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Mathuranathan December20,2013
Tips&Tricks,Tutorials 5Comments

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LatestArticles,SignalProcessing,

(9votes,average:3.89outof5)
1

Calculatingtheenergyandpowerofasignalwasdiscussedinoneof
thepreviousposts.Ihavereceivednumerousqueriesonthistopic.I
intendtoelaborateonthistopicalittlemorehere.

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Insignalprocessing,asignalisviewedasafunctionoftime.Theterm

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sizeofasignalisusedtorepresentstrengthofthesignal.Itis
crucialtoknowthesizeofasignalusedinacertainapplication.For
example,wemaybeinterestedtoknowtheamountofelectricity
neededtopoweraLCDmonitorasopposedtoaCRTmonitor.Both

6HDUFK

oftheseapplicationsaredifferentandhavedifferenttolerances.Thus
theamountofelectricitydrivingthesedeviceswillalsobedifferent.
Agivensignalssizecanbemeasuredinmanyways.Givena
mathematicalfunction(orasignalequivalently),itseemsthatthe
areaunderthecurve,describedbythemathematicalfunction,isa

3DUWLFLSDWH

goodmeasureofdescribingthesizeofasignal.Asignalcanhave
bothpositiveandnegativevalues.Thismayrenderareasthatare
negative.Duetothiseffect,itispossiblethatthecomputedvalues
canceleachothertotallyorpartially,renderingincorrectresult.Thus
themetricfunctionofareaunderthecurveisnotsuitablefor
definingthesizeofasignal.Now,weareleftwithtwooptions:
either1)computationoftheareaundertheabsolutevalueofthe

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functionor2)computationoftheareaunderthesquareofthe
function.Thesecondchoiceisfavoredduetoitsmathematical

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tractabilityanditssimilaritytoEuclideanNormwhichisusedin

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signaldetectiontechniques(Note:Euclideannormotherwisecalled
L2normor2norm[1]isoftenconsideredinsignaldetection
techniquesontheassumptionthatitprovidesareasonablemeasure
ofdistancebetweentwopointsonsignalspace.Itiscomputedas

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Euclideandistanceindetectiontheory).
Goingbythesecondchoiceofviewingthesizeasthecomputation
oftheareaunderthesquareofthefunction,theenergyofa
continuoustimecomplexsignalx(t)isdefinedas

GaussianWave

Ex =

|x(t)| dt

Follow

+ 362

Ifthesignalx(t)isreal,themodulusoperatorintheaboveequation
doesnotmatter.
ThisiscalledEnergyinsignalprocessingterms.Thisisalsoa

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measureofsignalstrength.Thisdefinitioncanbeappliedtoany
signal(oravector)irrespectiveofwhetheritpossessesactualenergy

SimulationofDigital

(abasicquantitativepropertyasdescribedbyphysics)ornot.Ifthe

CommunicationSystems

signalisassociatedwithsomephysicalenergy,thentheabove

UsingMatlab[eBook]

definitiongivestheenergycontentinthesignal.Ifthesignalisan

SecondEdition

electricalsignal,thentheabovedefinitiongivesthetotalenergyofthe
signal(inJoules)dissipatedovera1Ohmresistor.

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ToknowtheactualenergyofthesignalE ,onehastoknowthevalue
ofloadZ thesignalisdrivingandalsothenaturetheelectricalsignal

72votes
HowtoplotFFTusingMatlab
FFTofbasicsignals:Sine
andCosinewaves
26votes
SimulationandAnalysisof
WhiteNoiseinMatlab

(voltageorcurrent).Foravoltagesignal,theaboveequationhastobe
scaledbyafactorof1/Z .

21votes
Topbooksonbasicsof
CommunicationSystems

E =

Ex

1
=

13votes

|x(t)| dt

MIMODiversityandSpatial

Multiplexing

Forcurrentsignal,ithastobescaledbyZ .

votes

QPSKmodulationand

E = Z Ex = Z

11

|x(t)| dt

Demodulation

10votes

Here,Z istheimpedancedrivenbythesignalx(t), E isthesignal

x

energy(signalprocessingterm)andE istheEnergyofthesignal
(physicalquantity)drivingtheloadZ

Inthediscretedomain,theenergyofthesignalisgivenby

|x(n)|

9votes

5HFHQW3RVWV

(QHUJ\LQGLVFUHWHGRPDLQ

Ex =

FFTandSpectralLeakage

n=

Theenergyisfiniteonlyiftheabovesumconvergestoafinitevalue.
Thisimpliesthatthesignalissquarelysummable.Suchasignalis

HowtointerpretFFTresults
obtainingmagnitudeand
phaseinformation
HowtoInterpretFFTresults
complexDFT,frequencybins
andFFTShift
Lauched:NewQ&Aforumfor
discussions

calledfiniteenergysignal.

SignificanceofRMS(Root
MeanSquare)value

Whatifthegivensignaldoesnotdecaywithrespecttotime(asina

InvitationtoSubmityourwork
forpublicationat
gaussianwaves.com

continuoussinewaverepeatingitscycleinfinitely)?Theenergywill
beinfiniteandsuchasignalisnotsquarelysummableinother
words.Weneedanothermeasurablequantitytocircumventthis
problem.ThisleadsustothenotionofPower

3RZHU
Powerisdefinedastheamountofenergyconsumedperunittime.
Thisquantityisusefuliftheenergyofthesignalgoestoinfinityorthe
signalisnotsquarelysummable.Fornonsquarelysummable
signals,thepowercalculatedbytakingthesnapshotofthesignalover
aspecificintervaloftimeasfollows

PhysicalTelepresence:Say
goodbyetoSkype,Facetime:
Thisisthefutureof
communication.
HowtogenerateAWGNnoise
inMatlab/Octave(without
usinginbuiltawgnfunction)
HardwareImplementationof
Goldcodegenerator
ConstructingtheAuto
CorrelationMatrixinMatlab
Constructingarectangular
constellationforMQAMusing

1)Takeasnapshotofthesignaloversomefinitetimeduration

KarnaughMapwalks

2)Computetheenergyofthesignal E

CapacityofaMIMOsystem
overFadingChannels

3)DividetheenergybynumberofsamplestakenforcomputationN
4)ExtendthelimitofnumberofsamplestoinfinityN

.This

givesthetotalpowerofthesignal.
Indiscretedomain,thetotalpowerofthesignalisgivenby

lim
N

2N + 1

|x(n)|

n=N

Followingequationsaredifferentformsofthesamecomputation
foundinmanytextbooks.Theonlydifferenceisthenumberof
samplestakenforcomputation.Thedenominatorchangesaccording
tothenumberofsamplestakenforcomputation.
P x = limN
P x = limN
P x = limN

CapacityofaSISOsystemover
afadingchannel

n=+N

1
Px =

ErgodicCapacityofaSISO
systemoveraRayleighFading
channelSimulationin
Matlab

1
2N
1

n=N 1

n=N 1
n=0

1
N1 N0 +1

|x(n)|

n=N

|x(n)|

n=N1
n=N0

MIMODiversityandSpatial
Multiplexing
IntroductiontoMultiple
AntennaSystems
ChirpSignalFrequency
SweepingFFTandpower
spectraldensity

|x(n)|

CharacterizingaMIMO
channelChannelState
Information(CSI)and
Conditionnumber

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Asignalcanbeclassifiedbasedonitspowerorenergycontent.
Signalshavingfiniteenergyareenergysignals.Powersignalshave
finiteandnonzeropower.

GeneratingBasicSignals
GaussianPulseandPower
SpectralDensityusingFFT
GeneratingBasicsignals
RectangularPulseandPower
SpectralDensityusingFFT
GeneratingBasicsignals
SquareWaveandPower
SpectralDensityusingFFT

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AfiniteenergysignalwillhavezeroTOTALpower.Letsinvestigate

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thisstatementindetail.Whentheenergyisfinite,thetotalpowerwill
bezero.Checkoutthedenominatorintheequationforcalculating
thetotalpower.WhenthelimitN

,theenergydilutestozero

overtheinfinitedurationandhencethetotalpowerbecomeszero.

sakshamaghoslyaHelloSir,
>Yourfinalexpressionfor
transmi...

3RZHU6LJQDO
Signalswhosetotalpowerisfiniteandnonzero.Theenergyofthe
powersignalwillbeinfinite.Example:Periodicsequenceslike

MathuranathanThanksfor

sinusoid.Asinusoidalsignalhasfinite,nonzeropowerbutinfinite

spottingthat.Willcorrectthe

mistake...

energy.
Asignalcannotbebothanenergysignalandapowersignal.

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PTMIthinkthereisalittle
mistakeincodecomments...

Signalscanalsobeacatonthewallneitheranenergysignalnora
powersignal.Considerasignalofincreasingamplitudedefinedby
MathuranathanThanksfor
x(n) = n

yourcomment...

Forsuchasignal,boththeenergyandpowerwillbeinfinite.Thus,it
cannotbeclassifiedeitherasanenergysignalorasapowersignal.
MathuranathanThanksfor

CalculationofpowerandverifyingitthroughMatlabisdiscussed

yourcomment....

here.
FordetailsonRMSvalueofasignal(anothermeasureforthe
strengthofthesignal)clickhere

5HIHUHQFHV

HaoYithetwosourcesof
spectralleakagehaveconfused
...

[1]SanjayLall,NormandVectorspaces,InformationSystems
Laboratory,StanfordUniversity

MathuranathanThanksfor
pointingitout...

5HFRPPHQGHG%RRNVRQ6LJQDO
3URFHVVLQJ
MathuranathanIwas
plottingtheNONnormalized
magnitudespectr...

YamunaHiSir,Intheabove
examplewhenIgavethe...

JAYAPRAKASHPHi,iam
doingmymtechfinalyear