Nuance Communications

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Nuance Communications, Inc.
Nuance Communications logo.svg
Type
Public
Traded as
NASDAQ: NUAN
Industry
Productivity applications
Founded 1992 as Visioneer
Headquarters
Burlington, Massachusetts, United States
Key people
Chairman and CEO: Paul Ricci
Products
OCR, speech synthesis, speech recognition, PDF, consulting, gove
rnment contracts
Revenue $1.855 billion (FY 2013)[1]
Number of employees
Over 12,000 (35 offices worldwide)[2]
Slogan The experience speaks for itself
Website www.nuance.com
Nuance Communications is an American multinational computer software technology
corporation, headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, United States on the ou
tskirts of Boston, that provides speech and imaging applications. Current busine
ss products focus on server and embedded speech recognition, telephone call stee
ring systems, automated telephone directory services, medical transcription soft
ware and systems, optical character recognition software, and desktop imaging so
ftware. The company also maintains a small division which does software and syst
em development for military and government agencies. In October 2011, unconfirme
d research suggested that its servers power Apple's iPhone 4S Siri voice recogni
tion application.[3] Additionally, the name "Nuance Communications" appears in f
iles used for OS X's built-in speech recognition technology.
As of 2008, the company is a result of organic growth, mergers, and acquisitions
. ScanSoft and Nuance merged in October 2005; before the merger, the two compani
es competed in the commercial large-scale speech application business. The offic
ially termed "merger" was a de facto acquisition of Nuance by ScanSoft, though t
he combined company changed its name to Nuance following the transaction. Before
1999, ScanSoft was known as Visioneer, a hardware and software scanner company.
In 1999, Visioneer bought ScanSoft a Xerox spin-off and adopted ScanSoft as the
company name. The original ScanSoft had its roots in Kurzweil Computer Products
, a software company that developed the first omni-font character recognition sy
stem.
Contents [hide]
1
Company history
1.1
ScanSoft origins
1.2
Nuance history prior to the 2005 merger with ScanSoft
1.2.1 Partnership with the Siri and Apple Inc.
1.2.2 Telephony application process
1.2.3 Recognizer process
1.3
Topology
1.4
Nuance vs. the competition
1.5
Acquisitions
1.5.1 ScanSoft acquisitions prior to the merger
1.5.2 ScanSoft merges with Nuance; changes company-wide name to "Nuance Commun
ications, Inc."

1.5.3 Nuance acquisitions after merger

2
Products
3
See also
4
References
5
External links
Company history[edit]
In September 2005, ScanSoft Inc. acquired and merged with Nuance Communications,
and the resulting company adopted the Nuance name. For a decade prior to that,
the two companies competed in the commercial large-scale speech application busi
ness.
ScanSoft origins[edit]
In 1974, Raymond Kurzweil founded the Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. to develo
p the first omni-font optical character-recognition systema computer program capa
ble of recognizing text written in any normal font.[4] In 1980, Kurzweil sold hi
s company to Xerox.[4] The company became known as Xerox Imaging Systems (XIS),
and later ScanSoft.
In March 1992, a new company called Visioneer, Inc. was founded to develop scann
er hardware and software products, such as PaperPort. Visioneer eventually sold
its hardware division to Primax Electronics, Ltd. in January 1999. Two months la
ter, in March, Visioneer acquired ScanSoft from Xerox to form a new public compa
ny with ScanSoft as the company name.
1974 Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. founded to develop the first omni-font opt
ical character recognition system
1980 Xerox buys Kurzweil Computer Products and runs it as Xerox Imaging Systems
(XIS), and later ScanSoft.
March 1992 Visioneer, Inc. founded to develop scanner hardware and software prod
ucts.
January 1999 Visioneer sold its hardware division to Primax Electronics, Ltd.
March 1999 Visioneer acquired ScanSoft from Xerox and adopted ScanSoft as the ne
w company-wide name.
Prior to 2001, ScanSoft focused primarily on desktop imaging software such as Te
xtBridge [1], PaperPort and OmniPage. Beginning with the December 2001 acquisiti
on of Lernout & Hauspie, the company moved into the speech recognition business
and began to compete with Nuance.
Nuance history prior to the 2005 merger with ScanSoft[edit]
Nuance was founded in 1994 as a spin-off of SRI International's Speech Technolog
y and Research (STAR) Laboratory to commercialize the speaker-independent speech
recognition technology developed for the US government at SRI. Based in Menlo P
ark, California, Nuance deployed their first commercial large-scale speech appli
cation in 1996. Their initial route to market was through call center automation
. Call centers had just centralized the branch-office telephone handling functio
n throughout many large companies. The highest cost of running call centers is t
he cost of staff. Early projects were completely developed by Nuance to prove th
e commercial practicality and benefits.
Early Nuance applications ran on Windows NT-based and Solaris operating systems,
and commonly relied on Dialogic boards for the telephony hardware.
1994 Nuance was spun off from SRI's STAR Lab
1996 Nuance deployed its first commercial speech application
2000 April 13 Nuance files initial public offering on the NASDAQ under the symbo
l NUAN
2000 November 15 Nuance acquires SpeechFront voice instant messaging company for
$10.5 million in cash and stock.
In simple terms, the technology produced allowed a computer to determine what a
speaker was saying within a specific and limited vocabulary of phrases. Its key

advantage over technologies such as ViaVoice was that the system did not need tr
aining for the specific speaker. This permitted the use of the system, so-called
speaker-independent natural-language speech recognition, (SI-NLSR or just NLSR)
for call automation.[citation needed]
The limited vocabulary was typically a few thousand different variations of phra
ses. In complex systems this could be in the low millions. At the time, these sy
stems were pushing the limits of computer processing power in commodity Intel x8
6 servers until the early 2000s.[citation needed]
During the late 1990s and into the 2000s, Nuance competed against other NLSR ven
dors including Philips SpeechPearl, SpeechWorks and other smaller players which
were typically geographically focused such as Vocalis in the UK which used propr
ietary PCI cards with DSPs on board to improve the efficiency and density of the
system.
Each speech-recognition engine provider had to determine how to convert written
text into sounds. Determining how written text is spoken is a hugely challenging
task in itself. Languages are "modeled", samples of real spoken-language is rec
orded and analyzed to create a language model. The higher the quality the langua
ge model the better the experience of the user, especially in complex interactio
ns. Different language models were required for different dialects such as Flemi
sh being a variant of Dutch, or Swiss German being a dialect of High-German. Dif
ferent models were also created for different qualities of telephone connection.
Europe's Philips had by far the largest language coverage which included Flemis
h and Welsh.
Later, Nuance sold licenses (training and consulting) to their technology to thi
rd parties, including independent software vendors and interactive voice respons
e (IVR) vendors who would build applications on top of an IVR platform. SpeechWo
rks on the other hand would typically deliver the application with the technolog
y or with a group of key delivery partners. The technology was integrated into m
ost of the leading IVR products from Avaya, Nortel Periphonics, Envox, Syntellec
t and many others. The requirements of telephony reliability meant many of these
solutions ran on various versions of UNIX.
Nuance 7 was launched in the late 1990s and was an efficient network-distributed
NLSR speech recognition solution; it ran on Unix and Windows. Nuance 8 added St
atistical Language Modeling, an adaption of technologies used in technologies, s
uch as ViaVoice to improve the range of phrases that the system could recognize
at the expense of greater implementation cost and complexity. Nuance 8.x series
also introduced the W3C vocabulary definition language GrXML in addition to and
eventual replacement of Nuance's proprietary and very concise Grammar Specificat
ion Language, GSL.
Nuance 8.5 was the last point release before the take-over by ScanSoft.
These systems were significantly different from the technology used in consumer
speech recognition products such as ViaVoice, which is now also a Nuance product
.[citation needed]
Nuance marketed their brand and technology at call center exhibitions although t
hey rarely delivered solutions directly relying on ISV and telecom manufacturing
partners instead, such as Nortel Periphonics, Avaya, Syntellect and others. Nua
nce provided a core component of speech recognition solutions for call automatio
n and leveraged partners to deliver solutions.[clarification needed] Many proble
matic solutions were developed by traditional telephony developers building spee
ch solutions. designing and developing speech solutions requires a different ski
ll-set and mind-set to that of traditional DTMF solutions.

For a couple of years prior to the takeover by ScanSoft, Nuance started selling
products directly, including their Call-Steering product which was predominantly
a call center call-routing product, which determined the skill group required f
or the call based on responses to reasonably open questions asked of the caller.
Nuance 9.0 is the first release (excluding service packs) of the recognizer prod
uct since the acquisition and is an amalgam of the technologies acquired from va
rious companies including Philips Speech Pearl, Speechworks, Nuance Recognizer a
nd others. Further information is not known about this product
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
(January 2012)
Partnership with the Siri and Apple Inc.[edit]
Siri is an application that combines speech recognition with advanced natural la
nguage processing. The artificial intelligence, which required both advances in
the underlying algorithms and leaps in processing power both on mobile devices a
nd the servers that share the workload, allows software to understand not just w
ords but the intentions behind them.[5]
Telephony application process[edit]
User calls the telephony application for call automation
Application loads the phrases for the application and prompts the user to provid
e speech input (asks a question), and opens a stream from the telephony input to
the speech recognition software.
User speaks and this is streamed to the recognizer.
Recognizer returns a number of potential results with probability for each one t
hat it is correct.
Recognizer process[edit]
Determines the start of speech input
uses audio techniques to remove background noise
slices the audio into small sections (10 to 100 ms in length)
determines the sound in each slice
matches the combination of sounds for the spoken phrase with the possible sound
combinations provided by the possible phrases[citation needed]
Topology[edit]
A typical Nuance recognizer configuration required four or five applications to
be started, often monitored by a sixth application.
NLM
Nuance License Manager: kept a watch on the number of concurrent speech calls in
use.
recclient
recognition client: it is the interface between the IVR speech path and the spee
ch recognizing software, the recserver. The recclient can be developed into the
IVR software.
resource-manager
distributes the load over the recservers as required to balance load and to prov
ide fault-tolerance.
recserver
where the speech is compared and processed against known vocabulary.
grammar-compiler
an application that dynamically adds words or phrases to an expected vocabulary
for recognition.
watchdog
a Windows service or Unix daemon that monitors and maintains the above processes
, restarting them if required.
Except for the watchdog which should be running on all the nuance speech servers
, the other processes may be spread over a farm of servers, connected by an IP n
etwork with low latency and high-bandwidth, usually a dedicated LAN segment. The
resource manager directs which resources it thinks are least utilized.

Nuance vs. the competition[edit]

The key difference between Nuance and Speechworks products of the time[when?] wa
s that they used different methods for "End-Pointing", the process for determini
ng the beginning and end of speech. Nuance looked for a change in "Voice-Energy"
essentially a significant change in volume within a specific set of frequencies
, whereas SpeechWorks tried to look for sound combinations that were likely to b
e speech based on the phrases pre-loaded into the system. It may seem that the N
uance method was crude, but this was implemented due to the limitations of the c
omputational power available in computer servers at the time and the need to pro
vide high-density applications, i.e., not require too many servers for a deploym
ent.
Acquisitions[edit]
Prior to the 2005 merger, ScanSoft acquired other companies to expand its busine
ss. Unlike ScanSoft, Nuance did not actively acquire companies prior to their me
rger. After the merge, the company continued to grow through acquisition.
ScanSoft acquisitions prior to the merger[edit]
March 2000 Caere Corp., of Los Gatos, California $145 million. Caere had develop
ed OmniPage (scanner and OCR software.)
December 2001 Lernout & Hauspie, of Ieper, Belgium, Speech and Language division
$39.5 million
This acquisition occurred following Lernout & Hauspie's bankruptcy proceedings.
Previously, Lernout & Hauspie had acquired these speech technology companies: BB
S, Berkeley Speech Technologies (1996), Centigram Communications Corporation, Dr
agon Systems (2000), FDC, and Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (1998).
January 30, 2003 Royal Philips Electronics Speech Processing Telephony and Voice
Control, Dialogue Systems $35.4 million
Philips had previously acquired Voice Control Systems, which had in turn had acq
uired Pure Speech, Scott Instruments and VPC.
August 11, 2003 SpeechWorks, Inc., of Boston, Massachusetts, $132 million
SpeechWorks' major products were speech recognition and synthesis systems, which
were later merged with Nuance's speech product line. It had previously acquired
Eloquent Technologies, Inc., of Ithaca, New York in 2000 for $17 million and TNetix.
January 2004 LocusDialog, of Montreal, Quebec
May 2004 Telelogue, Inc., of Iselin, New Jersey $5.4 million
November 2004 ART Advanced Recognition Technologies, Ltd., of Tel Aviv, Israel $
21.5 million
November 2004 Rhetorical Systems Ltd., of Scotland $6.7 million
February 1, 2005 Phonetic Systems, Ltd., of Burlington, Massachusetts and Israel
$35 million
May 2005 MedRemote Inc., of Westmont, Illinois $6.2 million
ScanSoft merges with Nuance; changes company-wide name to "Nuance Communications
, Inc."[edit]
September 15, 2005 ScanSoft acquired and merged with Nuance Communications, of M
enlo Park, California $221 million.
October 18, 2005, the company changed the name to "Nuance Communications, Inc."
[2]
Nuance acquisitions after merger[edit]
March 31, 2006 Dictaphone Corporation, of Stratford, Connecticut $357 million
December 29, 2006 Mobile Voice Control, Inc. of Mason, Ohio
March 2007 Focus Informatics, Inc. Woburn, Massachusetts
March 26, 2007 Bluestar Resources Ltd.
April 24, 2007 BeVocal, Inc. of Mountain View, California $140 million.
August 24, 2007 VoiceSignal Technologies, Inc. of Woburn, Massachusetts.
August 24, 2007 Tegic Communications, Inc. of Seattle, Washington $265 million.
Tegic developed and was the patent owner of T9 technology.
September 28, 2007 Commissure, Inc. of New York City, New York 217,975 shares of

common stock.
November 2, 2007 Vocada, Inc. of Dallas, Texas
November 26, 2007 Viecore, Inc. of Mahwah, New Jersey
November 26, 2007 Viecore, FSD. of Eatontown, New Jersey
May 20, 2008 eScription, Inc. of Needham, Massachusetts $340 million plus 1,294,
844 shares of common stock.[6]
July 31, 2008 MultiVision Communications Inc. of Markham, Ontario.
September 26, 2008 Philips Speech Recognition SystemsGMBH (PSRS), a business uni
t of Royal Philips Electronics of Vienna, Austria for about 66 million, or US$96.
1 million.[7] The acquisition of Philips Speech Recognition Systems sparked an a
ntitrust investigation by the US Department of Justice.[8] This investigation wa
s focused upon medical transcription services. This investigation was closed in
December, 2009.
October 1, 2008 SNAPin Software, Inc. of Bellevue, Washington $180 million in sh
ares of common stock.
January 15, 2009 Nuance Acquires IBM's patents Speech Technology rights.[9]
April 10, 2009, Zi Corporation of Calgary, Canada for approximately $35 million
in cash and common stock.[10]
May 2009, the speech technology department of Harman International Industries.
July 14, 2009, Jott Networks Inc. of Seattle, Washington.[11]
September 18, 2009, nCore Ltd. of Oulu, Finland.[12]
October 5, 2009 Ecopy of Nashua, New Hampshire. Under the terms of the agreement
, net consideration was approximately $54 million in Nuance common stock.[13]
December 30, 2009 Spinvox of Marlow, UK for $102.5m comprising $66m in cash and
$36.5m in stock.[14]
February 16, 2010, Nuance announced they acquired MacSpeech[15] for an undisclos
ed amount[16]
July 2010, Nuance acquired iTa P/L, an Australian IVR and speech services compan
y.[17]
November 2010, Nuance acquired PerSay, a voice biometrics-based authentication c
ompany for $12.6 million.[18][19]
June 2011, Nuance acquired Equitrac, the world leader in print management and co
st recovery software.[20]
June 2011, Nuance acquired SVOX, a speech technology company specializing in the
automotive, mobile, and consumer electronics markets.[21]
July 2011, Nuance acquired Webmedx, a provider of medical transcription and edit
ing services. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed.[22]
August 2011, Loquendo announced Nuance acquired it. Loquendo provided a range of
speech technologies for telephony, mobile, automotive, embedded and desktop sol
utions including text-to-speech (TTS), automatic speech recognition (ASR) and vo
ice biometrics solutions. Nuance paid 53 million euros.[23]
October, 2011, Nuance acquired Swype, a company that produces input software for
touchscreen displays, for more than $100m.[24]
December 2011 Nuance acquired Vlingo, after repeatedly suing Vlingo over patent
infringement. The Cambridge-based Vlingo was trying to make voice enabling appli
cations easier, by using their own speech-to-text J2ME/Brew application API.[25]
April 2012 Nuance acquired Transcend Services. Transcend utilizes a combination
of its proprietary Internet-based voice and data distribution technology, custom
er based technology, and home-based medical language specialists to convert phys
icians voice recordings into electronic documents. It also provides outsourcing t
ranscription and editing services on the customers platform.[26]
June 2012 Nuance acquired SafeCom, a provider of print management and cost recov
ery software noted for their integration with Hewlett-Packard printing devices.[
27]
September 2012 Nuance acquired Ditech Networks for $22.5 million.[28]
September 2012 Nuance acquired Quantim, QuadraMeds HIM Business a provider of inf
ormation technology solutions for the healthcare industry[29]
October 2012 Nuance acquired J.A. Thomas and Associates (JATA) a provider of phy
sician-oriented, clinical documentation improvement (CDI) programs for the healt
hcare industry[30]

November 2012 Nuance acquired Accentus.[31]

December 2012 Nuance acquired Copitrak.[32]
January 2013 Nuance acquired VirtuOz.
May 2013 Nuance acquired Tweddle Connect business for $80 million from Tweddle G
roup[33]
July 2013 Nuance acquired Cognition Technologies Inc.
October, 2013 Nuance acquired Varolii (formally Par3 Communications)[34]
Products[edit]
PaperPort
PDF Converter
Equitrac
eCopy
IVR Technologies[35]
Power PDF
SafeCom
OmniPage
Dragon NaturallySpeaking
Dragon Mobile Assistant
Dragon Dictate (formerly MacSpeech)
PDF Reader
Swype
Vlingo for Mobile Devices
See also[edit]
T9 (predictive text)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nuance Announces Fiscal 2013 and Fourth Quarter Results". MarketWatch
. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "NUAN-2012.9.30-10K". sec.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Siegler, M.G. (2011). "Siri, Do You Use Nuance Technology? Siri: Im Sor
ry, I Cant Answer That.". AOL Inc. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc." Smithsonian Speech Synthesi
s History Project (SSSHP) 19862002
Jump up ^ Wildstrom, Steve. "Nuance Exec on iPhone 4s, Siri, and the Future of S
peech". TechPinions. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Nuance to acquire SNAPin
Jump up ^ "Nuance". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SpeechTechMag.com: UPDATED: Nuance Comes Under Government Scrutiny".
speechtechmag.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bulkeley, William M. (January 16, 2009). "Nuance Buys IBM Assets, Rais
es Funds". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nuance-Closes-Acquisition-of-bw-14897299
.html
Jump up ^ http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nuance-Acquires-Jott-Expands-bw-38759139
39.html?x=0&.v=1
Jump up ^ http://www.businessoulu.com/index.php?id=503&news_id=519
Jump up ^ "Nuance". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance Acquires SpinVox, Accelerates Expansion of Voice-to-Text Busin
ess". Reuters. December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nuance". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_NUANCE_COMMUNICATIONS_MACSPE
ECH?SITE=DCUSN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT
Jump up ^ ARN Staff (21 May 2015). "Nuance buys automated customer service provi
der, iTa". ARN. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Voice biometrics co Persay sold for $6.7m". Globes. 30 November 2010.
Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Read, Brendan B. (6 January 2011). "IVR: Nuance Acquires PerSay to Bri
ng Voice Biometrics to Market". TMC.net. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nuance Closes Acquisition of Equitrac". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20,
2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nuance-acquires-svox-2011-06-16

Jump up ^ "SpeechTechMag.com: Nuance Acquires Webmedx". speechtechmag.com. Retri

eved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance to Acquire Loquendo". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance To Acquire Swype For $100+ Million". Uncrunched. Retrieved May
20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wauters, Robin. "After Years Of Patent Litigation, Nuance Acquires Vli
ngo". TechCrunch.
Jump up ^ Rao, Leena. "Nuance Buys Transcription And Speech Editing Company Tran
scend For $300M In Cash". TechCrunch.
Jump up ^ "SafeCom acquired by Nuance Communications". safecom.eu. Retrieved May
20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance to Acquire Ditech Networks". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 201
5.
Jump up ^ "Nuance to Acquire Quantim, QuadraMeds HIM Business". nuance.com. Retri
eved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance Acquires J.A. Thomas in Strategy to Revolutionize Clinical Doc
umentation for Transition to ICD-10". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Today s Transactions:
Nuance Communications Acquires Accentus". Mergers & Acquisitions, Latest News. R
etrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance acquires Copitrak (US) : Printer-Benchmark (Solutions)". datam
aster.fr. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance to Accelerate Its Successful Automotive Business with Acquisit
ion of Tweddle Connect". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nuance to Acquire Varolii, Extend Leadership in Cloud-Based Customer
Service Solutions". nuance.com. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.nuance.com/for-business/customer-service-solutions/conversa
tional-ivr/index.htm?ref=discoverlist
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide] v t e
Open Handset Alliance
Mobile operators
Bouygues Telecom China Mobile China Telecom China Unicom KDDI Nepal Telecom NTT
DoCoMo SoftBank Mobile Sprint Corporation T-Mobile Telecom Italia Telefnica Telus
Vodafone
Software companies
Access Ascender Corporation eBay Google Myriad Group Nuance Communications NXP S
oftware Omron PacketVideo SVOX VisualOn
Semiconductor companies
AKM Semiconductor, Inc. ARM Holdings Audience Broadcom CSR plc (joined as SiRF)
Cypress Semiconductor Freescale Semiconductor Gemalto Intel Marvell Technology G
roup MediaTek MIPS Technologies Nvidia Qualcomm Qualcomm Atheros Renesas Electro
nics ST-Ericsson (joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms) Synaptics Texas Instrumen
ts
Handset makers
Acer Inc. Alcatel Mobile Phones Asus Chaudhary Group(association of LG) CCI Dell
Foxconn Garmin HTC Huawei Kyocera Lenovo Mobile LG Electronics Motorola Mobilit
y NEC Corporation Samsung Electronics Sharp Corporation Sony Mobile Communicatio
ns Toshiba ZTE
Commercialization companies
Accenture Borqs Sasken Communication Technologies Teleca The Astonishing Tribe W
ind River Systems Wipro Technologies
See also
Android Dalvik virtual machine Google Nexus T-Mobile G1
Authority control
VIAF: 134150538 BNF: cb156083835 (data)
Categories: Software companies based in MassachusettsCompanies listed on NASDAQC
ompanies established in 1992Companies based in Middlesex County, MassachusettsNu
ance softwareSpeaker recognition

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