CONTENTS

TITLE

PAGE

INTRODUCTION / THEORY

WORKING PROCEDURES

3-5

RESULTS / ANALYSIS

6-9

QUESTION

10 - 13

DISCUSSION

14

CONCLUSION

15

REFERENCES

16

INTRODUCTION / THEORY
Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD )
An entity relationship diagram (ERD) shows the relationships of entity sets stored
in a database. An entity in this context is a component of data. In other words, ER
diagrams illustrate the logical structure of databases.
At first glance an entity relationship diagram looks very much like a flowchart. It
is the specialized symbols, and the meanings of those symbols, that make it unique.
The History of Entity Relationship Diagrams
Peter Chen developed ERDs in 1976. Since then Charles Bachman and James
Martin have added some slight refinements to the basic ERD principles.

Example Of ERD

WORKING PROCEDURES:
Steps to Develop ER Diagram:
Case Study : A student can borrow one or more books. A book has a supplier and a
supplier can supply many books. The information of students are matric no, student
name, class, semester and phone no. The important data of book are serial no, book title
and year of published. Supplier have id supplier, address and phone no.

Step 1: Entities has been identify.

1. Students
2. Supplier
3. Book

Step 2: The attributes, primary key and foreign key for each entity has been
identify.

Entity
Student

Attributes
Matric_no,

Primary Key
matric_no

Foreign Key
serial_no

serial_no

matric_no,

student_name,
class_semester,
Book

phone_no
serial_no, book_title,

Supplier

year_of_publish
id_supplier, address,

id_supplier
id_supplier

phone_no, serial_no

Step 3 : Relationship and cardinality has been identify.

3

Relationship

Cardinality

Borrow

1:M

Supply

1:M

Step 4 : ERD diagram has been draw completely.

RESULTS / ANALYSIS:

Given the following case study:

Case Study: A company has several departments. Each department has a supervisor and
at least one employee. Employees must be assigned to at least one department. Project
will be given to the employee and it will be done in a group. At least one employee is
assigned to one project or more. The important data fields are the names of the
departments, projects, supervisors and employees, as well as the supervisor and employee
number, department code and a unique project number.

Step 1: Entities has been identify.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Company
Supervisor
Employee
Project
Department

Step 2: The attributes, primary key and foreign key for each entity has been
identify.

Entity
Company

Attributes

Primary key

Foreign key

Department

Department_name,

department_number

Supervisor

department_number
Supervisor_name,

supervisor_number

Employee

supervisor_number
Employee_name,

employee_number

Project_number

project

employee_number
Project_number,

Project_number

employee_number

project_name

Step 3 : Relationship and cardinality has been identify.

Relationship

Cardinality

has

1:1

Have

1:M

Assigned

M:1

Assigned

1:M

Step 4 : Draw a complete ERD

QUESTION / DISCUSSIONS:

Draw the ERD for the given scenario below. (State any additional assumption if
needed)
Dungun General Hospital has several wards. This hospital has a few types of ward
depends on types of patients. Patient information will be recorded into file that patient
number, patient name, address, phone no., IC no. patients category and group of blood
patient. Each patient is treated by a doctor at one time but one doctor can treats a number
of patients. The information of doctors recorded are : doctor ID, doctor name, address,
phone no, IC no and expertise. The nurses will be assigned to take care of the patients.
Nurses in this hospital are graded based on their experience, qualification and duration of
working in the hospital.

Step 1: Entities has been identify.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Ward
Patient
Doctor
Nurse

Step 2: The attributes, primary key and foreign key for each entity has been
identify.
10

Entity
Ward
Patient

Attributes

Primary key

Patient_name,

patient_number

Foreign key
patient_number
doctor_id, experienced

doctor_id

patient_number,

patient_number,
address, phone_number,
ic_number,
patient_category,
Doctor

group_of_blood
Expertise, ic_number,
phone_number, address,

Nurse

doctor_name, doctor_id
Duration_of_working,

experienced
experienced

patient_number,

qualification,

doctor_id

experienced

Step 3 : Relationship and cardinality has been identify.

Relationship

Cardinality

11

has

M:N

Take care

M:N

treat

M:1

Step 4 : Complete ERD has been draw successfully.

12

DISSCUSSION

13

For the discussion, I can know how the ERD has been created by Peter Chen in
1976. I can know how the ERD work in process to create a database. To make a complete
ERD diagram, there are 4 most important step that I should follow.
The first step, I need to identify the entities in question. An entity is an object or
concept about which I want to store the information. For example, patient, doctor,
employee.
The second step, I need to find the attributes for each entity that I found. A key
attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristic of the entity. For example, an
employee's social security number might be the employee's key attribute.
The third step, I need to show the relationship and cardinality in relationship.
There are 3 type of cardinality. One to One ( 1:1 ), One to Many ( 1:M ), and Many to
Many ( M:N ).
The last step to construct an ERD diagram is I need to draw the complete ERD
diagram. This is example for ERD diagram that I draw successfully.

CONCLUSION

14

In the conclusion section, the ERD has been created by Peter Chen 1976. The
ERD was very suitable in process to create a database. The ERD almost look like the
flow chart but it was different because the flow chart do not have a primary key and
foreign key. Lastly, the ERD has their own step to complete it.

15

REFERENCES

Website
http://www.smartdraw.com/entity-relationship-diagram/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model
http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram

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