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Культура Документы
Brno, 21.10.2010
Foreword
The introduction of European standards is a significant event as, for the first time, all design
and construction codes within the EU will be harmonized. These Eurocodes will affect all
design and construction activities.
The aim of this publication, Design of reinforced concrete sections according to EN 1992-1-1
and EN 1992-2, is to illustrate how the Code is treated on practical examples. In order to
explain the use of all relevant clauses of Eurocode 2, an example of a simply supported oneway rib-shaped slab and an example of column with high axial load and bi-axial bending is
introduced.
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Contents
1.
Rib T1 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.
Project details.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
Interaction ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
1.7.
1.7.1.
1.7.2.
1.8.
1.8.1.
2.
Column .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.
Project details........................................................................................................................................................ 26
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
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1. Rib T1
1.1.
Project details
Page 4
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Section A
Section B
Page 5
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Variable load:
quasi-permanent value:
Factors defining the representative values of variable actions,
A1.1 of EN1990 (also in attachment A4 in this document)
0,
1,
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Page 7
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Combination/Value
Loads [kN/m]
Vz(a) [kN]
My (b) [kNm]
SLS characteristic
SLS frequent
SLS quasi-permanent
ULS
29.87
23.87
21.87
41.33
96.33
76.98
70.53
133.29
155.33
124.13
113.73
214.93
Table 1.1 - Internal forces for individual SLS and ULS load combinations
The shear force is calculated at distance d from the face of the support. Estimated value of d is
based on the assumption that the moment near the support will be positive. Value d = 458
mm. Values: VEd1 and MEd1 are calculated at distance lx = 0.225 + 0.458 = 0.683 m from the
theoretical support.VEd1= 105,05 kN, MEd1 = 84,29 kNm.
Page 8
1.2.
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Cross section
Materials
Concrete C25/30
fck = 25 MPa
fcd = fck /
Page 9
1.3.
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The cross section resistance (capacity) is the calculation of stress, strain and internal forces
status on the calculated cross section for its limit state. For concrete the stress-strain relation is
assumed to bi-linear. For reinforcing steel the stress-strain relation is assumed to be bi-linear
without strain hardening.
Bending moment at middle section from basic combination of loads.
Figure 1.9Strain in ultimate compression fiber (picture from program IDEA RCS)
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Defining the depth of compression zone (depth to neutral axis) in concrete, follow from:
Concrete force in compression (as, the strain in concrete is outside the plastic branch, the
stress along the section is linear in concrete)
Figure 1.10Stress in reinforcing steel ( Diagram is taken from program IDEA RCS)
Calculating of stress in reinforcing steel (whereas, the section is loaded in the plane of
symmetry and reinforcement is not in one layer, these layers can be replaced by one layer
with an area equal to the sum of all areas of reinforcement)
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Equilibrium of forces
Equilibrium of moments
= -162,134 -52,52 = -214,654
Note: Due to coordination system that is used inside the program, the design moment My has
opposite sign.
Page 12
1.4.
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Shear check
Deriving from the above text, the concrete part does not carry all the shear force, hence shear
reinforcement will be required.
k1=
0,15
0,0 MPa
cp=
bw= 0,2 m
d=
0,458 m
min = 0.035 k3/2 fck1/2 = 0.035 1,6613/2 251/2 = 0,3745 MPa
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Minimally
Deriving from the above text, the concrete part does not carry all the shear force, hence shear
reinforcement will be required.
Resistance without shear reinforcement
Asw= 2 * 0.0062 * PI /4 = 5,655e-5 m2
s=
0.24m
z=
0.9*0.458 = 0.412 m exact value is 0,437 m
fywd = fyd = 434,7MPa
=
21,8
cw = 1,0
bw= 0,2 m
z=
0.9*0.458 = 0.412 m exact value is 0,437m
For calculation of strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 1must be checked if
the design stress of the shear reinforcement is over the 80% of the characteristic yield stress
fywk,
.
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Page 15
1.5.
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Torsional check
Page 16
1.6.
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Interaction
Page 17
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Page 18
1.7.
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Page 19
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Calculating of stress in reinforcing steel (whereas, the section is loaded in the plane of
symmetry and reinforcement is in one layer, this layer can be replaced by one bar with an area
equal to the sum of all areas of reinforcement)
Equilibrium of forces:
= 258,97 258,97 = 0
Equilibrium of moments:
1.7.2. Example - Calculation of crack width according to EN 1992-1-1
Effective ratio of reinforcement:
Factors:
k1=
k2=
k3=
3,4
k4=
0,5
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Effective area:
Mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time
when the cracks may first be expected to occur:
factor:
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1.8.
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Calculating stiffness
Considering the strain, stress and internal forces in the previous examples are already
calculated, the plane of strain is computed for a cracked section loaded by internal forces at
the time when the cracks may first be expected to occur from the quasi-permanent
combination. To calculate, for short-term stiffness, the difference in the calculation of shortand long-term stiffness is only taking into account the effective modulus of elasticity:
where:
0.0002092938,
y =
0.0,
z =
-0.00282805826
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Cross sectional area of transformed cross section (steel area is transformed to concrete)
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Rematk: Current IDEA RCS version calculates cross sectional characteristics related to
original center of gravity of cross section
Since the same assumptions for calculating the limit state and stiffness and width of cracks
were used, we assume the stress in the reinforcement from the example of the calculation of
crack width:
Now we calculate the tensile force from ultimate load on the cracked section immediately
prior to cracking. This plane is taken over from program IDEA RCS.
x =
0.00007225525,
y =
0.0,
z =
-0.0009763408
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Page 25
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2. Column
2.1.
Project details
Square cross section 0.4 x 0, 4 m2 reinforced in four corners by bars of 25 mm , stirrup with
diameter 10 mm. Material C35/45, Reinforcements B 500B, concrete cover 25 mm, creep
coefficient in infinity (, t0) = 1,68.
Column 5 m, oneboth-sidedly fixed in
that is unbraced
to the Z axis .
The internal forces obtained by calculating a linear structure in the investigated section:
Combination for the ultimate limit state:
,
,
.
Quasi-permanent combination for the serviceability limit state:
,
,
.
First order end moments:
At the beginning:
At the end:
,
,
.
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=0,00447.
Eccentricity:
,
.
Total eccentricity including effects of geometrical imperfections:
,
.
Minimum eccentricity according to paragraph 6.1 (4):
,
,
.
The first order moment with geometrical imperfections:
,
.
Page 27
2.2.
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).
The effect of creep may be ignored, if the following free conditions are met
Conditions are not fulfilled, the effect of creep must not be ignored
Effective creep ratio:
,
, the moment from the quasi-permanent
combination, including the effects of the first order we received from the same calculation as
for the design moment, only difference is we are not taking account the condition for
minimum eccentricity.
,
,
Limit slenderness:
,
,
Slenderness criterion:
slender column,
non-slender column, 2nd order effects can be neglected.
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,
,
Nominal stiffness:
Effective depth:
,
,
,
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Deflection:
Page 30