Cambridge International A Level Physics

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOC questions

Chapter 21

5 Substance

1 a
Kinetic energy remains constant, potential
energy increases, internal energy increases.
[3]
b Kinetic energy increases, potential energy
remains constant, internal energy increases.
[3]
2 Just before the stone hits the ground, it has
kinetic energy. All the molecules are moving
together in the same direction.
[1]
When it hits the ground, this unidirectional
movement of the molecules is converted into
movement of individual molecules in random
directions.[1]
The kinetic energy for movement in random
directions is internal energy, and hence the
temperature rises.
[1]
3 The air is being compressed, so work is being
done on it. 
[1]
From the first law of thermodynamics, the
change in internal energy of a body is equal
to the energy supplied by heating plus the
energy supplied by doing work. 
[1]
In this case there is no energy supplied by
heating but work is done in compressing the
air.[1]
4 If two bodies are at the same temperature,
no energy flows from one body to another.
Therefore, if no energy flows from A to B and
none flows from B to C, but energy flowed
from C to B, it would mean that A and B were
at the same temperature, and A and C are at
the same temperature, but C is hotter than B.
This is clearly a nonsense! We can see how
fundamental this law is, and why it is called
the zeroth law.
[2]

Melting point
C

Boiling point
C

oxygen

223

50

183

90

hydrogen

259

14

253

20

lead

327

600

1750

2023

mercury

39

234

357

630

6 a
no temperature difference, so 0V
[1]
10049
b temperature = 63 [1]

= 77.8 78C
[1]
c i voltage = 63327
[1]
100 V

= 206V
[1]
ii That the variation between temperature
difference and induced e.m.f. in the
thermocouple remains linear beyond
100C
[1]
7 a
Liquid in glass easy to use, quick, and great
precision is not required.
[2]
b Thermocouple the smallness of the
thermocouple means that the temperature
can be measured at specific points on the
cylinder head.
[2]
c Thermocouple or thermistor the operator
can be remote from the device; she does not
have to be inside the reactor vessel itself. [2]
8 a
energy supplied = mc = 41800.30080 [1]
= 100320J
[1]
energy 100320
time = power = 500 [1]
= 201s
[1]
No energy is needed to heat the element or
the kettle.
[1]
b energy supplied = power time
= 500120 = 60000J
[1]
energy

mass of water boiled away = s.l.h.

60000
=
6 = 0.027kg
2.2610

[1]

mass remaining = 30027 = 273 270g [1]

No energy is lost to the surroundings; all the
vapour escapes from the kettle.
[1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics Cambridge University Press 2014

Cambridge International A Level Physics

9 a
The energy required to raise the temperature
of unit mass of a substance
[1]
by one degree Celsius.
[1]
b i Small heat capacity
[1]
Quick acting
[1]
ii To allow for energy losses to the
surroundings[1] 11

Comment about the same temperature
rise therefore same energy losses or
similar comment
[1]
iii Energy input = 40190 = 7600J
(or 60114=6840J)
[1]
Experiment 1:
energy input = mc + energy losses

= 0.85c18+Q1
7600 = 15.3c+Q1 (1)
Experiment 2:
energy input = mc + energy losses

= 0.85c18+Q2
6840 = 15.3c+Q2 (2)

Attempted use of either equation
[1] 12
Energy loss in experiment 2 (Q2)
= ( 114
190 ) energy loss in experiment 1 (Q1)
Q2 = 0.6Q1 (3)
[1]
Subtracting equations (1) and (2):
76006840 = Q1Q2
Substituting equation (3) into this:
76006840 = Q10.6Q1
Q1 = 1900J
[1]
Substituting for Q1 in equation (1):
7600 = 15.3c+1900
c = 372Jkg1C1[1]
10

a The carbon dioxide expands, doing work
against the atmosphere.
[1]
It gives up internal energy to do this work. [1]
Link to supplying latent heat
[1]
b Energy required to change state of unit mass
(from solid to vapour)
[1]
without change in temperature
[1]
c i So allowance for energy gains from the
atmosphere can be made
[1]
ii Use of E = ml
[1]
m = mass decrease with heater on minus
mass decrease with heater off
[1]
m = 20.9g

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

d Total work done / energy required

= work done in separating molecules /
breaking bonds from solid state (to liquid
state)[1]
plus work done in further separating the
molecules to gaseous state.
[1]

a Energy goes to potential energy of the
molecules[1]
as they are moved further apart (accept
bonds broken)
[1]
b To reduce the energy gained from the
surroundings[1]
c Energy input = 40260 (= 4800J)
[1]
Use of E = ml
[1]
m = mass decrease with heater on minus half
mass decrease with heater off
[1]
m = 23.8g
1
l = 4800
23.8 = 202Jg [1]

a i Sum of the kinetic energy
[1]
and potential energy of the molecules. [1]
ii Temperature at which energy cannot be
removed from molecules
[1]
Answer makes clear that the molecules still
have (potential) energy.
[1]
(Give [1] maximum for: all energy removed
from molecules.)
b i Mass per second = Av
=10004.81051.2 [1]
= 0.058kg
[1]
9000
ii E = mc leading to = 0.0584200 
[1]
= 37C
[1]
Final temperature of the water
= 37+15 = 52C
[1]
iii The heater is 100% efficient.
[1]
iv Decrease the rate of flow of water
[1]

1
l = 12000
20.9 = 574Jg [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics Cambridge University Press 2014