Critical Appraisal Kasauli Development Plan

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF KASAULI DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Submitted to
Town and Country planning Department
By Rita Minhas
Summer Internship 2014
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SUMMARY
This document intends to probe the planned development in Kasauli Planning Area with focus on the Kasauli
Development Plan- a critical appraisal, failures, achievements and few suggestions.
The study is developed on evidence-based method using both primary and secondary data. For primary data
interviews were conducted which involved gauging the response of various the stakeholders affected by such
planned development.
The secondary data comes from experts, records, plan documents and published literature.
In the Kasauli specific study, it was found that there is an inadequate infrastructure available for proper
development to take place .It is the root cause for a lot of problems thus emphasis has been laid on exploring the
reasons for the shortfalls on infrastructural development front.
On closer examination of the present situation the problem comes out to be gr eater efforts are required to
implementof regulations and targets set by the plan. There are government schemes in place but mobilizing the
finance and implementation is a challenge.
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Foreword
This study work was done over a period of two month. Most of the time in the study was spent
interacting with people who were stakeholders in the planned development for Kasauli. I would
like to thank the Town Planner of Solan TCP department, Mr Sandeep Sharma, for giving me this
responsibility. I would also like to thank the new Town Planner of Solan, Mrs Leela Shyam, for
lending all the co-operation and support for completing the task given by preceding Planner. I
would like to give special thanks to Regional Transport Manager of Solan for providing me with
crucial inputs, suggestions , RTO of Solan , Department of tourism, PWD wing for Kasauli, for all
their crucial inputs, suggestions.
All mistakes, however, will remain my responsibility.
Solan , July 2014
Rita Minhas
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INDEX
i) summary..................................................................................................... 2
Ii) forward.........................................................................................3
1 introduction......................................................................................5
1.1 evolution of town.....................................................................................5
2.Demographic and socio-economic characteristics...............................................................................6
2.1 Population Distribution....................................................................................................................7
3 Occupational Structure .....13
4. Master Plan A definition............................................................................................................15
4.1 Jurisdictions...............................................................................................................................16
5. Water Supply Schemes for Kasauli...............................................................................................16
5.1 Current status of water supply in KPA.........................................................................................18
5.2 Estimating Water Demand................................................................................ ..........................19
5.4 Best Practices Possible Alternative Water Sources.........................................................................20
5.5Roof top harvesting.....................................................................................................................20
6.Storm water drainage .................................................................................. ..................................24
6.1 Best practices followed for storm water management....................................................................................25
7. Solid waste disposal.....................................................................................................................25
8.Existing landuse................................................................................................. ...........................26
9. Traffic and transportation..................................................................................................... ...27
10. Social infrastructure............................................................................................................ ....28
11.Inclusivity ...................................................................................................................................34
12.Equity .34
13.Built Heritage ..34 .
14. Tourism in Kasauli....................................................................................................................35 .
14.1 Accommodation units...........................................................................................................35
15 Phasing............................................................................................................. ........39
16 Costing..................................................................................................................................39
17 Implementation.................................................................................... 39
18. Conclusion............................................................................................................................40
19 References .......................................................................................................40
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1.INTRODUCTION
Kasauli : Town Profile
Kasauli is a hill town situated in the outer and lower Himalayas in the state of Himachal Pradesh
is known for its excellent climate. Narrow roads of Kasauli wind up and down the hillside and
offer some magnificent vistas. The townscape seems to be engulfed in 19th century. It is located
at 30 53' 4 North latitude and 77 2 3 East longitude at an altitude of 1920 Metres above the
mean sea level.
It is easily accessible from the Plains of Punjab and Haryana. A large number of tourists from
Plains visit the place. The town and its surrounding areas have an immense potential for
development, as an attractive and popular tourist hill resort.
1.1.Evolution Of the Town

The 150 years old years Cantonment town derives its name from Kasool hamlet.Founded by Sir
Henry and Lady honoria Lawrence, Sanawar is believed to be the first co-educational residential
school in the world .The school had an humble beginning with 14 boys and girls who camped at
the top of a spur in the foothills of Himalayas. It was in year 1847 when the foundation stone of
famous Lawrence School was laid. Mr. William Hudson personally supervised the building of this
school.
Major General Gilbert, the G.O.C. of Sirhind Division, moved to Kasauli and built for himself a
splendid Gilbert House which is presented by the residence of the Station Commander. Before
Kasool was choosen as a site for a British Cantonment, it was part of the erstwhile princely States
of Beja and Baghat. The first Battalion posted here during year 1850 was the 13th light Infantry
Regiment.
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2. Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics
Demography is the study of human population with respect to size, composition, spatial
distribution, and changes in the population that occur over time. Population changes mainly
occur through three demographic processes:
Number of births that occur to an individual or a population.: fertility.
Number of deaths that occur in a Population. - mortality
The movement of people into or out of an area migration
The above said changes namely fertility, mortality and migration can help governments in their
state and local policy evaluations and to address potential property tax revenue impacts.
Assumptions or projections are used to find the probability of the trends continuing in future.
Study and analysis of population is important to City planning, because standards are usually
expressed in terms of population. Almost everything that is done is measured in relation to
population - its size, composition and distribution.
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2.1 Population Distribution
Kasauli Planning Area
K as au li Pla n ni ng a rea p o p ula ti on M o hal - wis e
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Banjni
Chabal
Chamian
Chhatiyan
Dharampur
Dochi
Garkhal
Gosan
Jangeshu
Kaphal Ka Hara
Kasauli Gaon
Khadoli
Khajret
Mando Matkanda
Mangoti
Mashobra
Nadho
Nahari
Nichli Gaongari
Sadiyana
Sanawar
Sanawar
Sanwara
Shalaura Kalan
Shalaura Khurd
Shili Kalan
Shili Khurd
Thare Ka Thakurdawara
Uparli Gaongari
Upmohal Tipra
2011
2001
(Source: Census 2011)
Observations
Within the planning area ,
Kasauli Gaon has the highest population with 2131 persons.
Shilli Khurd - has the lowest population with merely 8 persons.
Total Population of Kasauli Planning Area is 14315.
Sex Ratio
Sex ratio has been defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.
Comparative Sex Ratios
1000.00
950.00
900.00
850.00
974.00
940.00
886.00
800.00
India
Himachal
Kasauli
(Source: Census, 2011 data)
Comparative Sex-Ratio
Sex ratio
Kasauli
Himachal
India
886
974
940
(Source: Census 2011 data)
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Urban population & Rural Population - M/F distribution
Kasauli rural population:male-female
distribution
Kasauli urban population: male-female

distribution
42%
45%
58%
55%
Male
Male
Female
Female
Kasauli Male-female population distribution

47%
53%
Male
Female
(Source: TCP Solan 2011)
Observation
The cumulative rural vs. urban population shows a little deviation in balance of male to
female ratio. Sex ratio in rural area is higher as compared to urban area .
The urban as well as rural female sex ratio is much below the state as well as national sex
ratios of 974 and 940 per 1000 males respectively.
However, the distinctly lesser female population in the urban areas as compared to the
rural area demarcates the migration of majorly male population in pursuit of economic
opportunities and job prospects.
SC-ST Population KPA (Villlage Wise)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
TOT_Population
P_SC
(Source : Census of India )
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Observations
Within the planning area, Sanawar as well as Kasauli Gaon both have considerably high SC population
Total population
Total SC Population
Total ST Population
Name
T-R-U
TOT_Population
Male
Femal e
Total
Male
Femal e
Total
Male
Femal e
Kasauli Gaon
Rural
2131
1084
1047
786
387
399
Nahari
Rural
195
107
88
32
15
17
Chhatiyan
Mashobra
Shalaura Kalan
Rural
Rural
Rural
179
336
112
89
183
57
90
153
55
142
184
75
73
102
36
69
82
39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shalaura Khurd
Jange shu
Upmohal Tipra
Rural
Rural
Rural
323
189
614
169
98
347
154
91
267
127
98
218
59
51
112
68
47
106
4
0
8
2
0
5
2
0
3
Nadho
Dochi
Kaphal Ka Hara
Gosan
Garkhal
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
501
345
68
212
1245
262
182
34
110
635
239
163
34
102
610
241
84
23
168
224
131
36
9
88
115
110
48
14
80
109
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Khadoli
Chabal
Sadiyana
Banjni
Chamian
Khajret
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
129
223
53
190
533
205
61
122
31
99
279
103
68
101
22
91
254
102
45
86
41
94
254
17
20
45
24
50
132
7
25
41
17
44
122
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nichli Gaongari
Uparli Gaongari
Tipra
Rural
Rural
Rural
173
236
50
90
118
30
83
118
20
16
93
0
9
46
0
7
47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shili Kalan
Shili Khurd
Thare
Thakurdawara
Dharampur
Sanawar
Mando Matkanda
Mangoti
Sanawar
Rural
Rural
Rural
27
8
492
14
5
264
13
3
228
27
8
264
14
5
138
13
3
126
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
2
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
1732
382
210
325
688
1065
198
110
178
360
667
184
100
147
328
829
76
74
176
303
446
40
35
97
155
383
36
39
79
148
12
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Rural
455
231
224
145
66
79
Sanw ara
Ka
(Source : TCP Solan 2011 )
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Child Population (0-6 Years)
Comparative child Population
F_06
Urban
M_06
Rural
Kasauli
P_06
0
2000 4000 6000 8000
Like the sex composition of the total population, the sex composition by age groups is vital for
studying the demographic trends of young population, its future patterns and particularly, the
status of the girl child. At the Census 2001, sex ratio of the population in the age group 0-6 years
has been registered as 927, in India, declining from 945 in 1991 and 962 in 1981.
The decreasing sex ratio in this age group has a cascading effect on population over a period of
time leading to diminishing sex ratio in the country. One thing is clear the imbalance that has
set in at this early age group is difficult to be removed and would remain to haunt the population
for a long time to come. The problem is better understood, if one considers the fact that the
child sex ratio is primarily influenced by sex ratio at birth and mortality in the early childhood.
The natural sex ratio at birth usually has higher male births. It ranges between 943 a nd 954. But
the advantage of higher sex ratio at birth (SRB) is neutralized due to higher male infant mortality
in the normal population. Prior to 2001, the child sex ratio was close to sex ratio at birth but due
to rapid decline, this has fallen even below the natural SRB in Census 2001. This reflects a sad
picture of the status of the girl child in the country and majority of the states. The magnitude of
the decline can be seen by the fact that 31 States / Uts have registered a decline in Child Sex
Ratio during 2001.Alarming trends are discerned in some of the major states like Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, and Delhi.
The recently released 2011 census data paints a grim picture of child sex ratio which has
worsened to 914, the lowest since 1947. However, for the first time, female literacy has
improved more than that of men, slowly bridging the gap.
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While the overall sex ratio has improved to 940 as compared to 933 in 2001, the child (0-6 years)
sex ratio, i.e. the number of girl children per 1,000 male children has shown an unabated decline
since 1961. It has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011. The latest figures are the lowest
since 1947.
Female foeticide, pre-sex selection techniques, attitudes towards the girl child and traditional
social practices have been driving the skewed sex ratio in the country .
Child Sex Ratio for State and Districts : 2001-2011
State/District
Child Sex ratio in

age group 0-6 years
(Number of females
per 1,000 males)
2
Himachal Pradesh
2001
3
896
2011
4
906
01
02
Chamba
Kangra
955
836
950
873
03
04
05
Lahul & Spiti

Kullu
Mandi
961
960
918
1,013
962
913
06
07
08
Hamirpur
Una
Bilaspur
850
837
882
881
870
893
09
10
11
Solan
Sirmaur
Shimla
900
934
929
899
931
922
12
Kinnaur
979
953
District Code
(Source: Census 2011)

Comparative child sex-ratio
950
900
850
886
906
914
Kasauli
Himachal
India
Observation :
While the child sex ratio for Himachal Pradesh is below the national figure ,that of kasauli is even
far more lower. The decreasing sex ratio in this age group has a cascading effect on population
over a period of time leading to diminishing sex ratio in the country. One thing is clear the
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imbalance that has set in at this early age group is difficult to be removed and would remain to
haunt the population for a long time to come
Rural
48%
52%
Kasauli
47%
F_06
53%
M_06
F_06
M_06
Urban
44%
56%
F_06
M_06
(Source: Solan, 2011 data)
The child population demarcates two definite inferences that can be drawn from the table. They
are:
Female population below 7 is less which conforms general trend in north India of skewed
sex ratio.
Rural child sex ratio is still better as compared to urban areas
2.2 Literacy Rate
Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total population age 7
years and above.
Number of Literates
Literacy rate = --------- ----------- x 100
Population aged 7+
Literacy Rate : Kasauli Planning Area
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95
90
85
M_ Lit rate
80
F_lit Rate
75
70
Total
Rural
Urban
(Source: TCP Solan 2011)

Kasauli Planning Area(Mohal-wise)
2500
2000
1500
1000
Population 7+
500
Male Literate
Femaleliterate
Literate Population : Kasauli Planning Area
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Sanwara
Mangoti
Sanawar
Thare Ka Thakurdawara
Shili Kalan
Uparli Gaongari
Khajret
Banjni
Chabal
Garkhal
Kaphal Ka Hara
Nadho
Jangeshu
Shalaura Kalan
Chhatiyan
Kasauli Gaon
M_ Lit rate
F_lit Rate
(Source: TCP Solan)
Observations
Literacy rate is highest in Khajret followed by Nahari, with both male and female literacy
being highest here.
Male Literacy rate is lowest in Shilli Kalan, while female lieracy rate is lowest in Shilli Khurd.
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3. Occupational Structure
Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period of one year (i.e. 6
months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Those workers who had not worked for the major
part of the reference period of one year (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Marginal Workers.
39%
61%
Huge gap exists between male and female

working population. Majority of the
working population is male, which
implies less participation of female in
workforce population.
Vocational
training centres should be provided for
women who aim to promote employment
of women in industry as semi-skilled
workers by increasing their participation
in skill training facilities,
Majority of population in KPA are

dependent population which is a
negative attribute.61% of the
population is dependent population.
Workers
Non-workers
22%
Male
Female
78%
Figure 0.1: Male-Female

Workforce Participation
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6%
Main
Marginal
94%
Of the working population , majority of

the working population is main, which is
a good attribute.But a greater number of
non-worker
population
with low
percentage of marginal population
indicates lesser
opportunities for
informal sector which is not a good sign.
Other reason for higher number of nonworker population could be outmigration of working age people for
better job opportunities outside the town,
Main and Marginal Working population

Occupational Structure
(Kasauli Planning Area)
CL
4%
12%
AL
66%
2%
HH
INDUSTRY
OTHERS
Marginal workers
1%
AL
30%
2%
CL
83%
HH
INDUSTRY
OTHERS
Main workers
(Source :TCP SOLAN 2011)
ISSUES IDENTIFIED
Low Sex Ratio
Lower sex ratio in Kasauli Planning Area both for child population and otherwise is a matter of grave
concern. For the year 2011 child sex ratio for the sta te is 906 , for the district it is 899 while for Kasauli
region it is 886.
4. Master Plan A definition

A Master Plan is a plan for a large area that may address land use, landscaping, infrastructure, circulation
or services provision. It can also be defined as a document that explains how a site or series of sites will be
developed. It will describe how the proposal will be implemented, and set out the costs, phasing and
timing of development.
4.1 Jurisdictions
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Under provisions of Section 12 (1) of the H.P. Town & Country Planning Act, 1977, the Himachal
Pradesh Government constituted Kasauli Planning Area in 17-10-1991. Subsequently, the limits
of Kasauli Planning Area were redefined and drastically reduced on account of public demand.
The boundaries of Kasauli Planning Area were enlarged so as to include areas upto Jagjitnagar on
Shaktighat Jagjitnagar road, upto Morephen nallah on Kasauli-Jangeshu-Parwanoo road and upto
Tipra on Kimughat-Chakki Ka Morh road in 15.01.2007
4.2 Vision Aims and Objectives
The development plan for the year 2021 is a statutory document which develops the landuse
plan and lays out the development control guidelines (DCRs) to regulate the towns
development.
Vision of Kasauli development plan 2021 is to regulate growth and guide growth in desired
directions in view of Kasauli being an eco fragile ,eco sensitive zone , to regulate unprecedented
invasion on the peaceful environs of the hill town by immigrants and tourists from the plains of
Punjab and Haryana.
The Kasauli development plan addresses the following Key problems and Issues.
1. Physical Growth:
The recent developments have happened in the form of linear/ribbon growth along major
corridors and is not conducive for ensuring holistic and sustainable development of the area.
Such trend impedes development of social and economic infrastructure equitably in the entire
Planning Area. Suitable and effective regulations can also act as a tool to control and guide
proper development along the major roads.
2. Environmental Degradation:
Development on unscientific lines causes destruction of nature. The urban activities are likely to
lead felling of trees, depletion and weakening of forest cover, loosening of hill strata, pollution
of ground water sources and air, soil, water as well as noise pollution, Therefore, there is need to
foster a planned & systematic development and to suggest measures for maintaining the vital
ecological balance.
3. Physical Infrastructure
As Kasauli development plan envisions planning of the region for the year 2021 , hence the
population should also be served by the physical infrastructure that is available or is
proposed.
Following study tries to implore if the available infrastructure is sufficient for the projected
population , whether the plan is flexible enough and can accommodate the changing needs.
Water Supply
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As far as Kasauli Cantonment is concerned, it is being supplied drinking water supply by
Military Engineering Service. The sources of water are springs near Manaun and Gambhar
river. The total supply is 80,000 to 90,000 gallons per day. There are gaps in the actual
supply of water and the overall demand of water supply.
Observations
The Mall Kasauli which comes under the jurisdiction of cantonment board ,is also suffering
from severe water scarcity. People who draw water from community taps, hardly get any
water. They fulfill their water needs from the water tankers for which they have to pay hefty
sum of money. People who reside in cantonment board also suffer from water scarcity. For
many the situation is even more grim as their houses do not lie along drivable paths, so they
can not even avail tanker facility.
(Source : Primary Survey)
5.Water Supply Schemes for Kasauli
Currently the population in the planning area is getting its supply of water from Irrigation and
Public Health Department.
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Schemes for Planning Area Villages
The adjoining villages of the Kasauli town in Planning Area are covered by the Water Supply
Schemes of the town itself. Other schemes which are serving the villages of Planning Area are
Lift Water Supply Scheme, Madhiana, Lift Water Supply Scheme, Garkhal Gosan-Dochi
Lift Water Supply Scheme, Sari Thana
The scheme was executed in the year 1982. It is being augmented to the water supply level of 70
litre per capita per day, by connecting it to the Water Supply Scheme, Solan from Giri River.
The adjoining villages of the Kasauli town are covered under following water supply schemes:-
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5.1 Current status of water supply in KPA
As it was predicted in the development plan that Kasauli was likely to witness continuing
shortage of water supply, despite so many schemes in the offing.The plan makes it clear that
no water demand for any commercial functions, industries and hotels has been considered by
the IPH Department which had been bestowed with the responsibility of providing water supply
to people , while arriving at the designed population.
Result is that the population is suffering the misery of living in appalling conditions , for having to
cope with a severe shortage of water supply. Hotels and commercial establishments complete
their water requirements by tankers which are very costly affair and this can not be a
permanent solution.
The development plan did not allow any major commercial establishments in Kasauli Planning
Area. It has been allowed within Kasauli Planning Area unless an independent arrangement of
own water supply or source is guaranteed by an entrepreneur or developer to the satisfaction of
the competent authority.
Although any further city growth has been frozen, yet people are building their houses in the
planning area. No water demand for any commercial functions, industries and hotels has been
considered by the department while arriving at the designed population.
The following list gives the number of approvals that were given in the previous years .
S.no
Year
Number
of
building
permission approvals given
by the TCP , Solan
1
2001
53
2
2004
85
3
2006
106
4
2007
81
5
2011
41
6
2013
37
(source : TCP Solan)
Kasauli development plan predicts the shortage of water supply but fails to provides any
pragmatic solution to the problem. Ironically being a tourist place , requirements of apartments,
hotels, big institutions and commercial projects have been totally neglected.
Improvements in the water supply system depend upon public financing, for existing tariffs
generate insufficient revenues to cover the operational and maintenance costs. Enhancement of
tariff is linked to economic structure of the consumer population and to the improvement in
service delivery.
5.2 Estimating Water Demand:The rural population data for the year 2011 gives a population of 14522 persons in the planning
area. A total of 570 thousand gallons per day was the actual demand for the rural settlements
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served in the planning area. As per the population projection done in DP Kasauli , the projected
demand for the year 2021 is 825 thousand gallons per day .
Present schemes are supplying water at 45 LPCD which is by any far below the benchmark .
5.4 Best Practices Possible Alternative Water Sources

One way to become more water efficient is to tap into alternative, on-site sources of water for
things like landscape irrigation, ornamental pond and fountain filling, toilet and urinal flushing.
Rainwater Captured rainwater is often used in landscaping, because the water is free of salts
and other harmful minerals and does not have to be treated. It is also useful in attracting and
providing water for wildlife. Rainwater harvesting can also help prevent flooding and erosion,
turning storm water problems into water supply assets by slowing runoff and allowi ng it to soak
into the ground. Reducing run-off also helps reduce contamination of surface water with
sediments, fertilizers, and pesticides in rainfall run-off. Rainwater can be collected in cisterns and
used with little or no treatment for a variety of non-potable purposes. The major components of
a rainwater harvesting system include:
Catchment area/roof or surface upon which the rain falls
Gutters and downspouts to carry the water to storage
Leaf screens to remove debris
Cisterns/storage tanks to store the harvested rainwater
Conveyances to deliver the stored water either by gravity or pump.
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Water treatment system to settle, filter and disinfect the water, if required
5.5 ROOF TOP HARVESTING
This system is useful mainly for drinking water purposes. In this system, rain water falling
on roofs of houses and other buildings is collected through a system of pipes and semi circular channels of galvanized iron or PVC and is stored in tanks suitably located on the
ground or underground. The practice is in vogue at the individual household level in
remote hilly areas with high rainfall and also in some semi-arid areas in the plains.
This system can be seen in the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland. This is also in use in Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur
districts of Rajasthan. In recent years, at the initiative of the Central and State
Governments, the practice has been increasingly adopted in many cities and towns in
different parts of the country.
Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting in Villages of Madhya Pradesh

Rainwater is free from undesirable chemical impurities. A study conducted by the
Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, in Lucknow, India, on the water quality revealed
that rainwater stored in rainwater tanks for a long period of time can develop bacterial
growth but is free from chemical contamination: such bacteria can be removed by simple
chlorination. An occasional dose of chlorine or bleaching powder once a month is
considered sufficient.
5.5 Roof top harvesting in kasauli planning area
Total rainfall in Kasauli for the year is 1020 millimeter .Construction of Rain water
harvesting tank in the area is mandatory .No application for the approval for change of
landuse is done with unless the construction of RWHT is carried out.
Rainwater harvesting depends on two things:(1). Quantity of rainfall.
(2). Area of catchment.
The catchment may be classified into three categories:TCP SOLAN
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(i) Hard surfaces like roofs and rocks which give a total run-off of 100%.
(ii) Semi-hard surfaces such as the rock compound of a house with 50% run-off.
(iii) Loose soil which gives 25% runoff.
There are discrepancies in the system because people have tendency to divert water
supply pipeline into this tank and the whole purpose of making the RWHT is a failure.
Presently TCP staff check only the construction of RWHT . Instead it should be made
mandatory to have check laying of plumbing system that connects the RWHT to the
Toilet flushes and for uses other than drinking .People need to be trained about first
flushing systems that prevents dirty water from entering the RWHT.
5.5 Filtration System : Again, there are wide varieties of systems available for treating
water before, during and after storage. The level of sophistication also varies, from
extremely high-tech to very rudimentary. The sand-charcoal-stone filter is often used for
filtering rainwater entering a tank
( Shukla Acharjee , Mangesh G. Waghmare)
Another practical problem faced by people in hill towns is that of small plots and due to
hilly terrain the RWHT of higher plot often start seeping and thereby this seepage travels
to the building constructed just adjacent on lower slope. This is a very serious issue
observed and weaken the structures as the seepage often travels through the retaining
walls thereby causing danger of them yielding in during rainy season. The construction of
RWHT should be thoroughly monitored with TCP providing guidelines for proper
construction of RWHT .PVC tanks could be used instead of in-situ construction. Location
of RWHT on the site plan should check if it is not in close proximity to structural elements
of proposed or adjacent structures.
5.6 Water requirement by the household :
Average Household size = 4.5
Table 1. Consumption of water per day per person
Consumer
Water
requirement
(l/c/d)
Drinking
Bathing
55
TCP SOLAN
Page22

Cooking
Washing of Utensils
10
Washing of floors etc
10
Washing of clothes
20
Flushing of toilets
30
Total
135
Sources: Environmental Engineering by M Narayan Rao , V Thanikachalam).
Livestock use
Water
requirement
(l/c/d)
Cattle
25 35
Horses,
mules
donkeys
and
20 25
Sheep and goats
5 15
Pigs
10 15
Poultry (l/100/day)
15 25
Sources: Hofkes (1983); Teka (1982).

Assuming 2 animals per household with an average water requirement of 30 litres,
60 litres water is required by rural house hold.
For human consumption , barring the water requirement for drinking, bathing ,cooking
and washing utensils ,40 litres of water is required daily for flusing toilets , and floors per
capita.
Average Household size = 4.5
(source: census 2011)
Water that can be procured from rain water = 4.5 x 40 = 180 ltrs daily
TCP SOLAN
Page23

Total daily requirement that can be fulfilled by using rain water = 180+60 =240 ltrs
Requirement through the year = 330 x 365 = 87600 ltrs
5.7 Design Parameters
The following simple formula may be applied to arrive at the quantity of rainwater collected:
Quantity of water = Cat c h m e n t area x Run-off x Rainfall
For example :(a)
If a roof area is 10 m long and 8 m wide and rainfall is equal to 102 cm per annum.
Quantity of Rainfall = 10 x 8 x 102 x 1000

100
=
81,600 litres per annum
For the rural household with average number of livestock assumed above this is just is enough.
6.STORM WATER DRAINAGE
Analysis of current status Kasauli Planning Area
There is no organised system for storm water drainage in Kasauli Planning Area. Gram Panchayats
construct drains along paths and streets in an isolated manner, subject to the availability of funds.
However, along major roads, the Public Works Department constructs culverts, cross drains and
side drains to ensure proper drainage in accordance with topography of land.
TCP SOLAN
Page24
6.1 Best practices followed for storm water management Town of Richmond Hill
Reduce your Runoff Footprint
Everyone can help reduce the amount of stormwater runoff. Try these tips to reduce your
stormwater footprint, lower your water bill and conserve water:
Use a carwash instead of your driveway to wash your car. This will decrease the mixture
of wash water and sediment entering storm sewers.
Clean up animal waste, grass clippings and fallen leaves from your property regularly.
Be careful to not over-fertilize your lawn as excess nutrients can enter the storm-water
system.
Have your car fixed if it is leaking fluid. Oil and other vehicle fluids can be very harmful to
fish and wildlife reliant on our streams, rivers and lakes.
Use rain barrels to capture roof runoff and use this water on your lawn and gardens.
TCP SOLAN
Page25
Disconnect your roof downspout if it is connected to a storm sewer. You can either
connect it to a rain barrel or have it directed onto your lawn. Use water from rain barrels
to water your lawn or gardens.
Manage your use of road salt and sand in the winter. During snow melt periods, salt and
sand will enter the storm sewer system and can have negative impacts downstream.
Dispose of household hazardous waste properly, not down a storm drain.
Choose plants that are drought tolerant and dont need to be watered as often.
Check your sprinkler system for leaks and ensure you are only watering your lawn on
days and times allowed. The best times to water your lawn and garden are in the early
morning or late evening.
7. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Presently, there is no organised solid waste management system within Kasauli Planning
Area. However, panchayats have been implementing the total sanitation scheme,
sponsored by the Government of India.
Reduction at source Zero Waste/ Reduced Waste Segregation of waste at source at
zero waste management centres.Waste disposal with stress on income generation
through composting and recycling. Policy of Polluter pays to be followed.
Despite state government policy , there are issues of pollution of drai ns,surrounding land of
settlements .There is no street sweeping in place.Solid waste collected near streets creates
obnoxious small and hampers scenic beauty also pollutes surface water run-off during rains.
TCP SOLAN
Page26

8.EXISTING LANDUSE
Kasauli Planning Area has predominantly a rural character. Generally, the development is
in the form of built pockets amidst rural landscape, primarily along the roads in a ribbon
pattern. The Planning Area is witnessing spontaneous physical growth, mainly along the
major roads emanating from Kasauli town. It is generally haphazard and has no proper
circulation including service lanes. Settlements away from roads are scattered, on
account of either steep slopes or nallahs and forests. Existing landuse structure of
Kasauli Planning Area is as under:-
The growth until 1990 was in the shape of isolated, thick and piecemeal clusters or pockets. The
recent developments however, are in the form of linear or ribbon shape along the major roads.
Such development is not conducive for ensuring holistic and sustainable development of the
area. This trend has to be discouraged by promoting development of social and economic
infrastructure equitably in the entire Planning Area and thereby ensuring organized development
involving less investment and thus lowprices of built properties. Mechanism along the major
roads is required to be enforced. Planned and systematic development, in accordance with
ecological imperatives, is warranted to ensure the premier character of the town. This
Development Plan document strives for ensuring systematic, sustainable and holistic
development of the area, addressing the requirements of local inhabitants as well as tourists
Keeping in view perspective requirements of the plan period, proposed landuse has been worked
out to ensure balanced and eco-friendly development. The central idea that no new commercial
venture negatively affects the already residing local population and existing tourist as well as
other establishments is required to be kept in view, during finalization of the Plan Document.
9. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
National Highway-22 passes through the South-Eastern periphery of the Planning Area.
Two major accesses to Kasauli emanate from it from Parwanoo and Dharampur. In
between Chandigarh and Kasauli, there are two major bottlenecks at Kalka and Pinjore
TCP SOLAN
Page27

which adversely affect the tourist flow. However, four laning of the highway is likely to
give relief to tourist traffic which is in the offing.
There are nine other important roads running through the Planning Area.These roads emanate
from different junctions namely Sukhi Johri, P.A. Pinion chowk, Garkhal Chowk and near Public
Works Department Office at Kasauli.
Garkhal bazaar crossing with 5 roads converging on it is a big traffic bottleneck. This leads to
congestion of traffic and long traffic jams. The widening of Garkhal bazaar road were also
proposed in the plan . The existing condition of road, lack of parking facilities further aggravate
the situation.
Development of a parking lot at Garkhal, construction of Garkhal Bye Pass were the proposals in
the first phase of development plan but both the proposals are pending.
TCP SOLAN
Page28

10. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
10.1 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

Education is one of the prime components of social infrastructure. Education and healthcare
available have direct bearing on the quality of life of a town or city. Present situation is discussed
with relevance to the aims as defined in the development plan. There is insufficient discussion in
the development plan Kasaulii about the status of education .It may be prudent to mention the
recommended standards for educational institutions and analyse the current situation.
Standards for educational facilities
To compare existing facilities available in Kasuli following standards has been considered. Most
of the standards and norms are taken from UDPFI guidelines .
Standards for educational provision by population threshold
Type of education institution
Population threshold
Student strength
Nursery school
2500
500
Primary school
5000
500
TCP SOLAN
Page29

Senior secondary school
7500
1000
College
125000
1000-1500
(Source: UDPFI)
Standards for educational provision by walking distances
Type of education
Suggested walking Population threshold

distance in kms
(metro cities)
Population threshold
Nursery
0.4
750 -1000
500 750
Primary
0.4 0.6
3500 - 5000
2000 2500
Middle school
0.54 1.61
6000 - 8000
3000 4000
Secondary
0.54 1.61
12000 - 15000
10000 15000
College
> 150000
50000 80000
University
>500000
(small and
towns)
medium
(Source: K.V.Sundaram Urban and Regional planning in India, Delhi Vikas, 1977)
10.2 Schools in Kasauli Planning Area

There are about 12 primary schools in KPA, 6 Middle schools, 4 senior secondary schools.
List of some Govt Primary-schools
Sl.No.
Name Of School
Enrolment
GPS Sanawar
33
GPS Garkhal
60
GPS Kasauli
39
GPS Dharampur
191
GPS Chamian
50
GPS Banjini
26
GPS Shadyana
GPS Sanawar Gaon
29
GPS Kasauli
28
TCP SOLAN
Page30

10
GPS Jagjitnagar
86
11
GPS Gaunguri
31
12
GPS Sanwara
40
Total
647
(Source: Office of District Inspector of School Solan)
List of some Middle -Schools

Sl.No.
Name Of School
Enrolment
GMS Jagjit nagar
86
GMS Kasauli Gaon
33
GMS Sanawar
139
GMS Kasauli
74
GMS Chamian
143
Total
475
List of some Senior Secondaryschools

Sl.No.
Name Of School
Number
Boys
of Number
Girls
of Number
Students
GSSS Chamian
159
178
337
GSSS Kasauli
126
119
245
GSSS Sanawar
50
73
123
of
List of some Private -schools

Sl
School Name
Lawrence School,
Pinegrove School,
Saraswati Niketan School,
TCP SOLAN
Page31

4
St. Mary's Convent School,
Professional Course Institutions

There are altogether 17 professional course institutions in Solan District which serves industrial and
economic base of the Area. List of the institutions is given in Table 8.4.
10.2 List of Professional Course Institutions
In Himachal Pradesh there are one central university, four state universities and eleven private
universities.
1.University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
2.Chitkara School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Barotiwala, Distt. Solan
Institute of Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and
Technologies, Baddi ,Solan
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences,
Solan
10.3 Colleges affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University
1. Green Hills Engineering College, Kumarhatti Solan
10.3 Medical colleges
3. Solan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti, Distt. Solan.
4. Bhojia Dental College & Hospital, Baddi, Distt. Solan
5. M S Panwar Institute of Communication and Management, Solan
Pharmacy colleges
6.
Govt.
B.
Pharmacy
7. LR. Institute of Pharmacy, Vill. Jabli-Kyar, P.O. Ochghat, Sultanpur Road, Distt. Solan(H.P)
College
8 .Himachal Institute of Pharmacy, Rampur Ghat Road, Paonta sahib, Distt. Sirmour, (H.P) (Source: Office
of District Inspector of School)
There is an Industrial Training Institute at Garkhal. It has 99 students.

General Colleges
One college has recently opened in Dharampur which will serve the students of kasauli as well.
Medical and Public Health :
TCP SOLAN
Page32

The Cantonment Board, Kasauli runs one General Hospital in Cantonment area with its 14
Paramedical staff. There is one 19 bedded General hospital which has separate male and female
wards and one private room along with Pathological laboratory, a small operation theatre, one
ECG machine and Ambulance facility.
Standards for Health Care (UDPFI)
These are the UDPFI standards showing the requirements of hospitals and health care centres in
a city. According to the standards availability of hospitals in the Rourkela city is there but
upgradation of hospitals and increase in the no of staffs are required in the hospitals.
Table 8.1: UDPFI Guidelines for Health Care Centres
Dispensary
1 for 0.15 lakh population
Area
0.08 To 0.12 Ha
(Source: UDPFI.)
There are adequate number of Primary Health Centres, Community Health Centre, Health SubCentres and Ayurvedic Dispensary in KPA. The Military Hospital in Cantonment Area is also
serving the local residents. Planning Area also has a few specialized medical institutions namely a
Leprosy Hospital and a Sanatorium, which serve the regional population.
Local residents find inadequate facilities in case of some big ailments. Inadequate public
transport available and long time taken for such health check ups hampers day to day activities
of the residents .Upgradation of existing facilities .
Fire Station
One fire station, owned by Military Engineering Service, There are occurence of fire usually
during summers in the forest area . One more fire station required for the planning
area.Hapahzard growth and narrow streets has rendered many areas unapproachable by fire
engine.
10.4 PUBLIC LIBRARIES
There is one small Public Library in Kasauli near Bus stand .It needs to be expanded.
Sanitation: The whole Cantonment is being looked after by an Sanitary Inspector, who is overall
in charges. The General sanitation is satisfactory. The whole civil area in Sadar Bazar and
Mashobra has been covered by sewerage system. Kasauli has always been free from any
epidemic and is known for its cleanliness. At present One Sanitary Inspector, 3 Sanitary
supervisors, 1 Driver and 35 sweepers are employed while one vehicle is deployed for
conservancy. The garbage of Cantt. area is disposed off at incinerator.
Street Light :
TCP SOLAN
Page33

The Cantonment Board, has 350 lights points in the whole Cantt. area out of which 44 HPSV
lamps, 3 mercury vapour lamps, 121 tube lights and 182 bulbs. The Board gives material to
Electricity Department to carry out the repair and maintenance of street light points.
11.Inclusivity
Weaker sections have been addressed in plan by giving them relaxation in certain norms , by not
charging them for basic amenities and by giving them reservation in new developments
promoters.Population with special needs , Children, Youth, Women , Single Parents, Senior
citizens, Disabled Population have not been given any Importance in the plan.
12.Equity
Reservation for Economic Weaker Section
In case the total area of the scheme is 40 bighas or more, the promoter shall reserve at least 5%
of no. of residential plots or apartments for EWS, as per the provision of H.P. Apartment and
Property Regulation Act, 2005.
Relaxing norms for size of plot
Smaller plots may be considered in the case of allotments made by IAY or any other scheme
launched by the Union or State Governments for the benefit and upliftment of economically
weaker sections of the society and IRDP families
13.Built Heritage
Heritage has been taken as a separate chapter .The plan talks about colonial heritage as a
memoir of past and its present day Value .It reiterates Importance of heritage for present day
calm quiet environs that attract tourists.
TCP SOLAN
Page34

Amongst the colonial towns, Kasauli is a British Cantonment Town which possesses townscape
elements like churches, bungalows, club, bazaar, cemeteries, distinct, building style and street
pattern, which clearly manifest the British culture.
However except for the cantonment area , It identifies the need to declare Sanawar school as
heritage zone.To preserve the townscape character it identifies that architectural elements are
required to be used in the construction styles of the area, in general and Planning Area, in
particular.
14. Tourism in Kasauli
Kasauli , is known for its proximity to the plains of Punjab and Haryana and for its salubrious
climate. The town is full of natural scenic beauty sitting on peaks , quietly overlooking the placid
Sukhna lake ,the city of Chandigarh .Lucky bonus is that on a clear sunny day one can also see
other Hill towns like Shimla, Dagshai and Chail .
Peaks visible from Mankey Point

Tourists in the identified tourist place of Kasauli
S.no
Name of the tourist centre
1
2
3
4
Mankey Point
Sunset Point
Shri Baba Balak
Temple
Baptist Church
5
6
7
The Mall
Timber Trail
Trekking
Nath
(Source: Primary Survey, )
TCP SOLAN
Page35

Table above gives the the various identified tourist centres in the year 2014. The excellent
climate attracts tourists to Kasauli in summers from hot plains of Chandigarh as it is hardly an
hour or two drive to this place.
Tourism priority
Based on the Primary survey conducted by us we obtained the peoples priority of tourism
places within the city .
Tourism prior ity of people-places within the city
25
20
15
10
5
0
Priority
(Source: Primary survey Taxi Stand Kasauli)
14.1 Accommodation units

Table below provides the number of hotels and number of beds in the Kasauli Town in 2014 .
The number of Hotels and number of beds in the Kasauli.
2014
No. Of No. Of No. Of
Hotels
Rooms
Beds
28
372
985
Kasauli
(Source: HPTDC, Solan)
There are no five or three or one star hotels in Kasauli.

List of Accommodation Units (Operated By HPTDC)
NAME OF UNIT
Ros Common , Kasauli
Double Bed Family Suite

Rooms
7
2
Number
Rooms
9
of Number
beds
29
of Tarrif in Rs.
2000- 3700
(Source: HPTDC,Solan)
Tariff of Accommodation Units in Kasauli in 2014
NAME OF UNIT
Double Bed Family Suite

Rooms
Number
Rooms
Alisia Hotel
12
13
41
3000-6000
Anchal Hotell
10
11
26
100-900
TCP SOLAN
of Number
beds
of Tarrif in Rs.
Page36

Baikunth Resort
35
35
105
7000-8500
Birds View Resort
20
2500-6000
Bliss Hotel
5, 2 no of
coottages
9
22
1500-2000
Blossom Hotel
20
20
40
2500-3000
Mukhi 18
18
36
2200-4500
11
33
550-1000
Hawks Dale G H
1500-1800
Hemkunth Resorts
19
19
57
1750-2550
Hill Pride Resorts
19
19
45
3875-5475
Hotel Kasauli Inn
14
1650
Kasauli Hill Resort
12
40007000
Hotel Kasauli Regency
15
17
50
8200-14000
Hotel Kasauli Resort
33
33
99
5800-8500
Kasauli Tourist Inn
15
15
45
Kasauli Woods Hotel
10
20
1000014000
1200-2000
Himlay Inn Kasauli
19
400-950
Mashobra
View
Maurice Hotel
2 single bd
5 D bed
1- 3 bd
Vallley 3
5000
13
15
49
2600-4500
2- single Bd
6 Double Bd
8
14
1800-3500
16
2500
30- Double 2
Bd, 1 triple
Bd
5
-
33
90
275-3500
10
4999
2 single bd
4-Double
bed
12
500-650
Chander
Resorts
Gian Hotel
Puri Hotel
Inn Town Resort
R Maidens
The Himanis
Hotel Nature Inn
TCP SOLAN
Page37
Hotel Sanawar View
6 single bd
10
20
2750-5500
Kasauli Exotica
14
15
45
4000-8000
(Source: HPTDC, Solan)
14.2 Findings and inferences

Places most visited by tourists from outside Kasauli are Mankey Point, Sunrise point , Sunset
point The Mall, Baptist church, Sai temple and Baba balak Nath Temple. People come here for
short weekend holiday trip. It has become an ideal weekend resort town for the elite class of
Chandigarh , Haryana and Punjab. The economy of the place also benefits from tourism but
there is need to strengthen infrastructure especially physical infrastructure .
14.3 Linkage and accessibility
There is no public transport facility directly connecting to different spots, thus making it difficult
for residents. There is a need for development of public transportation connecting the spots
directly, with more involvement from HPTDC. Condition of road near Garkhal is not good .It
direly needs to be bypassed .Traffic jams are occur frequently at this intersection.
14.4 Tourist destinations in and around Kasauli
(Source: Personal Photographs)
Manki Point
One of the most popular tourist spot in Kasauli is the Monkey Point,the highest point in
the town. According to the legend of the Ramayana, When Lord Hanuman was returning
from the Himalayas after obtaining the magical herb, Sanjivani Booti, his foot touched
this hill and as a result the hill took the shape of a foot. It a clear night enables you to
enjoy a fascinating view of the distant plains of Chandigarh and the Sutlej River . There
is Lack of Public transport directly to the spot and because of control of Airforce, cameras
and mobiles are not allowed.Other places worth visiting are Baptist Church, Baba Balak
Nath at Gadkhal .The famous temple of Baba Balak Nath at Gadkhal, place about 5 KM
from kasauli. It is a famous tourist spot, while driving from Solan. The beautiful temple is
situated on the hill top.
TCP SOLAN
Page38

Baba Balak N ath at Gadkhal
(Source: Personal Photographs )
15. PHASING
Development Plan is a mandatory document to guide the future development. Implementation of

Development Plan is divided into three phases, coinciding with five year plans namely:
(i) 2009 -2012
(ii) 2012-2017
(iii) 2017-2021
First Phase-2009 to 2012
The following proposals are proposed to be implemented in the first phase:
1. To develop a parking lot at Garkhal.
2. Construction of Garkhal Bye Pass.
3. Land Pooling and Reconstitution Schemes.
In view of implementation of proposals in each phase, priorities of subsequent phases shall be worked
out, resources generated and accordingly implementation shall be ensured.
16. Costing
The plan envisages for residential development by the land owners through Land Pooling and
Reconstitution mechanism. The funds are to be raised from potential buyers of developed plots who are
going to be allotted the
same.
The plan further says that the cost of infrastructure will be borne by the land owners through mechanism
of land pooling and plot reconstitution. Raising resources from the betterment levies on development
pursuits.
Resource generation mechanism that the plan enumerates are
1) Development charges and betterment levies
2) Layout, Sub-Division and Building Permit Fees
3) Building Regularization Fees
4) Building Use Regularization Fees
5) Vacant Land Tax.
6) Non-Conforming use penalties.
7) Unauthorised change of building/landuse penalties
8)Landuse conversion charges
17. Implementation
Execution of the Development Plan has to be ensured by Land Pooling and Reconstitution Mechanism by
coordinated efforts of the landowners, Development Authority, Revenue Department, Panchayats and
Infrastructural Departments.
Overall control and monitoring of implementation of proposals of development in terms of land use
zoning and regulatory mechanism shall be vested with the Town and Country Planning Department.
TCP SOLAN
Page39

18. Conclusion
Based on critical Appraisal of the plan document and the inputs from stakeholder consultations
,the Development Plan 2021 for Kasauli is a document that needs to elaborate on various issues.
Economy, Housing have not been dealt with in it. Of the other things , mere small menti on does
not solve the purpose of making the plan. The norms and standards that have been mentioned
in , Delhi master plan is not relevant because a hill town has specific issues.It also has to find
ways , solutions to issues of water scarcity in the area, mere mention of the problem does not
solve the problem.
The DCRs also will need modification. Certain regulations will have to be site specific like FAR,
number of stories.
Another major issue is that of stakeholder consultation and implementation of the plan. The
proposals that were laid out in the first phase are still unfulfilled. Public participation would lend
a better accountability and transparency to plan document.
19. References
1. Development Plan Kasauli

2. Alternative Approach to Master Plan......MOUD
3. Action Plan for implementation of solid and liquid waste management.........Govt of HP
4.Total sanitation Campaign In himachal Pradesh
5. Census CD TCP Solan
6.GIS Kasauli
7. Rainwater Harvesting and Northeast India : A Simple and
Cheapest Method *Shukla Acharjee **Mangesh G. Waghmare p141
TCP SOLAN
Page40

Critical Appraisal Kasauli Development Plan

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Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF KASAULI DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Summer Internship 2014

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

1.1.Evolution Of the Town

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Number of births that occur to an individual or a population.: fertility.

Number of deaths that occur in a Population. - mortality

The movement of people into or out of an area migration

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

(Source: Census 2011)

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli urban population: male-female

Kasauli Male-female population distribution

(Source: TCP Solan 2011)

(Source : Census of India )

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

(Source : TCP Solan 2011 )

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Child Population (0-6 Years)

Comparative child Population

2000 4000 6000 8000

(Source: Census, 2011 data)

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Child Sex ratio in

Lahul & Spiti

(Source: Census 2011)

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

(Source: Solan, 2011 data)

Literacy Rate : Kasauli Planning Area

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

(Source: TCP Solan 2011)

Literate Population : Kasauli Planning Area

(Source: TCP Solan)

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Huge gap exists between male and female

Majority of population in KPA are

Figure 0.1: Male-Female

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Of the working population , majority of

Main and Marginal Working population

4. Master Plan A definition

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

5.Water Supply Schemes for Kasauli

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

5.4 Best Practices Possible Alternative Water Sources

Gutters and downspouts to carry the water to storage

Leaf screens to remove debris

Cisterns/storage tanks to store the harvested rainwater

Conveyances to deliver the stored water either by gravity or pump.

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting in Villages of Madhya Pradesh

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Kasauli Development Plan : A Critical Appraisal

Washing of floors etc

Sources: Environmental Engineering by M Narayan Rao , V Thanikachalam).

Sheep and goats

Sources: Hofkes (1983); Teka (1982).