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Explain the variation in first ionisation energy across period 3 from left to right.
P4O10
low
none
SO2, SO3
low
none
The electronegativity of oxygen is 3.5. The greater the difference in the electronegativity of a period 3
elements and oxygen, the more basic its oxide. The smaller the difference in the electronegativity of a
period 3 elements and oxygen, the more acidic its oxide.
The table below gives electronegative values of period 3 elements.
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Electronegativity
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.5
3.0
The fact that Al2O3 react with acid and alkaline solutions is an evidence that bonding in Al 2O3 is not
purely ionic or purely covalent. Bonding in Al2O3 is ionic with a degree of covalent character.
The way in which chlorides react with water depends on the type of bonding present in the chloride:
Ionic chlorides do not react but simple dissolve in water to give neutral solutions:
NaCl(s) + aq Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) pH = 7
MgCl2(s) + aq Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) pH = 7
Thus Na+ and Mg2+ ions are simply said to be hydrated in solution. Hydration occurs because of the
attraction between the ions and the polar water molecules.
Aluminium chloride reacts with water to give hydrated aluminium ions and chloride ions. The
hydrated aluminium ions hydrolyses by undergoing deprotonation to form an acidic solution:
AlCl3(s) + 6H2O(l) [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq).
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H+(aq)
pH = 3
The other covalent chlorides react (hydrolyse) readily in the presence of water at room temperature to
form the oxide or hydroxide and HCl(g). The HCl is formed as white misty fumes, and the observation
of these fumes is a good indication that the chloride is covalent.
SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) SiO2(s) + 4HCl(g) pH = 1 2
Exercise: Check-up 7 page 173
PCl3(l)+ 3H2O(l) H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq) pH = 1 2
PCl5(s) + 4H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + 5HCl(g) pH = 1 - 2
Covalent chlorides thus react with water to give acidic solutions. The acidity is due to dissolved HCl.
Physical properties of group II elements
Group II elements are called alkaline earth metals for the following reasons:
-
Their oxides and hydroxides slightly dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions
They are very abundant in the earth crust
All group II elements have an outer electronic configuration of ns2. This shows that group II elements
fall in the s-block of the Periodic Table and each has two electrons in the outer shell. Variation of most
physical properties down group II is either due to increase in number of electron occupying shell or
increase in mass.
Definition: An s-block element is an element whose last electron fills the s-subshell.
(i)
Atomic size:
The atomic size here is metallic radius since all group II elements are metals. Atomic size
(metallic radius) increases down group II. This is because the number of electron occupying
shells increases down the group.
(ii)
Variation in melting point (Mpt), density, metallic radius (r m) first and second ionisation
energies (I.E) down group II is shown on the table below.
Element
Symbol
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
rm/n
m
0.122
0.160
0.197
0.215
0.217
Atomic
number
4
12
20
38
56
Mass
Mpt/C
9.0
24.3
40.1
87.6
137
1280
650
838
768
714
Density/
gcm-3
1.85
1.74
1.55
2.6
3.5
1st I.E
2nd I.E
900
736
590
548
502
1760
1450
1150
1060
966
Element
Flame colour
Calcium (Ca)
Brick red
Strontium (Sr)
Scarlet/red
Calcium (Ca)
Apple-green
Many metals e.g. Al, Fe, burn with a white flame. Thus flame colour of magnesium cannot be used to
identify it.