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This article is about devices used to fasten rail to railroad ties (sleepers), for devices used to join lengths
of rail see Fishplate
"Rail spike" redirects here. For the Transformer, see Railspike.
A rail fastening system is a means of fixing rails to railroad ties (United States) or sleepers
(international). The terms rail anchors, tie plates, chairsand track fasteners are used to refer to parts or
all of a rail fastening system. Various types of fastening have been used over the years.
Contents
1 History and overview
2 Spikes and screws
o
3 Rail supports
3.1 Chairs
4 Clips
5 See also
6 References
o
6.1 Sources
7 External links
Dog spike
A rail spike (also known as a cut spike or crampon) is a large nail with an offset head that is used to
secure rails and base plates to railroad ties in the track. Robert Livingston Stevens is credited with the
invention of the railroad spike,[5] the first recorded use of which was in 1832.[6] The railroad spike was an
invention which resulted from the state of industrialisation in the United States in the early 19th century:
English mainline railways of that period used heavy and expensive cast iron chairs to secure T-shaped
rails; instead, Stevens added a supporting base to the T rail which could be fixed with a simple spike. [7]
[8]
In 1982, the spike was still the most common rail fastening in North America. Common sizes are from
9 to 10/16 inch square and ~5.5 to 6 inch long.[9]
A rail spike is roughly chisel-shaped and with a flat edged point; the spike is driven with the edge
perpendicular to the grain, which gives greater resistance to loosening. [10] The main function is to keep
the rail in gauge. When attaching tie plates the attachment is made as strong as possible, whereas
when attaching a rail to tie or tie plate the spike is not normally required to provide a strong vertical
force, allowing the rail some freedom of movement.[9]
Originally spikes were driven into wooden sleepers by hammering them with a heavy hammer by hand.
This manual work has been replaced by machines, commonly called "spike drivers" (A machine that
removes spikes is called a "spike puller").[11] Splitting of the wood can be limited by pre-boring spike
holes or adding steel bands around the wood.[12]
For use in the United States three basic standards are described in the ASTM A65 standard, for different
carbon steel contents.[13]
The rail spike has entered American popular consciousness; the driving of the "Golden Spike" was a key
point in North American development of the western seaboard. Railroad workers have been celebrated
in song and verse.[14]
A dog spike is functionally equivalent to a cut spike and is also square in horizontal section and of
similar dimensions but has a pointed penetrating head, and the rail (or "plate holding") head has two
lugs on either side (which aid spike removal) giving the impression of a dog's head. [15]
Screw spikes
Fang bolts
Fang bolts which are also named rail anchor bolts, have also been used for fixing rails or chairs to
sleepers; the fang bolt is a bolt inserted through a hole in the sleeper with a fanged nut that bites into the
lower surface of the sleeper. For fastening flat-bottomed rails an upper-lipped washer can be used to
grip the edge of the rail. They are more resistant to loosening by vibrations and movement of the rail.
[20]
They are thought more effective than spikes and screws and so are used in positions such as switch
(point) tieplates,[21] and on sharp curves.[22]
Spring spikes
Fixing equipment
The spike maul, also known as a spiking hammer, is a type of sledgehammer with a long thin head
which was originally used to drive spikes.[29][30]
Manual hole drilling and spike or screw insertion and removal have been replaced by semi-automated or
automated machines, both pneumatic and hydraulic. Machines that remove spikes are called spike
pullers.[31][32][33]
Rail supports
Chairs
Tie plates
A tie plate, baseplate or sole plate is a steel plate used on rail tracks between flanged T rail and
the crossties. The tie plate increases bearing area and holds the rail to correct gauge. They are fastened
to wooden ties by means of spikes or bolts through holes in the plate.
The part of the plate under the rail base is tapered, setting the cant of the rail, an inward rotation from
the vertical. The usual slope is one in forty ( 1.4 degrees ). The top surface of the plate has one or two
shoulders that fit against the edges of the base of the rail. The double-shoulder type is currently used.
Older single-shoulder types were adaptable for various rail widths, with the single shoulder positioned
on the outside (field side) of the rails. Most plates are slightly wider on the field side, without which the
plates tend to cut more into the outsides of the tie, reducing cant angle.
Many railways use large wood screws, also called lag screws, to fasten the tie plates (or baseplates) to
the railroad ties.
Tie plates came into use around the year 1900, before which time flanged T rail was spiked directly to
the ties.
Clips
A variety of different types of heavy-duty clips are used to fasten the rails to the underlying baseplate,
one common one being the Pandrol fastener (Pandrol clip), named after its maker, which is shaped like
a stubby paperclip.[39] Another one is the Vossloh Tension Clamp.[40]
The newer Pandrol fastclip is applied at right angles to the rail. Because the clip is captive, it has to be
installed at the time of manufacture of the concrete sleeper.
See also
Permanent way and permanent way (history), descriptions of the entire track system.
References
1.
Jump up^ Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.5-7
2.
^ Jump up to:a b Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.8-9
3.
Jump up^ Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.14-19
4.
Jump up^ Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.19-24
5.
Jump up^ "October 18 - Today in Science History". www.todayinsci.com. Robert Livingston Stevens.
6.
Jump up^ George Iles (1912). Leading American inventors. H. Holt and company, New York. p. 23.
7.
Jump up^ Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, p.20
8.
Jump up^ "The Rail Spike and The Locomotive". chestofbooks.com. Scientific American.
9.
10.
11.
Jump up^ Brian Solomon (2001). Railway maintenance: the men and machines that keep the railroads
running. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 61, 64. ISBN 9781610606684.
12.
13.
Jump up^ "ASTM A65 - 07". www.astm.org. ASTM International (American Society for Testing and
Materials).
14.
Jump up^ Norm Cohen; David Cohen (2000). Long steel rail: the railroad in American folksong.
University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252068812.
15.
Jump up^ Mundrey (2000). Railway Track Engineering. Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 130
131. ISBN 9780074637241.
16.
17.
Jump up^ Orrock John Wilson (1918). "Railroad Structure and Estimates". J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
pp. 198204.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Jump up^ William Hemingway Mills (1898). Railway Construction. Longmans, Green, and Co.
pp. 224, also fig.331334 (p.221).
23.
24.
Jump up^ Clifford F. Bonnett (2005). Practical railway engineering. Imperial College Press. 5.10 Rail
fastenings, Baseplates and Pads, p.65.
25.
^ Jump up to:a b Colin Craig. "THE MODERN PERMANENT WAY (Part 1)". THE MANCHESTER
MODEL RAILWAY SOCIETY.
26.
Jump up^ National Research Council (U.S.). Railroad Research Information Service; United States.
Federal Railroad Administration (1973). Special bibliography: safety-related technology. National Academies. 032978
Spring Steel Rail Spikes (from Railway Gazette, Feb. 1948, Vol.88, pp.191-2).
27.
Jump up^ Iain Ellis (2006). Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia. Lulu.com. Macbeth spike,
p.211. ISBN 9781847286437.
28.
Jump up^ Iain Ellis (2006). Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia. Lulu.com. Elastic Spike,
p.114. ISBN 9781847286437.
29.
30.
Jump up^ Ron Fitch (2006). Australian Railwayman: From Cadet Engineer to Railways Commissioner.
Rosenberg Publishing. p. 220.
31.
Jump up^ Brian Solomon (2001). Railway maintenance: the men and machines that keep the railroads
running. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 5962. ISBN 9781610606684.
32.
Jump up^ "Workin' on the Railroad". Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines) 84 (4): 2027. October
1945. ISSN 0032-4558.
33.
Jump up^ "Mechanised section gang now lays railroad ties". Popular Science (Bonnier
Corporation) 168 (2): 1689. February 1956. ISSN 0161-7370.
34.
Jump up^ Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.11-12
35.
^ Jump up to:a b Daniel Kinnear Clark (1855). Railway machinery: a treatise on the mechanical
engineering of railways: embracing the principles and construction of rolling and fixed plant; illustrated by a series of
plates on a large scale, and by numerous engravings on wood, Volume 2. Blackie and Son. p. 280.
36.
Jump up^ Frederick Smeaton Williams (1852). Our Iron Roads: their history, construction and
influences: With numerous illustrations. Ingram. pp. 199200.
37.
38.
39.
40.
William Walter Hay (1982). Railroad engineering, Volume 1. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471364009.
William Sellew (1915). Railway Maintenance Engineering - With Notes on Construction. D. Van Nostrand
Company. ISBN 9781445591773.
G. P. Raidabaugh (1915). Origin and Development of the Railway Rail: English and American Wood, Iron and
Steel. Kohn & Pollock, Baltimore. ISBN 9781408637654.
John Wolfe Barry (1876). Railway Appliances. Longmans, Green and co. (reprint BiblioBazaar, LLC,
2008). ISBN 9780559022982.
Charles Lee Crandall; Fred Asa Barnes (1913). Railroad Construction. McGraw-Hill.
Further reading
Railway locomotives and cars, Volume 6. Simmons-Boardman Pub. Corp. 1838. From the American Journal of
Science and Arts "Experiments on the adhesion of iron spikes of various forms, when driven into different specimins
of timber"; by Walter B. Johnson, Professor of mechanics and natural philosophy in the Franklin Institute,
Philadelphia , pp.357-360.
Images: Keith Norgrove and others. "Scalefour Society - Track Details in Photographs II". www.scalefour.org.uk.
Scalefour Society.
Categories:
Rail fastening systems