Influent Pipe
Channel ler,3t!1, Ft
3.0
Mechanical
Aerator #1
0, Uptakez0.43 mg/l/min.
g
>
e
2.0
ExistingI
Mechanical
Aerator #2
Influent Pipe
Time (Min)
SO0
1000
1100