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Infections
Michael Lypka, MD, DMDa,b,*,
Jeffrey Hammoudeh, MD, DDSc
KEYWORDS
Dentoalveolar infection Maxillofacial infection
Odontogenic infection
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
As in all patient encounters, evaluation of a patient
with a dentoalveolar infection should begin with
a good history and physical examination, and
a clinical impression of the severity of the infection
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Dentoalveolar Infections
spread of infection to the submandibular or sublingual spaces. The mylohyoid line slopes superiorly
as it travels posteriorly. Therefore, lower second
and third molar teeth infections tend to spread
into the submandibular space because their root
apices are below the muscle origin, whereas
premolar infections tend to spread into the sublingual space, their root apices being cephalad to the
mylohyoid line. Maxillary sinusitis is also a possible
sequela of apical infections of the maxillary molars
because of their intimate relationship to the floor of
the maxillary sinus.
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Dentoalveolar Infections
Fig. 2. Fascial spaces of the neck (red line) investing fascia (superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia), (blue line)
pretracheal fascia (visceral division of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia), (green line) buccopharyngeal
fascia (visceral division of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia), (orange line) alar fascia (deep layer of the
deep cervical fascia), (brown line) carotid sheath, (yellow line) prevertebral fascia (deep layer of the deep cervical
fascia), (purple line) muscular division of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia. (From Netter illustration
Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Available at www.netterimages.com; with permission.)
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Dentoalveolar Infections
Sagittal section through neck
Prevertebral fascia
C1(atlas)
Alar fascia
Prevertebral space
Danger space of 4
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Carotid sheath
(carotid artery,
internal jugular vein,
vagus nerve)
Parotid gland
Retropharyngeal space
Lateral pharyngeal space
Masseteric space
Pterygomandibular space
Airway
Tongue
Skin
Subcutaneous layer
Sublingual space
Superior pharyngeal
constrictor muscle
Platysma muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Genioglossus muscle
Submandibular space
Geniohyoid muscle
Submental space
Anterior belly of the
digastric muscle
Fig. 5. Anatomy of maxillofacial space infections. (From Girn J, Jo C. Ludwigs angina. In: Bagheri S, Jo C, editors.
Clinical review of oral and maxillofacial surgery. St Louis: Mosby; 2008. p. 71; with permission.)
SURGICAL THERAPY
The primary goal of surgical therapy for dentoalveolar infections is to drain the infection and remove the source of infection, usually by
extracting the offending tooth at the same time
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multiple incisions with placement of through-andthrough Penrose drains (Fig. 9). Some infections,
such as the lateral pharyngeal space, may be
approached from either or both intraoral and
extraoral sites. In the most severe case of necrotizing fasciitis, large amounts of soft tissue may
have to be debrided and serial debridements are
often necessary. Actinomycosis infection requires
debridement of all sinus tracts to allow for
adequate antibiotic penetration.
After incision and drainage, Penrose drains
should be irrigated daily with normal saline. They
should be removed when drainage decreases
significantly, usually in about 3 to 5 days. Failure
of improvement in the first few days after surgery
likely signifies inadequate drainage and requires
repeat incision and drainage. Repeat CT scan is
warranted to identify any missed abscess collection. Postoperative clinical course is monitored
by laboratory markers such as the C-reactive
protein or serial complete blood cell count, but
none of these markers can replace good clinical
judgment.
Dentoalveolar Infections
SUMMARY
Dentoalveolar infections represent a wide spectrum
of conditions, from simple localized abscesses to
deep neck space infections. The initial assessment
of the patient with a dentoalveolar infection requires
considerable clinical skill and experience, and
determines the need for further airway management or emergent surgical therapy. Knowledge of
head and neck fascial space anatomy is essential
in diagnosing, understanding spread, and surgically managing these infections. Whereas the
microbiology of dentoalveolar infection has remained constant, antibiotic resistance profiles
continue to change. Surgical drainage is the hallmark of treating all dentoalveolar infections. Oral
and maxillofacial surgeons must make use of their
wide spectrum of clinical skill and knowledge to
effectively evaluate and treat patients with dentoalveolar infections.
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