01 - ATM Basic Overview

ATM Basics
By
Kittipong Thamapa
NOKIA
ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa
Network Transfer Modes

Synchronous Transfer Mode
Packet Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
NOKIA
Derived from TDM technology

Divides the physical bandwidth into logical timeslots
Circuit switched networks (voice and leased lines)
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NOKIA

Benefits:
+ Fixed and guaranteed bandwidth
+ Low and fixed delay
+ Less delay variation (jitter)
Drawbacks:
Waste of physical bandwidth in data networks
No over-subscription in the service provider network
Inflexible bandwidth, not ideal for bursty traffic
Maximum number of connection equals maximum number of
timeslots
Ideal for uncompressed voice networks
NOKIA
X.25 or Frame Relay technology

A DLCI identifies each virtual connection
( DLCI : Destination Link Control ID)
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Benefits:
+ Less waste of physical bandwidth in data networks
+ Over-subscription in the service provider network is possible
+ Guaranteed bandwidth is possible (CIR) Committed Information Rate.
Drawbacks:
No guarantees for delay and jitter
Ideal for data networks with less demand of the quality of service
Variable length and delivery of packets
Flexible bandwidth
NOKIA

Voice
Video
Data
ATM cells
48-octet
Payload
ATM 53-octet cells are

switched in hardware
A compromise for voice, data, and video

QoS defined/negotiated when the initial connection is
made
Asynchronous on layer 2 of the OSI reference model
Compromise of STM and PTM
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NOKIA

Benefits:
+ Over-subscription in the service provider network possible
+ Guaranteed bandwidth, delay and jitter are possible
+ Proven technology
Drawbacks:
Most applications are based on IP instead of ATM
A lot of overhead for IP over ATM
Complicated protocol architecture
Implemented in voice and data networks
Transport layer in 3G networks
NOKIA
New world packet networks

Layer 1 to layer 3 in the OSI reference model
Layer 1:
PDH or (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarch)
SDH/SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
(Synchronous Optical Network, SONET)
DWDM optical (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing)

Layer 2:
ATM
Frame Relay
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
Ethernet
Layer 3:
IP (Internet Protocol)
NOKIA
What is ATM?
ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Fast packet switching and multiplexing technology (cell-based )
Support the universe of services
voice, video and data traffic
Provides quality of service guarantee and reliability

Offers "bandwidth on demand"
Connection-oriented, no error correction for user traffic
error correction for user traffic is handled by the end user

the advantages are increased speed of switching and elimination of associated delay
Utilises statistical multiplexing
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NOKIA
less bandwidth can be reserved than if bandwidth reservation would be based on the
peak rate of the connections.
transmission cost saving is achieved
Why ATM is a transport network in 3G?

ATM provides efficient support for transmission of
voice, data, and video
ATM provides QoS guarantee and reliability
ATM utilises statistical multiplexing, so
less bandwidth can be reserved
transmission cost saving are considerable
ATM supports the soft handover functionality
11
NOKIA
Statistical Multiplexing Gain

Required
bandwidth
Peak cell rate of

traffic type 1
Statistical multiplexing gain
Peak cell rate of

traffic type 2
Peak cell rate of
traffic type 3
Statistical multiplexing
Most of the traffic sources send bursty
traffic and with a high probability all the

sources do not simultaneously transmit at
their peak rate
One of the proposed advantages of ATM
is that statistical multiplexing gain can
be utilized
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NOKIA
Deterministic multiplexing
For a group of bursty connections, less

bandwidth can be reserved than if
bandwidth reservation would be based on
the peak rate of the connections
ATM interfaces in 3G network

ATM is employed
UE
Iu-CS
Iub
Uu
BS
RNC
UNI
NNI
A
MGW
B
PSTN
MSC
Iur
NNI
BS
Iu-PS
NNI
UNI
RNC
UNI
Gn
BS
SGSN
UNI
NNI
13
NOKIA
Gi
GGSN
IP network
User Network Interface

Network Node Interface
ATM Essential for 3G

ATM Cell
ATM Virtual Path (VP) and Virtual Channel (VC)
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) (AAL2 and AAL5)
ATM Layer Service Class (CBR,UBR)
ATM Cross Connect
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA)
ATM over PDH and SDH
Fractional E1 and Circuit Emulation Service (CES)
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NOKIA
ATM cell
53 bytes
Header
5 bytes
Payload
48 bytes
Header contains routing and error control information

Payload carries the actual user information, either voice, data or video
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NOKIA
ATM cell
Provides local functions, such as

identifying multiple stations that
share a single ATM interface
Header
(5 bytes)
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NOKIA
VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI
VPI
VPI
VCI
VCI
VCI
PT
VCI
CLP
PT
CLP
HEC
HEC
Payload
Payload
User Network Interface (UNI)
Network Node Interface (NNI)
Payload
(48 bytes)
GFC
VPI
VCI
GFC
The 1st bit - indicates whether the cell

contains user data or control data
The 2nd bit - indicates congestion
Generic Flow Control

Virtual Path Identifier
Virtual Channel Identifier
PT
CLP
HEC
Payload Type
Cell Loss Priority
Header Error Control
Indicates two levels of priority

for ATM cells, CLP=1 should
be discarded in preference to
cells with the CLP=0
ATM cell header

GFC provides local functions.
VPI indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be
routed.
VCI identifies a virtual channel over which the cell is to travel.
PT discriminates between a cell carrying management
information or one, which is carrying user information.
CLP indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells.
HEC checks for an error and corrects the contents of the
header by using a CRC algorithm.
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NOKIA
Access Profile
VPI Length
VCI Length
total Bandwidth
Note: VC = 0 not used and VC = 1- 31 are reserved for internal used
How many VP and VC bit should be set ?

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NOKIA
ATM in VP and VC
ATM Cell
Virtual
Channel (VC)
Virtual
Path (VP)
Transmission
path
ATM Layer
HEADER
PAYLOAD
ATM cell (53 bytes)
5 bytes
HEADER
48 bytes
PAYLOAD
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NOKIA
Advantages of Virtual Path Connections

Simplified network architecture
Increased network performance and reliability
The network deals with fewer, aggregated entities
Segregation of traffic
A form of priority control can be implemented by segregating traffic types

requiring different quality of service (QoS)
Reduced processing and short connection setup time
New VCCs can be established by executing simple control functions at the

end points of the VPC; no call processing is required at transit nodes
it can decrease the connection setup delay
Enhanced network services
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NOKIA
The user may define closed user groups or closed networks of VC bundles.
ATM Adaptation Layer
ATM Service Classes

B
C
A
Bit Rate
Constant
Source & Dest.

Connection
Variable
Synchronised
Not Synchronised
Connection Oriented
Connection oriented or
connectionless
Typical
Use
Fixed
Connection
Video
&
Audio
Frame
Relay
IP
Services
AAL
AAL1
AAL2
AAL3/4
AAL5
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
AAL
PBX
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NOKIA
Video Voice
ATM layer functions
User data
Convergence Sublayer (CS)
AAL
Segmentation and Reassembly
Sublayer (SAR)
48 bytes
Physical
Layer
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Transmission Convergence
(TC)
Physical Medium Dependent
(PMD)
Header
Payload
Header
Payload
Scramble frame and adapts

the signals to the optical or
electrical transmission
medium
Header
Payload
5 bytes
48 bytes
SDH O/H
ATM Layer
STM-1 Frame
Data
AAL2 (ATM Adaptation Layer 2)

AAL2
header
1
String of AAL2 Packet Data Units
String of AAL2 Packet Data Units
ATM CELL
HEADER
ATM CELL
HEADER
HEADER
= 5 BYTES
ATM cell
5
PAYLOAD
= 48 BYTES
AAL2 PACKET, fixed header, variable length payload (max. 48 bytes)

OFFSET FIELD, 1 byte (indicates where the next AAL2 PDU starts)
ATM CELL, 5-byte header + 48-byte payload
AAL2
PADDING
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NOKIA
is suit
fo
able
pp
ical a
y crit
r dela
ns
licatio
AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5)

AAL5
trailer
USER DATA - Variable length 1 - 65 535 bytes
USER DATA - Variable length 1 - 65 535 bytes
AAL5 Packet Data Unit
AAL5 Packet Data Unit
ATM cell 1
ATM cell 2...
..ATM cell n
PAYLOAD
= N x 48 BYTES
le
itab
is su
5
L
AA
AAL5 PACKET, fixed trailer, variable length payload (max. 64 Kbytes)

PADDING FIELD, variable length to fill the 48-byte ATM cell
ATM CELL, 5-byte header + 48-byte payload
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NOKIA
ata
et d
ack
p
r
fo
ATM Layer Service Classes

Bandwidth
CBR (Constant Bit Rate)

Time
VBR (Variable Bit Rate)
Bandwidth
Time
ABR (Available Bit Rate)

UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate)
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NOKIA
ATM Settings - Traffic Descriptor (TRDE)

In RNC & MGW
In AXC
LCI:11,VC:2,100;
I/F ID
----11
VPI
----2
IN
CDVT_PCR
----------334 USEC
NOKIA
USAGE
-----FREE
IN
CDVT_SCR
-----------
SEGMENT
END POINT
--------NO
EG
CDVT_PCR
----------334 USEC
TRAFFIC SHAPING
VP LEVEL
-------NO
EG
CDVT_SCR
-----------
IN SERV
CATEGORY
-------CBR
IN CONFOR
DEF
--------CBR1
IN
EPD
--------DISABLED
IN
PPD
--------DISABLED
IN QOS
CLASS
-----C1
EG SERV
CATEGORY
-------CBR
EG CONFOR
DEF
--------CBR1
EG
EPD
--------DISABLED
EG
PPD
--------DISABLED
EG QOS
CLASS
----C1
IN
PCR_01
----------3000 CPS
1272 KBPS
IN
PCR_0
-----------
IN
SCR_01
-----------
IN
SCR_0
-----------
IN
BURST_01
-----------
IN
BURST_0
-----------
EG
PCR_01
----------3000 CPS
1272 KBPS
EG
PCR_0
-----------
EG
SCR_01
-----------
EG
SCR_0
-----------
EG
BURST_01
-----------
EG
BURST_0
-----------
ADMIN
STATE
-------UNLOCKED
26
//INTERROGATE TERMINATION POINT

VCI
----100
EFF ADMIN
STATE
--------LOCKED
EFF OPER
STATE
--------
ATM Cross Connect

Virtual Path Switching
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 1
VPI 4
VCI 3
VCI 4
VCI 3
VCI 4
VPI 2
VPI 5
VCI 5
VCI 6
VCI 5
VCI 6
VPI 3
VPI 6
VCI 1
VCI 2
Virtual Channel Switching

Port 2
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 1
VPI 1
VCI 5
VCI 6
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 2
VPI 4
VCI 3
VPI 5
Port 1
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NOKIA
VCI 4
Port 3
ATM cross-connect (AXC)

VC1/VP1 THROUGH-CONNECTED IN AXC2
RNC
BTS 2
BTS 1
VC2 / VP2
VC1 / VP1
AXC
AXC
ATM
switch
VC1 / VP1
BTS 3
AXC
BTS 4
VC3, VC4 / VP4
VC3 / VP3
AXC
Standalone
AXC
BTS 5
VC5 / VP5
VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6 / VP7
AXC
AXC / ATM switch
BTS 6
VC6 / VP6
AXC
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NOKIA
VC/VP CROSSCONNECTION TABLE

VC3/VP4 <-> VC3/VP 7
Iub NBAP Signalling

Common NBAP:
RNC
BS
Iub
NBAP
NBAP
Convergence Protocol(s)
Convergence Protocol(s)
AAL5
AAL5
ATM
ATM
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Dedicated NBAP:
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NOKIA
Procedures to create new user equipment

contexts
Setup of first radio link of one UE
Selection of the traffic termination point
Cell configuration
Handling of RACH/FACH and PCH channels
Initialisation and reporting of cell or
NodeB measurement
Fault management
Addition, release and reconfiguration of
radio links for one UE context
Handling of dedicated and shared
channels
Handling of softer combining
Initialisation and reporting of radio link
specific measurements
Radio link fault management
ATM resource management Iub

VCLtp
VPLtp
Dedicated NBAP link (D-NBAP)

Dedicated NBAP link (D-NBAP)
AAL2 signalling link (AAL2SL)

AAL2 user plane link (AAL2UD)
VPLtp,
VPLtp
AAL2 signalling link (AAL2SL)
Phy TTP
ATM logical interface
Common NBAP link (C-NBAP)
VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp
VPLtp
VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp VCLtp
NOKIA
O&M / Usage IPOAM

Signalling and user traffic (CBR)
ATM logical interface

Phy TTP
30
VCLtp
VPLtp
RNC
O&M traffic (UBR)
WAM
WAM
Iub ATM Transport Layer (Example)

BTS_ID =1
Transmission
Convergence
Adaptor
AXU
WAM 2
PDH, IMA or SDH

VCI 36
AAL2 UP
CIF 1
VCI 56 CNBAP
IFUA
VCI 120 AAL2UP
VPI 4
C-NBAP only for
Telecom Master WAM
C-NBAP
D-NBAP
AAL2 sig
VPI 1
(CBR)
VCI 33
VCI 34
VCI 35
VCI 72 DNBAP
VPI 0
VCI 40 AAL2SIG
VCI 32 O&M
VPI 0
(UBR)
ATM connection Table

VCI 30
O&M
IP
router
HW
CIF1
CIF1
CIF1
CIF1
Term-1
Term-1
Term-1
x
Private IP addresses
O&M Master WAM
VPI
VCI
36
33
34
35
120
56
72
40
VCI
VPI
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
LMP
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NOKIA
Iub cross connections in AXC

BTS
AXC
AXU
WAM 2
STM-1
CIF 1
CNBAP
DNBAP
AAL2SIG
AAL2UP
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NOKIA
IFUC
slot 2
if 1
VCI 33
VCI 56
VCI 34
VCI 35
VCI 72
VCI 40
VPI 0
VCI 36
VCI 120
Name
VPI
CNBAP
DNBAP
AAL2SIG
AAL2UP
0
0
0
0
VPI 1
VP PCR
[cells/s]
58726
58726
58726
58726
VCI
33
34
35
36
VC PCR
[cells/s]
300
150
150
3618
VPI
1
1
1
1
VP PCR
[cells/s]
4528
4528
4528
4528
VCI
56
72
40
120
VC PCR
[cells/s]
300
150
150
3618
Service
Category
CBR
CBR
CBR
CBR
HW
IFUA
IFUA
IFUA
IFUA
Term-2
Term-2
Term-2
x
Views inside AXC-Manager
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NOKIA
Creating Cross Connections
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Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA)

Problem ?: More bandwidth than 2 Mbit/s is needed, but only
T1/E1 services are offered by the carrier
ATM
E1 based
PBX
PBX
Solution IMA
ATM
E1 based
PBX
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NOKIA
Multiple T1/E1s are bundled for more bandwidth
PBX
Concept of IMA
Low bit rate transmission lines can be combined into a group that seen
as a single virtual link by ATM
IMA sublayer is part of the physical layer.
It is located between the traditional Transmission Convergence sublayer and the ATM
layer.
IMA Group
PHY
PHY
Single ATM Cell Stream

from ATM Layer
PHY
Physical Link #0
Physical Link #1
Physical Link #2
IMA Group
PHY
PHY
Original ATM Cell

Stream to ATM Layer
PHY
IMA Virtual Link
Tx direction: cells distributed across links in round robin sequence

Rx direction: cells recombined into single ATM stream
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NOKIA
Inverse multiplexing for ATM

ATM Layer
Physical Layer
Transmission
Convergence
Sublayer (TC)
IMA
TC
Physical Medium Sublayer
Iub IMA max 8 E1

Iur IMA max 16 E1
All E1 in IMA have to belong to same NIP or IFU
Only one ATM interface/ IMA group
Only one ATM interface per exchange terminal
NIP1 can have up to 16 ATM Interfaces
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NOKIA
ATM over SDH
VP1
VP2
VP3
STM-1 (155,52 Mbps) can fit 44.15 cells per frame

-> 353 207 cells per second.
O
V
E
R
H
E
A
D
38
NOKIA
.
.
.
VC-4
ATM over PDH

ATM cell mapping into PDH 2048 kbps
<- Bits 1 to 8 ->

TS 0 Bit 1
TS 1 Bit 9
Bit 8
Bit 16
Av
rA
TM
ll
ce
Bit 121
Bit 129
Bit 137
Bit 128
Bit 136
Bit 144
Av
ai
e
bl
la
Nokia AXC supports however only contiguous

mapping starting from time slot 1!
fo
Time slots 0 and 16 are not used for ATM cell
e
bl
la
ATM cell is mapped into

bits 9 to 128 and bits 137 to 256
(i.e. time slots 1 to 15 and time slots 17 to 31)
ai
fo
rA
<- Time slots (TSs) 0 to 31 ->
PDH frame structure for 2048 kbps is described

in ITU-T Recommendation G.704
TM
ll
ce
TS 30
TS 31 Bit 249
39
NOKIA
Bit 256
ATM over E1
Header
0 1 2 ...
TS0
40
NOKIA
TS1-15
Payload
E1 frame
15 16 17 18 . . .
TS16
TS17-31
31
0 1 2 ...
TS0
TS1-15
E1 frame
15 16 17 18 . . .
TS16
TS17-31
31
ATM cell mapping into PDH 2048 kbps

Bit 1
Bit 9
Bit 8
Bit 16
Bit 121
Bit 129
Bit 137
Bit 128
Bit 136
Bit 144
Bit 249
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NOKIA
Example
Bit 121
Bit 129
Bit 137
Bit 128
Bit 136
Bit 144
Bit 249
Bit 256
Bit 256
Fractional E1
3G ATM Traffic Sharing GSM 2M Frame
GSM
GSM
BTS
BTS
TDM
WCDMA
WCDMA
BS
BS
MetroHub
MetroHub
Fractional E1
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NOKIA
BSC
BSC
RNC
RNC
Fractional and non fractional E1's RAN1

Phase 1.5
WSP
...WSP
BSC
E1's for 3G BTS
3G BTS
WAM
WSP
AXC
IFU E FB1
One or several, fractional or

non fractional E1's
Non fractional E1
Fractional E1 shared with 2G BTS
WAM
WSP
...WSP
TRX TRX
TRX TRX
TRX TRX
WSP
ET
2G BTS
D-bus
TRUA
COMMON
TRANSPORT
ON MICROWAVE
LIF3
FXCE1/T1
LIF2
RRIC
Metro
Hub
NIU
FXCRRI
FB2
RNC
FB1
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NOKIA
ATM
SWITCH
RAN1
Fractional E1
Phase 1.5
53 octets per ATM cell
fractional E1
termination point
3 octets of the ATM cell

TS0
fractional E1
termination point
3 octets of the ATM cell

TS0
- Fractional E1 means that some timeslots are not used for ATM traffic
(configurable by management), TS0 and TS16 are not allowed by default
- using only three timeslots provides a 192 kbit/s transmission path for ATM traffic
- long transmission delays for ATM traffic!
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NOKIA
TDM links with Fractional E1/JT1

Physical link can be Fibre, Microwave, leased service, ...
BTS site:
WCDMA BTS connected to GSM Abis
WCDMA BTS supports ATM over Fractional E1
BSC/RNC site:
TDM traffic (GSM + WCDMA) separated by TDM cross-connect Hub
Possible, not earlier groomed, Fractional E1 traffic is terminated with
a standalone AXC
Combined Abis and Iub
TDM link (PDH/SDH)

Fra
cti
GSM
BTS
on
al
E1
NOKIA
BSC
E1
Fu
Full E1
WCDMA
BTS
45
HUB
Frac
tion
al
Fractional E1 (partly filled)

(n x 64 kbits/s)
ll E
1
RNC
TDM crossconnect function

(n x 64 kbits/s)
ATM cell mapping into FRACTIONAL PDH 2048 kbps

<- Bits 1 to 8 ->
fo
rA
TM
ll
ce
Nokia AXC supports however only contiguous

mapping starting from time slot 1!
Bit 8
Bit 16
e
bl
la
In general any mapping for fractionality is

allowed i.e. any mapping of "allowed" time slots,
both contiguous or non-contiguous
Bit 1
Bit 9
ai
Time slots 0 and 16 are not used for ATM cell
<- Time slots (TSs) 0 to 31 ->
ATM cell is mapped into

bits 9 to 128 and bits 137 to 256
(i.e. time slots 1 to 15 and time slots 17 to 31)
IF they are not reserved for 2G traffic
TS 0
TS 1
Av
PDH frame structure for 2048 kbps is described

in ITU-T Recommendation G.704
Bit 121
Bit 129
Bit 137
Reser
ved f
TS 30
TS 31 Bit 249
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NOKIA
Avail
able
Bit 128
Bit 136
Bit 144
for A
or 2G
TM c
e
traffi
c
ll
Bit 256
Circuit Emulation Service (CES)

GSM Traffic Over ATM
GSM
GSM
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
ATM
SAXC
SAXCor
or
WCDMA
WCDMA
BTS-AXC
BTS-AXC
WCDMA
WCDMA
BS
BS
RNC
RNC
CES
47
NOKIA
Circuit Emulation
TRX TRX
TRX TRX
2G BTS
D-bus
Non fractional E1
LIF1
Flexbus connection
TRX TRX
3G BTS
WSP
AXC
CES
IWF
...
WSP WAM
...
WSP WAM
48
NOKIA
ET
AXC AXU
IFU A
E1
IFU A
VPC
VCC
VCC
VCC
WSP
BSC
E1 from 2G BTS
TRUA
VPC
IFU E
CES
IWF
NIU
ATM
SWITCH
VCC
VCC
VCC
IFU E
RNC
Unstructured Circuit Emulation Service

TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
G.703 frames
RAN1.5
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
- Transmitting CES interworking function takes the E1 signal
and segments that stream into ATM cells
- ATM cells are transported via a CBR VCC to the receiving CES
interworking function
- receiving CES interworking function recovers E1 signal from the ATM
cell stream
- Note: CES works bidirectional
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NOKIA
Structured Circuit Emulation Service

TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS1-TS3
RAN2
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
CES
Interworking
Function (IWF)
- Transmitting CES interworking function takes only some timeslots
from the E1 signal puts these into ATM cells
- ATM cells are transported via a CBR VCC with lower bandwidth compared to
unstructured CES to the receiving CES interworking function
- receiving CES interworking function recovers TS from the ATM cell stream
- Note: CES works bidirectional
- Management configures which timeslots are transmitted
50
NOKIA

01 - ATM Basic Overview

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01 - ATM Basic Overview

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ATM Basics

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Network Transfer Modes

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Synchronous Transfer Mode

Derived from TDM technology

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Synchronous Transfer Mode

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Packet Transfer Mode

X.25 or Frame Relay technology

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Packet Transfer Mode

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM 53-octet cells are

A compromise for voice, data, and video

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

New world packet networks

DWDM optical (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing)

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

voice, video and data traffic

Provides quality of service guarantee and reliability

error correction for user traffic is handled by the end user

Utilises statistical multiplexing

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Why ATM is a transport network in 3G?

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Statistical Multiplexing Gain

Peak cell rate of

Statistical multiplexing gain

Peak cell rate of

Most of the traffic sources send bursty

traffic and with a high probability all the

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

For a group of bursty connections, less

ATM interfaces in 3G network

User Network Interface

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

ATM Essential for 3G

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Header contains routing and error control information

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Provides local functions, such as

User Network Interface (UNI)

Network Node Interface (NNI)

The 1st bit - indicates whether the cell

Generic Flow Control

Indicates two levels of priority

ATM cell header

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Note: VC = 0 not used and VC = 1- 31 are reserved for internal used

How many VP and VC bit should be set ?

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

ATM cell (53 bytes)

ATM Basic V 4.0 / Kittipong Thamapa

Advantages of Virtual Path Connections

The network deals with fewer, aggregated entities

A form of priority control can be implemented by segregating traffic types

Reduced processing and short connection setup time

New VCCs can be established by executing simple control functions at the