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March 2007
Interfacing RF I/Q Modulators with
Popular D/A Converters
Doug Stuetzle
Introduction
Linear Technologys High Frequency Product lineup
includes a variety of RF I/Q modulators. The purpose of
this application note is to illustrate the circuits required
to interface these modulators with several popular D/A
converters. Such circuits typically are required to maximize
the voltage transfer from the DAC to the baseband inputs
of the modulator, as well as provide some reconstruction
ltering.
LT5571, LT5572
BASEBAND
INPUT PIN
LT5528, LT5568
BASEBAND
INPUT PIN
20
23
CONTROLLED
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
1.3k
CONTROLLED
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
AN109 F01
AN109-1
DAC5686, DAC5687
91pF
2.2H
2.2H
91pF
2.2H
DIFFERENTIAL
91pF IMPEDANCE
200
AN109 F02
Note that if the modulator is to be used in a power amplier predistortion loop, the baseband bandwidth must be
several times higher than the desired baseband frequency.
This is because the predistorted baseband signal contains
harmonics that are used to cancel the distortion of the
power amplier.
All of the resistor values shown in the example circuits
in this note should be 1% tolerance. Imbalances in these
networks can give rise to degraded carrier and sidetone
suppression, so the more closely the resistances match
each other, the better. Specically, inequalities in the DC
voltages applied to the baseband pins of the modulator
will affect the carrier suppression. For example, an otherwise perfect modulator will show a carrier suppression
of 40dBc given a 10mV DC offset at any one baseband
terminal. Also, if the AC amplitudes of the input signals at
the baseband pins are not equal, this can affect the sidetone
suppression; see Figure 3 for an example of these effects.
If lters are used, unequal phase shifts among the I and
Q ports will degrade the sidetone suppression as well. A
phase offset of 1, for example, will degrade an otherwise
perfect sidetone suppression to 41.2dBc.
30
10
10
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
0.5
4.5
AN109 F03a
20
MODULATOR SIDETONE LEVEL (dBc)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AMPLITUDE IMBALANCE (%)
10
AN109 F03b
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BASEBAND DC OFFSET (mV)
10
AN109 F03c
AN109-2
0.52V DC
0.24V AC
MAX RF POUT = 2.4dBm
0.52V DC
0.25V AC
0.5V DC
0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 7.4dBm
0.5V DC
0.5V AC
CATEGORY 1 DAC
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+ 45
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
I+
52.3
LPF
105 IN
90 OUT
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
10mA DC
10mA AC
10mA DC
10mA AC
100
100
90k
LPF
200 IN
200 OUT
LT5528
LT5568
I 45
I+
LT5571
LT5572
52.3
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
10mA DC
10mA AC
100
100
AN109 F04
0.52V DC
0.33V AC
MAX RF POUT = 0.4dBm
0.52V DC
0.5V AC
CATEGORY 1 DAC
549
5V
549
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
0.5V DC
1.16V AC
MAX RF POUT = 9.3dBm
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+ 45
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
0.5V DC
0.5V AC
243
LPF
200 IN
90 OUT
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
549
200
LT5528
LT5568
LPF
200 IN
1100 OUT
90k
5V
LT5571
LT5572
549
I 45
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
AN109 F05
Figure 5. Category 1 DAC Passive DC-Coupled Interfaces with Negative Bias Rail
(Only I Channel Shown. Q Channel Interfaces are Identical)
an109f
AN109-3
2.06V DC
1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 8.5dBm
CATEGORY 1 DAC
0.52V DC
0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 3.9dBm
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+
I+ 1.5k
1:1
10mA DC
10mA AC
LPF
400 IN
400 OUT
400
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
400
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
LPF
400 IN
100 OUT
400
LT5518
LT5558
I 1.5k
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
0V DC
1V AC
LT5528
LT5568
10mA DC
10mA AC
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
0V DC
1V AC
0.52V DC
0.25V AC
MAX RF POUT = 2.1dBm
CATEGORY 2 DAC
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
I 45
2.06V DC
0.3V AC
MAX RF POUT = 1.6dBm
CATEGORY 2 DAC
I+ 45
1:1
I+
1:1
3.3V
120
LPF
120 IN
120 OUT
120
1.5k
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
10mA DC
10mA AC
3.3V DC
0.3V AC
3.3V
100
LT5518
LT5558
I 1.5k
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
I+ 45
1:1
LPF
100 IN
100 OUT
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
LT5528
LT5568
I 45
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
3.3V DC
0.25V AC
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
AN109 F06
an109f
AN109-4
CATEGORY 1 DAC
1F
I+
64.9
I
64.9
CATEGORY 1 DAC
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
1F
2.06V DC
0.48V AC
MAX RF POUT = 5.7dBm
0.55V DC
0.5V AC
I+ 45
215
LPF
130 IN
75 OUT
10mA DC
10mA AC
The coupling network between the DAC and the modulator can also include active elements, such as op amps
and active lters. This approach enables a more accurate
and balanced reconstruction ltering. If level shifting is
required, this can often be incorporated into the active
circuit. The LT1565-31, for example, is a 7th order linear
phase lowpass lter with a corner frequency of 650kHz. It
can be used to provide reconstruction ltering for single
channel CDMA or RFID transmitters, and can accommodate the output compliance range of category 1 DACs.
The LT1565-31 must be powered from 5V rails in this
0.52V DC
0.24V AC
MAX RF POUT = 2.3dBm
0.5V DC
0.32V AC
10mA DC
10mA AC
10mA DC
10mA AC
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
I+ 1.5k
100
100
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
LPF
200 IN
190 OUT
LT5528
LT5568
I 45
215
1F
I+
1F
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
100
LT5518
LT5558
I 1.5k
100
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
AN109 F07
CORNER AT 612Hz
CORNER AT 102Hz
an109f
AN109-5
1F
5V
CATEGORY 1 DAC
5.62k
3.01k
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
100
100
LPF
200 IN
185 OUT
1F
3.01k
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
I+ 1.5k
100
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
5V
5.62k
LT5518
LT5558
I 1.5k
100
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
2.06V DC 0.48V AC
MAX RF POUT = 5.7dBm
CORNER AT 80.9Hz
LF ATTENUATION = 11dB
CORNER AT 2.94kHz
LF ATTENUATION = 4.2dB
5V
CATEGORY 2 DAC
1F
64.9
I+ 1.5k
75
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
130
1F
5V
64.9
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
2.06V DC 0.44V AC
MAX RF POUT = 4.9dBm
2.06V DC
0.32V AC
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
LPF
130 IN
240 OUT
LT5518
LT5558
1.5k
75
130
3.3V DC
0.32V AC
AC GND
AT 2.06V DC
AN109 F08
an109f
AN109-6
1F
0.5V DC
0.21V AC
64.9
0.5V DC 0.25V AC
MAX RF POUT = 1.6dBm
174
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
I+
100
44.2
64.9
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
LPF
50 IN
200 OUT
1F
5V
90k
LT5571
LT5572
174
I
100
44.2
3.3V DC
0.13V AC
CORNER AT 2.58kHz
LF ATTENUATION = 20.4dB
5V
CATEGORY 2 DAC
1F
64.9
10mA DC
10mA AC
78.7
51.1
64.9
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
LPF
55 IN
55 OUT
1F
5V
10mA DC
10mA AC
I+ 45
174
I+
0.52V DC 0.14V AC
MAX RF POUT = 6.9dBm
0.52V DC
0.14V AC
LT5528
LT5568
45
174
51.1
3.3V DC
0.14V AC
78.7
AC GND
AT 0.52V DC
AN109 F09
an109f
AN109-7
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
LOWPASS CORNER
AT 650kHz
0.5V DC
0.5V AC
49.9
LT1565-31
POWERED
FROM
5V
I+
90k
LT5571
LT5572
3
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
I
5V DC
49.9
909
AN109 F10
100
0.5V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 7.4dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.5V
an109f
AN109-8
CATEGORY 1 DAC
113
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
37.4
LT6600-X
POWERED
FROM
5V
I+ 1.5k
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
LT5518
LT5558
3
113
5V DC
37.4
909
10mA DC
10mA AC
649
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
0.5V DC
0.44V AC
49.9
10mA DC
10mA AC
348
2.06V DC 1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 8.5dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 2.06V
I+
I+
90k
10mA DC
10mA AC
0.5V DC
0.44V AC
LT6600-X
POWERED
FROM
5V
348
49.9
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
49.9
909
LT5528
LT5568
I
5V DC
I+ 45
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
LT5571
LT5572
3
I
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
CATEGORY 1 DAC
LT6600-X
POWERED
FROM
5V
348
I 1.5k
348
I 45
5V DC
49.9
866
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
AN109 F11
100
0.5V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 7.4dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.5V
100
0.52V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 3.9dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.52V
Figure 11. Category 1 DAC Active Filter Interfaces with 2.5MHz, 10MHz or 20MHz Bandwidth
an109f
AN109-9
64.9
147
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
3.3V DC
0.37V AC
205
LT6600-X
POWERED
FROM
5V
I+ 1.5k
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
5V
LT5518
LT5558
3
64.9
147
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
I 1.5k
5V DC
205
909
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
649
2.06V DC 1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 8.5dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 2.06V
5V
CATEGORY 2 DAC
64.9
348
I+
10mA DC
10mA AC
5V
3.3V DC
0.43V AC
205
CATEGORY 2 DAC
LT6600-X
POWERED
FROM
5V
I+
64.9
348
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
205
10mA DC
10mA AC
205
LT5528
LT5568
3
64.9
348
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
909
I+ 45
5V
5V DC
LT6600-X
POWERED
FROM
5V
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
LT5572
LT5571
348
I+
90k
5V
64.9
3.3V DC
0.43V AC
205
I 45
5V DC
866
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
100
0.52V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 3.9dBm
AN109 F12
100
0.5V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 7.4dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.5V
Figure 12. Category 2 DAC Active Filter Interfaces with 2.5MHz, 10MHz or 20MHz Bandwidth
an109f
AN109-10
should closely match that at the modulator baseband terminals. An example of such a circuit appears in Figure 16
of the LT5558 data sheet.
Op amps with differential outputs can also be used to
level shift and amplify the baseband signals. The LT1994
is ideal for this purpose, as it can operate from a single
5V rail. See Figures 13 and 14 for details.
0.5V DC
0.11V AC
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+
20
174
I+ 1.5k
LT1994
27.4 POWERED FROM
5V
10mA DC
10mA AC
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
LT5518
LT5558
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
20
27.4
174
I 1.5k
5V DC
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
909
2.06V DC 1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 8.5dBm
649
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+
0.5V DC
0.25V AC
49.9
200
I+
LT1994
49.9 POWERED FROM
5V
10mA DC
10mA AC
0.5V DC
0.25V AC
CATEGORY 1 DAC
I+
90k
200
49.9
LT1994
49.9 POWERED FROM
5V
10mA DC
10mA AC
LT5571
LT5572
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
49.9
49.9
200
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
LT5528
LT5568
5V DC
I+ 45
I
10mA DC
10mA AC
200
49.9
49.9
909
I 45
5V DC
866
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
AN109 F13
100
0.5V DC 1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 9.3dBm
100
0.52V DC 1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 7.9dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.52V
an109f
AN109-11
5V
CATEGORY 2 DAC
I+
69.8
232
69.8
10mA DC
10mA AC
I+ 1.5k
LT1994
POWERED FROM
5V
232
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
5V
I
LT5518
LT5558
69.8
10mA DC
10mA AC
232
69.8
I 1.5k
5V DC
232
AC GND AT
2.06V DC
909
2.06V DC 1V AC
MAX RF POUT = 8.5dBm
649
5V
CATEGORY 2 DAC
I+
64.9
10mA DC
10mA AC
5V
CATEGORY 2 DAC
127
75
LT1994
POWERED FROM
5V
205
10mA DC
10mA AC
127
75
205
LT1994
POWERED FROM
5V
5V
5V DC
127
75
205
LT5572
LT5571
64.9
64.9
10mA DC
10mA AC
90k
5V
I
I+
I+
3.3V DC
0.3V AC
10mA DC
10mA AC
64.9
909
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
LT5528
LT5568
127
75
205
I+ 45
I 45
5V DC
866
AC GND AT
0.52V DC
AN109 F14
100
0.5V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 7.4dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.5V
100
0.52V DC 0.5V AC
MAX RF POUT = 3.9dBm
SETS OUTPUT COMMON MODE
VOLTAGE AT 0.52V
an109f
AN109-12
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