TPDE-Boundary Value Pro

1
PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI-600123.

MA2211 -TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
(Common to all Branches)
UNIT -IV
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS)
PART A
1. What is the general form of second order partial differential equations? How will you classify
it?
Solution
The second order partial differential equation
in the function u of the two independent variables is
2u
2u
2u
u u
0
x
,
y
x
,
y
f x, y , u ,
,
2
2
xy
x y
x
y
It is classified as (i) Elliptic if B 2 4 AC 0,
A x, y
(ii) Parabolic B 2 4 AC 0
(iii) hyperbolic B 2 4 AC 0
2. Classify the following partial differential equations
u 2u
x 2
y 2
u
2u
u
xy

xy x
y
Solution
a A 1, B 0, C 1
B 2 4 AC 0 4 4 0
Equation is hyperbolic
b A 0, B 1, C 0
B 2 4 AC 1 0 0
Equation is hyperbolic
3. Classify the following second order partial differential equations
a4
x 2
2u
2u
u
u
6
8
16u 0
2
xy y
x
y
2 u 2 u u
x 2 y 2 x
Solution
a A 4, B 4, C 1
B 2 4 AC 16 16 0
2
Equation is Parabolic
b A 1, B 0, C 1
B 2 4 AC 4 0
Equation is Elliptic
3. Classify the following second order partial
x f xx 1 y
2
yy
differential equations
0 for 1 y 1, x
Solution
a A x 2 , B 0, C 1 y 2
B 2 4 AC 4 x 2 (1 y 2 )
4 x 2 ( y 2 1)
x 2 is always +ive in
In
1 y 1, y 2 1
is -ive
B 4 AC =-ive( x 0 )
Equation is Elliptic
If x 0, B 2 4 AC 0, the equation is Parabolic
If y 1, y 1 then B 2 4 AC 0, the equation is hyperbolic
2
4.Classify the following partial differential equations
4. What are the assumptions to be made while deriving one dimensional wave equation or
equation of vibration of strings?
Solution
(i) The mass of the string per unit length is constant.
(ii) The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending.
(iii)The tension caused by stretching the string before fixing it at end points is so large that the
action of the gravitational force on the string can be neglected.
(iv)The string performs a small transverse motion in a vertical plane that is every particle of the
string moves strictly vertically and so that the deflection and the slope at every point of the string
remain small in absolute value.
5. What is the one dimensional wave equation or equation of vibration of string?
Solution:
2
2 y
2 y
a
t 2
x 2
where a 2
tension
mass
3
6. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation?
Solution:
i y x, t c1e px c 2 e px c3 e pat c 4 e pat
ii y x, t c5 cos px c6 sin px c7 cos pat c8 sin pat
ii y x, t c9 x c10 c11t c12
7. What is the constant a 2 in wave equation u tt a 2 u xx ?
Solution:
2
2 y
2 y
a
t 2
x 2
Tension
2
Where a Mass per unit length of the string
8. What is the correct solution of one dimensional wave equation?

Solution:
y x, t c1 cos px c 2 sin px c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat
9. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the string is
displaced to a distance b and released from rest in this position. Write the initial conditions.
Solution:
2
2 y
2 y
The one dimensional wave equation is
a
t 2
x 2
The equation of OA is
A(l,b)
y b x l
b
l
lb bx
y b
l
lb bx lb b
y
2l x ,0 x l
l
l
The equation of AB is
y0 x0
b
l 0
`
bx
y
, l x 2l
l
The initial boundary conditions are

`
i y 0, t 0
ii y l , t 0
iii y x,0 0
t
bx
,0 x l
iv y x,0 l
2
2l x , l x 2l
O(0,0)
B(2l,0)
10. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x 0 & x l apart. Motion is started by
displacing the string into the form y k lx x 2 from which it is released at time t 0 .Write the
most general solution to this problem.
Solution:
The most general solution is
y x, t c n sin
n 1
nx
nat
cos
l
l
11. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x 0 & x l is initially at rest in its equilibrium
position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity x l x , Write the most general
solution to this problem.
Solution:
The most general solution is
y x, t c n sin
n 1
nx
nat
sin
l
l
12. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
(i)
Heat flows from higher to lower temperature
(ii)
The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body
is proportionality is known as the specific heat (s) of the conducting material.
13. State the Fourier law of heat conduction.
Solution:
The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to
the temperature gradient normal to the curve. This constant of proportionality is known as
thermal conductivity (k) of the material. It is known as Fourier law of heat conduction.
14. Define temperature gradient
Solution:
The rate of change of temperature with respect to the distance is called as temperature
gradient.
15. What is one dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
2
u
2 u
t
x 2
k
2
Where s is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
u
2u
16. In one dimensional heat equation
2 2 what does 2 refer to?
t
x
Solution:
k
, the diffusivity of the material
s
Where k-Thermal conductivity
5
S-Specific heat capacity
-Density
17. What are possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
The possible solutions are
i u x, t c1e p t c2 cos px c3 sin px
2
ii u x, t c 4 e p t c5 e px c6 e px
iii u x, t c7 e p t (c8 cos px c8 sin px)
2
18. What is the correct solution of one dimensional heat equation?

Solution:
The correct solution is
u x, t e
p 2t
A cos px B sin px
19. The bar of length 50cm has its ends kept at 20 C and 100 C until steady state conditions
prevails. Find the steady state temperature of the rod.
Solution:
The steady state equation of the one dimensional heat equation is
d2y
0
dx 2
u x ax b 1
The boundary conditions are a u 0 20 & b u l 100

Applying (a) in(1)
u 0 20 b 20
Substitute this value in (1) we get

u x ax 20 2
u l 100 al 20 100
al 80
80
a
l
Applying (b) in(2)

80 x
20
l
80 x
u x
20, l 50
50
8x
u x
20
5
u x
20. Derive the steady state solution of one dimensional heat equation
Solution:
The one dimensional heat equation is
u
2u
2 2
t
x
6
u x, t u x
u
0
t
2u
2
0
x 2
2u
0
x 2
d 2u
0
dx 2
u x ax b
21.What is two dimensional heat equation or laplace equation?

Solution:
The two dimensional heat equation is
2u 2u
u
2
2
2
t
y
x
But in steady state
u x, t u x
u
0
t
2u 2u
2
2 0
2
y
x
2u 2u
0, 2 0
x 2 y 2
2u 0
Which is the Laplace equation in two dimensions.

22.What are the possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation or laplace equation?
Solution:
i u x, y c1e px c 2 e px c3 cos py c 4 sin py

ii u x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c7 e py c8 e py
iii u x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
23.Write any two solutions of the laplace equation u xx u yy 0 involving exponential terms in x
or y
Solution:
i u x, y c1e px c2 e px c3 cos py c4 sin py

ii u x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c7 e py c8 e py
24.How will you choose the correct solution for one dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
7
The three different possible solutions are
i u x, t (c1e px c 2 e px )e p t
2
ii u x, t c5 cos px c6 sin px e
iii u x, t c9 x c10 c11t c12
p 2t
Here y ( x, t ) means, the displacement of the string at any point x at any time t .
Therefore the Solution (ii) which consists of periodic function in t is correct solution.
25.Write down the appropriate solution of one dimensional heat flow equation .How is it chosen?
Solution:
u x, t A cos px B sin px e
p 2t
Here as we are dealing with the heat equation u x, t representing the temperature at time t,
u x, t must decreases as t increases.
(i.e) u x, t cannot be infinite as t
Solution(i) is correct solution.

26.Define steady state.
Steady state is the state in which the temperature does not vary with respect to the time.
PART -B
Problems on vibrating on strings with initial velocity zero
1.A string is stretched and fastened to two points x 0

and x l apart motion is started by displacing the string into the form y k lx x 2 from which
it is released at time t 0 .Find the displacement of any point on the string at adistance of x
from one end at time t .
Solution:
2 y
2 y
The wave equation is 2 a 2 2
t
x
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary conditions.
i y 0, t 0t 0
ii y l , t 0t 0
iii y x,0 0
t
iv y x,0 k lx x 2
( initial velocity is zero)
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by

y x, t c1 cos px c2 sin px c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 1
Applying (i) in (1) we get
y x, t c1 c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0
i.e c1 0 & c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0
putting c1 0 in (1) we get
8
y x, t c2 sin px c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 2
Applying (ii) in (2) we get
y l , t c 2 sin pl c3 cos pat c4 sin pat
c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0,
either c 2 0 or sin pl 0
Suppose if we take c 2 0 and already c1 0 then we get a trivial solution.
sin pl 0
pl n
p
n
l
n
2 we get
l
nx
nat
nat
y x, t c 2 sin
c 4 sin
c3 cos
3
l
l
l
p
Now substituting
Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially w.r.to t

y x, t
nx
nat na
nat na
t
c 2 sin
c3 sin
c 4 cos
Applying (iii) we get
y x,0
nx
na
c 2 sin
c4
0
t
l
l
c2 0 (already explained)
nx
sin
0
l
na
(all are constants)
0
l
c4 0
3 y x, t c2 c3 sin nx cos nat
l
l
nx
nat
y x, t cn sin
cos
4 , wherec n c2 c3
l
l
Since the partial differential equation is

linear.any linear combination of solutions of the form (4) with n=1,2,3, is also a soln of the
equation.
The general soln of (4) can be written as
y x, t cn sin
n 1
n x
nat
cos
5
l
l
Applying (iv) in (5) we get
y x, t c n sin
n 1
nx
k lx x 2 6
l
To find c n expand in a half range fourier sine series in a interval 0, l
f x k lx x 2 bn sin
n 1
nx
7
l
2
nx
f x sin
dx
l 0
l
From (6)&(7) we get bn c n
l
whereb n
2
nx
k lx x 2 sin
dx
l 0
l
l
cn
2k
nx l
nx l 2
nx l
nx l 3
2
l 2 x sin
2 2 2 cos
cos
lx x cos
l
l n
l n
l n
l n 3 3
2k
l
2 1
l3
2l 3
n 3 3 n 3 3
8
kl
4kl 2 n 3 3 , nisodd
3 3 1 1 n
n
0, niseven
Substitute c n in (5) we get

y x, t
8kl 2
nx
nat
sin
cos
3
3
l
l
n 1, 3, 5... n
2. A string is stretched and its ends are fastened at two points x 0 and x l .The midpoint of
the string is displaced transversely through a small distance b and string is released from the rest
in that position. Find an expression for the transverse displacement of the string at anytime
during the subsequent motion.
Solution:
To find the equation of the string in its initial position.
The equation of the string AD is
D(l/2,b)
x0
y0
l
b0
0
2
2x y
l
b
2 xb
l
y
,0 x
l
2
A(0,0)
The equation of the string DB is`
(l/2,b)
B(l,0)
10
l
2 y b
l
0b
l
2
2x l y b
l
b
2b
y
l x , l x l
l
2
x
l
2bx
,
0
l
2
Hence initially the displacement of the string is in the form y x,0
2b l x, l x l
l 2
2
2 y
2 y
a
t 2
x 2
The wave equation is
i y 0,t 0t 0
ii yl,t 0t 0
iii y x,0 0
t
l
2bx
,
0
iv y x,0 l 2
2b l x, l x l
l 2
y x, t c1 cos px c 2 sin px c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 1
y x, t c1 c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0

11
sin pl 0
pl n
p
n
l
n
2 we get
l
nx
nat
nat
y x, t c 2 sin
c 4 sin
c3 cos
3
l
l
l
p
Now substituting

y x, t
nx
nat na
nat na
t
c 2 sin
c3 sin
c 4 cos
y x,0
nx
na
c 2 sin
c4
0
t
l
l
nx
sin
0
l
na
(all are constants)
0
l
c4 0
3 y x, t c 2 c 3 sin nx cos nat
l
l
nx
nat
y x, t c n sin
cos
4 , wherec n c 2 c 3
l
l
y x, t cn sin
n 1
nx
nat
cos
5
l
l
y x, t cn sin
n 1

linear.any linear combination of solutions of
the form4) with n=1,2,3, is also a soln of the
equation.
nx
f x 7
l
l
2bx
,
0
l
2
Wheref x
2b l x , l x l
l
2
To find c n expand f x in a half range fourier sine series in a interval 0, l
nx
f x bn sin
n 1
2
nx
f x sin
dx
l 0
l
From (6)&(7) we get bn c n
l
whereb n
12
2
nx
f x sin
dx
l 0
l
l
cn
l
2
2bx
nx
2b l x
nx
0 l sin l dx l l sin l dx
2

l
4b
l2
x cos
nx l
nx
l2
sin
2 2
l
n
l
n
l
2
0
nx l
nx
l2
l x cos
sin
2 2
l
n
l
n
l
2
4b l 2 n l 2 n l 2 n l 2 n
2 cos 2 2 sin cos 2 2 sin
l 2 n 2 n 2 2 n 2 n 2
8b l 2
n
8b
n
2 2 sin
2 2 sin
2
2
2
l n
n
8b
n
nx
nat
(5) y x, t 2 2 sin
sin
cos
2
l
l
n 1 n
cn
3.A string is stretched string with fixed end points x 0 and x l is initially in a position given
3 x
. It is released from rest from this position. Find the displacement y at
by y ( x,0) y 0 sin
l
any distance x from one end at anytime t .

Solution:
2 y
2 y
The wave equation is 2 a 2 2
t
x
i y 0, t 0t 0
ii y l , t 0t 0
iii y x,0 0
( initial velocity is zero)
iv y x,0 y0 sin 3 x
l


13
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
2 we get
l
nx
nat
nat
y x, t c 2 sin
c 4 sin
c3 cos
3
l
l
l
p
Now substituting

y x, t
nx
nat na
nat na
t
c 2 sin
c3 sin
c 4 cos
y x,0
nx
na
c 2 sin
c4
0
t
l
l
nx
sin
0
l
na
(all are constants)
0
l
c4 0
l
l
nx
nat
y x, t c n sin
cos
l
l
y x, t cn sin
n 1
nx
nat
cos
5
l
l

the form (4) with n=1,2,3, is also a soln of
the equation.
y x, t c n sin
n 1
n x
x
y 0 sin 3
6
l
l
nx
x y 0
x
3x
y0 sin 3
3 sin
sin
l
l
4
l
l
n 1
y
x
2x
3x
x
3x
c1 sin
c 2 sin
c3 sin
........... 0 3 sin
sin
l
l
l
4
l
l
By Equating like coefficients
cn sin
3 y0
y0
, c 2 0, c3
, c4 0
4
4
Substitute these values in(6) we get
c1
14
y x, t
3 y0
x
at y 0
3x
3
sin
cos
sin
cos
4
l
l
4
l
l
y x, t
3 y0
x
at y 0
3x
3
sin
cos
sin
cos
4
l
l
4
l
l
Problems on vibrating on strings with non zero initial velocity

4.A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x 0 and x l is initially at rest initially at
rest in its equilibrium position.If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity kx l x .Find
the displacement of the string at any time.
Solution:
2
2 y
2 y
a
t 2
x 2
i y 0, t 0t 0
ii y l , t 0t 0
iii y x,0 0
iv y x,0 kx l x
t


sin pl 0
pl n
p
Now substituting
n
l
n
2 we get
l
15
y x, t c 2 sin
nx
nat
nat
c 4 sin
c3 cos
3
l
l
l
Applying (iii) in (3)we get

y x,0 c 2 sin
nx
c3 0
l
c3 0
nx
nat
sin
l
l
nx
nat
y x,0 c n sin
sin
4 wherec n c 2 c 4
l
l
y x,0 c 2 c 4 sin
Since the partial differential equation is linear.any linear combination of solutions of the form (4)
with n=1,2,3, is also a soln of the equation.
y x, t cn sin
n 1
nx
nat
sin
5
l
l
Diff partially (5) w.r.to t we get
y x, t
nx
t
c n sin
n 1
cos
nat na
l
l
y x,0
na
nx
cn
sin
kx(l x ) (6)
t
l
l
n 1
To find c n , Expand kx(l x) in a Fourier sine series in 0, l
nx
f ( x ) kx(l x) bn sin
7
l
n 1
2
nx
f x sin
dx
l 0
l
l
where bn
Comparing (6)&(7) we get

na
cn
bn
bn
2
nx
kx(l x) sin
dx
l 0
l
bn
2k
l
2
lx x cos
nx l
nx l 2
nx l 3
l 2 x sin
2
cos
l n
l n 2 2
l n 3 3
16
3
2k
l 3 4kl 2
n l
n
bn 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 1
l
n
n n
na 4kl 2
n
cn
3 3 1 1
l n
4kl 3
n
cn 4 4 1 1
n a
0niseven
cn 8kl 3 nisodd
4 4
n a
y x, t
n odd
y x, t
8kl 3
4a
y x, t
8kl
4a
8kl 3
n x
nat
sin
sin
4 4
n a
l
l
n odd
1
n x
nat
sin
sin
4
n
l
l
1
(2n 1)
n 1
sin
( 2n 1)x
( 2n 1)at
sin
l
l
5.Find the displacement of a tightly stretched string of length 7cms vibrating between fixed end
3x
9x
and initial velocity is 15sin
points if initial displacement is 10sin
Solution:
2
2 y
2 y
a
t 2
x 2
i y 0, t 0t 0
ii y l , t 0t 0
3x
7
iv y x,0 15sin 9x
t
7
iii y x,0 10sin

17
sin pl 0
pl n
p
n
l
n
2 we get
l
nx
nat
nat
y x, t c 2 sin
c 4 sin
c3 cos
3
l
l
l
Now substituting
y x, t sin
nx
nat
nat
c 2 c 4 sin
c 2 c3 cos
l
l
l
y x, t sin
nx
nat
nat
d n sin
c n cos
l
l
l
y x, t sin
n 1
nx
nat
nat
d n sin
c n cos
4
l
l
l
Applying (iii) in (4) we get
nx
y x,0 c n sin
n 1
3x
10sin
x
2x
3x
3x
c 2 sin
c3 sin
........ 10sin
l
l
l
7
Equating like coefficients ,we get c3 10 A
c1 sin
From (4),
y x, t
nx
nat na
nat na
sin
d n cos
c n sin
5
t
l
l
l
l
l
n 1
y x,0
na
nx
9x
dn
sin
15sin
t
l
l
7
n 1
9a
d9
15
l
15l
d9
B
9a
The remaining d n ' sarezero
Substitute (A)&(B) in (4)

y x, t 10 cos
3at
3x 15l
9at 9x
sin
sin
, l 7cms
l
l
9a
l
l
6.The points of trisection of a tightly stretched string of length l with fixed ends are parallel
aside through a distance d on opposite sides of a position of equilibrium, and the string is
18
released from rest. Obtain an expression for the displacement of the string at any subsequent
time and show that the midpoint of the string always remains at rest.
Solution:
A(l/3,d)
d
C(l,0)
O(0,0)
d
C(2l/3,d)
To find the equation of the string into initial position OABC
The equation of the string OA is
x0 y0
l
d
3
3x
y
l
d
3 xd
l
y
,0 x
l
3
The equation of the string AB is

l
3 yd
l
2d
3
3x l y d
l
2d
2d
2d
yd
(3 x l )
l 3x
l
l
2d
l 3x d 3d l 2 x , l x 2l
y
l
l
3
3
x
The equation of the string BC is
19
2l
3 yd
2l
d
l
3
3 x 2l y d
l
d
d
y d 3 x 2l
l
3 xd 2dl dl 3 xd dl 3d
2l
y
( x l ), x l
l
l
l
3
x
2
2 y
2 y
a
t 2
x 2
i y 0, t 0t 0
ii y l, t 0t 0
iii y x,0 0
t
3xd
l
y
,
0
l
3
iv y x,0 y 3d l 2x, l x 2l
3 3
l
2l
3d
y
(
x
l
),
xl
l
3


20
sin pl 0
pl n
p
n
l
n
2 we get
l
nx
nat
nat
y x, t c 2 sin
c 4 sin
c3 cos
3
l
l
l
Now substituting

y x, t
nx
nat na
nat na
t
c 2 sin
c3 sin
c 4 cos
y x,0
nx
na
c 2 sin
c4
0
t
l
l
nx
sin
0
l
na
(all are constants)
0
l
c4 0
l
l
nx
nat
y x, t c n sin
cos
l
l
y x, t cn sin
n 1
y( x,0) cn sin
n 1

the form (4) with n=1,2,3, is also a soln of
the equation.
nx nat
cos
5
l
l
nx
f ( x ) ( 6)
l
3xd
l
y
,
0
l
3
3d
l
2l
Wheref ( x) y l 2 x , x
l
3
3
3d
2l
(
x
l
),
xl
l
3
f ( x) bn sin
n 1
nx
7
l
2
nx
f x sin
dx
l 0
l
l
Whereb n
From (6) and (7) we get bn c n
21
2
nx
f ( x) sin
dx
l 0
l
l
cn
l
3
6d
cn 2
l
6d
cn 2
l
nx l
nx
l2
sin
2 2
x cos
l
n
l
n

x l cos
2l
3
nx
l 2 x sin nx dx x l sin nx dx
x
sin
dx
l
l
l
l
2l
3
0
nx l
nx
l2
l 2 x cos
2 sin
2 2
l
n
l
n
2l
l
3
n x l
nx l
sin 2 2
l n
l n 2l
3
2
n
l2
n
l2
2n
l2
n
2l 2
n
l2
2n
l2
cos
2 2 sin
cos
cos
2 2 sin
cos
3 n
3 3n
3
3n
3 n
3 3n
3
3n
6d
2
l
2l 2 2n 2l 2 2n
sin 2 2 sin
2 2
3 n
3
n
6d 3l n 3l 2n
2 2 2 sin 2 2 sin
l n 3 n 3
22
18d n 2n 18d n n

2 2 sin sin 2 2 sin sin(n )

n 3 3 n 3 3
18d
n 2 2
sin
n
n
n
sin n cos
cos n sin
3
3
3
18d
n
1 n 1
sin
2 2
3
n
36d
2 2 n
cn n sin ,niseven
,0 nisodd 3
y x, t
36d
2
1
n
nx
nat
sin
sin
cos
8
2
3
l
l
n 2 , 4 , 6 ,.... n
The displacement at the midpoint is got by putting x
l
in (8)
2
l
,t 0
2
(i.e) y
There is no displacement at x=l/2

The mid point of the string is at rest.
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT EQUATION

7.A uniform bar of length l through which heat flows is insulated at its sides. The ends are kept at
zero temperature. If the initial temperature at the interior points of the bar is given by
i k sin 3 x ii k lx x 2 ,0 x l .Find the temperature distribution in the bar after time t.
l
Solution:
The heat equation is
u
2u
2 2
t
x
23
The heat equation satisfying the boundary conditions are
iu 0, t 0
iiu l, t 0
x
k sin
iiiu x,0 l
k lx x2

u x, t c 1 e
p 2t
(c 2 cos px c3 sin px ) 1

u 0, t c1c 2 e p t 0
2
c 2 0 & e
p 2t
0, c1 0
Substitute c2=0 in (1) we get

u x, t c1c3 sin pxe
p 2t

u l , t c1c3 sin ple
p 2t
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
Substitute the value of p in (2) we get
nx
u x, t c1c3 sin
e
l
nx
c n sin
e
l
The general solution is
n 2 2 2
l2
n 2 2 2
l2
n 2 2 2
nx
u x, t cn sin
e
l
n 1
l2
3 x
k
sin
nx
u x,0 cn sin
l
l
n 1
k lx x 2
24
i cn sin nx k sin 3 x k
x
3x
sin
l
l
4
l
l
n 1
x
2x
3x
x k
3x
3k
c1 sin
c2 sin
c3 sin
...............
sin
sin
l
l
l
l
4
l
4
Equating the like coefficients we get
3k
k
c1
, c2 0, c3 ,The remaining cns are zero
4
4
3 u x, t 3k sin x e
4
l
ii c n sin nx
n 1
k
3x
sin
e
4
l
9 2 2t
l2
2
nx
k lx x 2 sin
dx
l 0
l
l
cn
k lx x 2
2 2t
3 sin
nx l
nx l 2
nx l 3
lx
cos
2
x
sin
2
cos
l n
l n 2 2
l n 3 3
n
2k 2l 3 1
2l 3
l
n 3 3
n 3 3
2k
8
kl
4kl 3 n 3 3 ifnisodd
3 3 1 1 n
n
0ifniseven
3 u x, t 83kl 3 sin nx e
l
n 1 n
n 2 2 2
l2
8.Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of length which is insulated

laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if ,initially, the temperature is k at the
centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.
Solution:
A(l/2,
The Equation of OA is
x
y
2 xk
y
k
O(0,0)
(l/2,0)
B(l,0)
25
The Equation of AB is
x
2 y k y 2k x
2xk
y ,0 x

2
u x ,0
y 2k x , x

2
u
2u
2 2
t
x
iu 0, t 0
iiu l, t 0
The heat equation satisfying the boundary conditions are

u x, t c1 e
p 2t
(c 2 cos px c3 sin px ) 1

u 0, t c1c 2 e p t 0
2
c 2 0 & e
p 2t
0, c1 0
Substitute c2=0 in (1) we get

u x, t c1c3 sin pxe
p 2t

u l , t c1c3 sin ple
p 2t
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
Substitute the value of p in (2) we get
nx
u x, t c1c3 sin
e
l
nx
c n sin
e
l
n 2 2 2
l2
n 2 2 2
l2
x
iiiu x,0 l
k lx x 2
3
k sin
26
n x
u x, t cn sin
e
l
n 1
u x, t
c
n 1
n 2 2 2
sin nxe n
l2
2xk
y ,0 x 2
u x,0 cn sin nx
n1
y 2k x , x
2
u x,0 bn sin nx f ( x) 5
n 1
cn
f x sin nxdx
4k
2
4k
2
bn
x sin nxdx x sin nxdx
1
1
x cos nx sin nx 2
n
n
2
0
1
1
x cos nx sin nx 2
n
n
4k
n 1
n
n 1
n
cos
2 sin
cos
2 sin
2
2 n
2 2n
2 n
2
2n
8k 1
n
2 2 sin
2
n
4 u x, t 8k2 12 sin n sin nxe n t

2
n 1 n
STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND ZERO BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

9.A rod of 30cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 C and 80 respectively until steady state
condition prevails. The temperature at each end is then suddenly reduced to 0 and kept so. Find
the resulting temperature function u x, t taking x 0 at A.
Solution:
u
2u
2 2 1
t
x
When the steady state conditions prevails
u
0
t
27
1 2
x 2
d 2u
0
dx 2
u x ax b 2
Now the boundary conditions are
i u 0 20
ii u 30 80

b 20

u x ax 20 3

a2
u x 2 x 20
Now the new boundary conditions are
i u 0, t 0t 0
ii u 30, t 0t 0
iii u x,0 2 x 20
Applying (i) and (ii) in the correct solution we get
nx
u x, t c n sin
e
30
n 1
nx
u x,0 c n sin
n 1
n 2 2 2
900
2( x 10)
30
4
nx
( x 10) sin
dx
30 0
30
30
cn
2
nx 30
nx 900
sin
x 10 cos
15
30 n
30 n 2 2
2 1200
300
cos n

15
n
n
40
n
1 4 1
n
30
4 u x, t 40 1 4 1
n 1
n
sin nx e
n 2 2 2
900
30
STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND NONZERO BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

10. A bar of 10cm long, with insulated sides, has its ends A and B kept at 20 C and 40 C
respectively until steady state conditions until steady state conditions prevails. The temperature
at A is then suddenly raised to 90 C and the same time that at B is lowered to 40 C. Find the
28
temperature distribution in the rod at time t. Also show that the temperature at the midpoint of
the rod remains unaltered for all time, regardless of the material of the rod.
Solution:
u
2u
2 2 1
t
x
When the steady state conditions prevails
1 2
x 2
u
0
t
d 2u
0
dx 2
u x ax b 2
Now the boundary conditions are
i u 0 20
ii u 10 40

b 20

u x ax 20 3

a2
u x 2 x 20
Hence the steady state,the temperature function is given by u x 2 x 20

Now the temperature at A is raised to 50 C and the temperature at Bis lowered to 10 C.That
is ,the steady state is changed to unsteady state.For this unsteady state the temperature
distribution is given by
u x,0 2 x 20
Now the new boundary conditions are
i u 0, t 50t 0
ii u 10, t 10t 0
iii u x,0 2 x 20
p 2t
Applying (i) and (ii) in (4) we get

u ( x, t ) Ae
p 2t
50
u (l , t ) A cos pl B sin pl e
p 2t
10
It is not possible to find the constants A&B. since we have infinite number of values for A&B.
Therefore in this case we split the solution u(x,t) in to two parts
u x, t u s x u t x , t 5
u
2u
Where u s x is a solution of the equation
2 2 and is a function of x alone and
t
x
satisfying the conditions u s 0 50 & u s 10 10 & u t x, t is a transient solution satisfying (5)
which decreases at t increases.
29
To find u s x :
u s x a1 x b1 6
Applying the condition us 0 50 in equation (6) we get

u s 0 b1 50
u s x a1 x 50 7
Applying the condition u s 10 10 in equation (7) we get
u s 10 10a1 50 10
a1 4

u s x 4 x 50 8
To find u t x, t :
u t x, t is a transient solution of
u x, t u s x u t x, t
u
2u
2 2 and satisfying the equation
t
x
u t x , t u x, t u s x 9
Now we have to find the boundary conditions for ut x, t

Putting x 0 in (9) we get
u t 0, t u 0, t u s 0
50 50
u t 0, t 0
Putting x 10 in (9) we get
u t 10, t u 10, t u s 10
10 10
u t 10, t 0
Putting t 0 in (9) we get
u t x ,0 u x ,0 u s x
2 x 20 4 x 50
u t x,0 6 x 30
Now the function u t x, t we have the following boundary conditions
i u t 0, t 0
ii u t 10, t 0
iii u t x,0 6 x 30
Applying the first two conditions we get the genernal solution as

n 2 2 2
nx 100 t
u x, t c n sin
e
10
10
n 1
Applying the (iii) in equation (10) we get
nx
u t x,0 c n sin
6 x 30
10
n 1
2
nx
cn
(6 x 30) sin
dx
10 0
10
10
30
6
nx
( x 5) sin
dx
50
10
10
6
nx 10
nx 100
x 5 cos
sin
5
10 n
10 n 2 2
10
6 50
1 n 50
5 n
n
60
n
1 1
n
0nisodd
120
n niseven
10 u x, t 120 sin nx e
10
2 , 4 , 6 ,... n
n 2 2 2
100
11
Substitute (8) and (11) in (5) we get

120
nx
u x, t 4 x 50
sin
e
10
2 , 4 , 6 ,... n
n 2 2 2
100
THERMALLY INSULATED ENDS

11.Find the solution of the one dimensional diffusion equation satisfying the boundary conditions
i u is bounded as t
u
0t
x x 0
iii u
0t
x x a
ii
iv u x,0 x a x
Solution:
p 2t
Diff partially w .r .to x we get

u x.t
Ap sin px Bp cos px e
x
p 2t
2 2
u 0.t
Bpe p t 0
x
2
B 0, p 0 & e p t 0
2 2
1 u x, t Ap sin px e p t 2
x
31
2 2
u a, t
Ap sin ap p t 0
x
sin ap 0
n
p
a
n
& B 0 in (A) we get
Substitute this value of p
a
nx
u x, t A cos
e
a
2 n 2 2
t
a2
nx
u x, t An cos
e
a
n 0
2 n 2 2
t
a2
nx
A0 An cos
e
a
n 1
2 n 2 2
t
a2
Applying (iv) in this equation we get
u ( x,0) A0 An cos
n 1
nx
x a x
a
a0
nx
a n cos
x a x
2 n 1
a
2
2
f x dx x a x dx
a0
a0
a0
ax x 2 dx
a0
2 ax 2 x 3

a 2
3
2 a3 a3
2a 3 a 2

a 2
3
6a
3
2
nx
f x cos
dx
a0
a
a
an
2
nx
ax x 2 cos
dx
a0
a
a
2
nx a
nx a 2
nx a 3
2
ax x sin
a 2 x cos
2 sin
a
a n
a n 2 2
a n 3 3
2 a3
a3
2a 2
n
n
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
a n
n
n
4a 2
n 2 2 , niseven
0, nisodd
32
a2
4a 2
nx
u x, t
2 2 cos
e
6 2, 4,6,.... n
a
12.Solve the equation
2 n 2 2
a2
u
2u
2 2 subject to the following conditions:
t
x
i u is finite whent
u
0 when x 0 t 0
x
iii u 0 when x l t 0
iv u u 0 when t 0 for all values of x between 0 & 1
ii
Solution:
p 2t
Diff partially w .r .to x we get

u x.t
Ap sin px Bp cos px e
x
p 2t
2 2
u 0.t
Bpe p t 0
x
B 0, p 0 & e
p 2t
A u x, t A cos pxe
p 2t

u ( x, t ) A cos ple
cos pl 0
p 2t
pl an odd multiple of
2n 1
p
2l
2n 1
2n 1x
u x, t A cos
e
2l
2 n 1 2 2
4l 2
33
u x, t An
2n 1x
cos
e
2 n 1 2 2
4l 2
2l
n 1
2n 1x
u x,0 An cos
u0
2l
2n 1x ........ 5
x
3x
u 0 A1 cos
A2 cos
....... An cos
2l
2l
2l
2n 1x
Multiplying both sides of (5) by cos
and then integrating from 0 to l
2l
n 1
We get
l
u 0 cos
2n 1x dx
2l
A1 cos
0
.................... An cos 2
2n 1x dx l A cos 3x cos 2n 1x dx .......

x
cos
0 2
2l
2l
2l
2l
2n 1x dx 6
2l
W .K. T
cos mx cos nxdx 0ifm n .Applying this in equation (6) we get all terms in R. H. S OF
0
(6) become zero except the term
cos 2
2n 1x dx
2l
Hence the equation (6) reduces to

l
l
2n 1x dx
2n 1x
dx = An cos 2
u 0 cos
2l
2l
2n 1x dx
sin
L. H. S u 0 cos
2n 1x dx
2l
2n 1x
2l
2l
2lu 0
2n 1
2lu 0
2n 1
2lu 0
2n 1
2lu 0
2n 1
R .H. S An cos 2
0
2n 1x dx
2l
sin
2n 1
2
sin n
2
sin n cos 2 cos n sin 2
1 n 1
34
2n 1x dx
1
An 1 cos
2
l
0
l
Al
l
n
2n 1
2
0
Equating the R .H .S and L .H .S we get
An
2
2n 1x
sin
2lu 0
1 n 1 An l
2n 1
2
An
4u 0 1
2n 1
n 1

4 u x, t 4u 0 1 cos 2n 1x e
2l
n 1 2 n 1
n 1
2 2 n 1 2 2
4l 2
Two dimensional heat flow equation
13. A square plate is bounded by the lines x 0, y 0, x 20 & y 20. Its faces are insulated .The
temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by u x,20 x 20 x when0 x 20 while
the other three edges are kept at 0 C .Find the steady state temperature in the plate.
Solution:
Let us take the sides of the plate be l 20 .Let u x, y satisfies the Laplaces
equation
2u 2u
0 1
x 2 y 2
u x,20 x 20 x
The boundary conditions are
i u 0, y 0,0 x l
ii u l , y 0,0 x l
iii u x, l x l x ,0 x l
0 C
0 C
The three different solutions for equation (1) are

a u x, y c1 e px c 2 e px c 3 cos py c 4 sin py
b u x, y c5 cos px c 6 sin px c 7 e py c8 e py
c u x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
0 C
Out of these three solutions we have to choose the correct solution which satisfies the above
boundary conditions.
px
px
Consider u x, y c1e c 2 e c3 cos py c 4 sin py 2
u 0, y c1 c 2 c3 cos py c 4 sin py 0
c1 c 2 0 3
35
u l , y c1e pl c 2 e pl c3 cos py c 4 sin py 0
c1e c 2 e 0 4
Solving (3) and (4) we get c1 0 & c 2 0
Substitute these two values in (2) we get u x, y 0 which is a trivial solution.
Therefore, Solution (a) is not satisfying our boundary conditions. Hence this solution is also not
the correct solution.
Now consider u x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
Applying (i) and (ii) in(2) we get
u 0, y c10 c11 y c12 0
c10 0
u l , y c9 l c11 y c12 0
c9 0
Therefore, Solution (c) is not satisfying our boundary conditions. Hence this solution is also not
Therefore, The correct solution should be
u x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c7 e py c8 e py 5
Applying (i) in(5) we get
u 0, y c5 c 7 e py c8 e py 0
c5 0
Applying (ii) in(5) we get
u l , y c5 c7 e py c8 e py 0
c5 0
pl
pl
nx
c7 c8
l
u x,0 c6 sin
c7 c8 0
c8 c7
ny
ny
nx
c7 e l c7 e l
l
u x, y c 6 sin
c6 c7 sin
c6 c7 sin
u x, y c n sin
nx
ny
sinh
l
l
u x, y cn sin
n 1
nx
ny
sinh
7
l
l

u x, l
c
n 1
sin
nx
sinh n
l
bn
c n sinh n
cn
bn
sinh n
x l x
n 1
bn sin
nx
l
n x
e
l
ny
l
ny
l
n x
n y
2 sinh
l
l
36
2
nx
bn x l x sin
dx
l 0
l
l
2
nx l
nx l 2
nx l 3
lx x 2 cos
l 2 x sin
2 2 2 cos
l
l n
l n
l n 3 3
2 2l 1
2l
3 3
3 3
l
n
n
3
4l 2
n
3 3 1 1
n
0niseven
bn 8l 2
3 3 nisodd
n
cn
8l 2
n 3 3 sinh n
u x, y
8l 2
nx
ny
sin
sinh
3 3
l
l
1, 3, 5,.... n sinh n
Replace l=20 we get

u x, y
3200
1
nx
ny
cos echn sin
sinh
3
3
20
20
1,3,5,, n
14.Find the steady state temperature at any point of a square plate whose adjacent edges are
kept at 0 C and the other two edges are kept at the constant temperature 100 C.
Solution:
2u 2u
0
W.k.t the laplace equation satisfies the equation
x 2
y 2
Let the sides of the square plate be l.From the given problem we have the following boundary
conditions.
i u x,0 0,0 x l
ii u l , y 100,0 y l
iii u x, l 100,0 x l
iv u 0, y 0,0 y l
Let u x, y u1 x, y u 2 x, y I .Where u1 x, y & u 2 x, y are satisfying the following

a1 u 0, y 0, a 2 u x,0 0
b1 u l , y 0, b2 u x, l 0
c1 u x,0 0, c 2 , u 0, y 0
d 1 u x, l 100, d 2 u l , y 100
To find u1 x, y
0 C
100 C
37
a u1 x, y c1e px c2 e px c3 cos py c4 sin py

b u1 x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c7 e py c8 e py
c u1 x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
Out of these three solutions we have to choose the correct solution which satisfies the above
px
px
Consider u1 x, y c1e c 2 e c3 cos py c 4 sin py 2
Applying ( a1 ) in (2) we get

u1 0, y c1 c 2 c3 cos py c 4 sin py 0
c1 c 2 0 3
Applying ( a1 ) in (2) we get
u1 l , y c1e pl c 2 e pl c3 cos py c 4 sin py 0
c1e c 2 e 0 4
Solving (3) and (4) we get c1 0 & c 2 0
Therefore, Solution (a) is not satisfying our boundary conditions. Hence this solution is also not
Now consider u1 x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
Applying (i) and (ii) in(2) we get
u1 0, y c10 c11 y c12 0
c10 0
u1 l , y c9 l c11 y c12 0
c9 0
Therefore, Solution (c) is not satisfying our boundary conditions. Hence this solution is also not
Therefore, The correct solution should be
pl
pl
Applying a1 in(5) we get
u1 0, y c5 c 7 e py c8 e py 0
c5 0

u x, y c 6 sin px c7 e py c8 e py 6
Applying b1 in (6) we get
u1 l , y c6 sin pl c7 e py c8 e py
Applying c1 in (7) we get
sin pl o
n
p
l
6 u1 x, y c6 sin nx c7 e
l
ny
l
c8 e
ny
l
u1 x,0 c 6 sin
nx
c 7 c8
l
c 7 c8 0
c8 c 7
7 u1 x, y c6 sin nx
l
u1 x, y c 6 c 7 sin
nx
e
l
c7 e
ny
l
ny
l
c7 e
ny
ny
l
38
nx
ny
2 sinh
l
l
nx
ny
u1 x, y c n sin
sinh
l
l
c 6 c 7 sin
nx
ny
sinh
8
l
l
u1 x, y c n sin
n 1
Applying d1 in (8) we get
u1 x, l c n sin
n 1
nx
sinh n 100
l
100 c n sin
n 1
2
n x
bn f x sin dx
l0
l
Equating the above two equations we get

bn c n sinh n cn bn cos echn 9
nx
400
cos
200
200
n
l 1 1 , nisodd
bn
n
n
l
n
0, niseven
l 0
400
cos echn , nisodd
c n n
0, niseven
u1 x, y
400
nx
ny
cos echn sin
sinh
A
l
l
n 1, 3, 5... n
To find u 2 x, y
Applying a 2 , b2 & c 2 we get the general solution as
u 2 x, y c n sin
n 1
Applying d 2
ny
nx
sinh
l
l
in the general soln we get
n y
ny
sinh n 100 bn sin
l
l
n 1
n 1
c n bn cos echn
u 2 l , y c n sin
nx
100
l
39
400
, nisodd
bn n
0, niseven
400
cos echn , nisodd
cn n
0, niseven
u 2 x, y
400
ny
nx
cos echn sin
sinh
B
l
l
n 1, 3, 5... n
Substitute (A) and (B) in (I) We get

u x, y
ny
ny
400
nx
nx
cos echn sin

sinh
sin
sinh
l
l
l
l
n 1, 3, 5... n
15.The boundary value problem goverening the steady state temperature distribution in a flat,
thin plate is given by
2u 2u
0,0 x a,0 y a
x 2 y 2
x
, u 0, y 0, u a, y 0
a
u x,0 0, u x, a 4 sin 3
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.

Solution:
2u 2u
0
x 2
y 2
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions.
i u 0, y 0,0 y b
ii u a, y 0
iii u x,0 0,0 x a
x
iv u x, a 4 sin 3

a u x, y c1e px c2 e px c3 cos py c4 sin py
b u x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c7 e py c8 e py
c u x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
4 sin 3
0 C
Applying (i) and (ii) we the correct solution as

0 C
40
u 0, y c5 c3 cos py c 4 sin py 0
c5 0
u x, y c6 sin px c 7 e py c8 e py 2
0 C
u a, y c 6 sin pa c 7 e py c8 e py
sin pa 0
n
p
a

nx
c7 e
a
u x, y c 6 sin
ny
a
c8 e
ny
a

u x,0 c6 sin
n x
c 7 c8 0
a
c 7 c8 0
c8 c 7

u x, y c 6 sin
nx
c7 e
a
u x, y c 6 c 7 sin
ny
a
nx
e
a
c7 e
ny
a
ny
a
ny
nx
ny
2 sinh
a
a
nx
ny
u x, y c n sin
sinh
a
a
u x, y c 6 c 7 sin
u x, y c n sin
n 1
nx
ny
sinh
4
a
a
Applying (iv) in (4)

n x
x
3x
x
sinh n 4 sin 3
sin
3 sin
a
a
a
a
n 1
x
2x
3x
x
3x
c1 sin
sinh c 2 sin
sinh 2 c3
sinh 3 ...... 3 sin
sin
a
a
a
a
a
u x, a c n sin
Equating the like coefficients
c1 3 cos ech , c 2 0, c3 cos ech3 ,the remaining c n ' s are zero
u x, y 3 cos ech sin
x
y
3x
3y
sinh
cos ech3 sin
sinh
a
a
a
a
16.Find the steady state temperature distribution in a rectangular plate of sides
a and
41
insulated at the lateral surface and satisfying the boundary conditions u 0, y 0 u a, y
for 0 y b, u x, b 0 and u x,0 x (a x ),0 x a
Solution:
2u 2u
0
x 2
y 2
i u 0, y 0,0 y b
ii u a, y 0
iii u x, b 0,0 x a
iv u x,0 x a x

c u x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
Applying (i) and (ii) in the three different solutions we get the correct solution as
u x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c 7 e py c8 e py (1)
c5 0
0 C
sin pa 0
n
p
a
0 C
0 C

u x, y c 6 sin
nx
c7 e
a
ny
a
c8 e
ny
a
x a x

u x, b c6 sin
c7 e
c8 e
nb
a
nb
a
nx
c7 e
a
c8 e
nb
a
c 7 e
c8 c 7 e
nb
a
c8 e
nb
nb
a
2 nb
a

nx
c7 e
u x, y c6 sin
a
u x, y c6 c7 sin
u x, y cn sin
ny
a
nx
e
a
c7 e
nb
a
2 nb
a
n
y b
a
ny
a
nx
n
y b
sinh
a
a
n
y b
a
42
u x, y c n sin
n 1
nx
n
sinh
y b 4
a
a
nx
nb
nx
sinh
bn sin
a
a
a
n 1
n 1
nb
bn cn sinh
a
a
nb
2
nx
cn bn cos ech
bn ax x 2 sin
dx
a
a
a
u x,0 c n sin
2
nx a
nx a 2
nx a 3
2
ax
x
cos
2
x
sin
2
cos
a
a n
a n 2 2
a n 3 3
2 2a
2a
4a
n
n
3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 1
a n
n
n
8a 2
, nisodd
bn n3 3
0, niseven
8a 2
nb
3 3 cos ech , nisodd
cn n
a
0, niseven
u x, y
n 1, 3, 5...
8a 2
nb
nx
n
y b
cos ech
sin
sinh
3 3
a
a
a
n
17.A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x 0, x a, y 0 & y b and the edge temperatures
4x
3x
3 sin
are u 0, y 0, u a, y 0, u x, b 0 & u x,0 5 sin
.Find the temperature
a
distribution.
Solution:
2u 2u
0
x 2
y 2
i u 0, y 0,0 y b
ii u a, y 0
iii u x, b 0,0 x a
iv u x,0 x a x
43
c u x, y c9 x c10 c11 y c12
Applying (i) and (ii) in the three different solutions we get the correct solution as
u x, y c5 cos px c6 sin px c 7 e py c8 e py (1)
c5 0
sin pa 0
n
p
a

u x, y c 6 sin
nx
c7 e
a
ny
a
c8 e
ny
a

u x, b c6 sin
c7 e
c8e
nb
a
nb
c8e
c8 e
nb
c8e
nb
a
nb
a
nx
c7 e
a
c8 e
nb
nb
a
c8 e
nb
a
c 7 e
c 8 c 7 e
nb
a
2 nb
a
u x, b c 6 sin
c 7 e
nb
c7 e
c8 c7 e
nb
a
nx
c7 e
a
nb
a
2 nb
a

u x, y c6 sin
nx
c7 e
a
u x, y c6 c7 sin
u x, y cn sin
ny
a
nx
e
a
c7 e
nb
a
2 nb
a
n
y b
a
ny
a
nx
n
y b
sinh
a
a
n
y b
a
44
u x, y c n sin
n 1
nx
n
sinh
y b 4
a
a
nx
nb
4x
3x
sinh
5 sin
3 sin
a
a
a
a
n 1
x
b
2x
2b
3x
3b
4x
4b
4x
3x
c1 sin
sinh
c 2 sin
sinh
c3 sin
sinh
c 4 sin
sinh
.... 5 sin
3 sin
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
u x,0 c n sin
Equating the like coefficients

c1 0, c 2 0, c3 3 cos ech
u x, y 3 cos ech
3b
4b
, c 4 5 cos ech
,& The remaining c n ' s are zero
a
a
3b
3x
3
sin
sinh
y b 5 cos ech 4b sin 4x sinh 4 y b
a
a
a
a
a
a
Temperature distribution in infinite plates

18. A rectangular plate with insulted surfaces is 10cm width and so long compared to its width
that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable error . if the
temperature along are short edge y = 0 is u ( x, y ) 4(10 x x 2 ) for 0 x 10 while the two long
edges as well as the short edge are kept at 0 0 C , find the steady state temperature function
u ( x, y ). .
Solution :
Let u ( x, y ) be the temperature at any point ( x, y ) in the steady state. Then u satisfies the
differential equation 2 u 0
ie.
2u
2u
0
x 2
y 2
From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions

(i ) u ( 0 , y ) 0 ,
(ii ) u ( 10 , y ) 0 , y
(iii ) u ( x , ) 0 , 0 x 10
(iv ) u ( x , 0) 4 (10 x x 2 ) ,0 x 10
Now the suitable solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u ( x , y ) ( A cos px B sin px ) (C e py De py )
( 1 )
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
u (0, y ) A(C e py D e py ) 0
Here (C e py D e py ) 0
(it is defined for all y )
A 0
substitute A = 0 in equation (1) we get

u ( x , y ) B sin px (C e py D e py )
(2)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get

u (10 , y ) B sin 10 x (C e py D e py ) 0
Here (C e py D e py ) 0
(it is defined for all y )
45
(if B= 0 already A = 0 then we get a trivial solution )
B0
sin 10p = 0
10 p n
ie.
n
10
substitute p
n
in equation ( 2 ) we get
10
u ( x , y ) B sin
ny
ny
nx
10
e 10
Ce
10
.(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get

nx
C e D e 0
10
nx
ie;
B sin
(C e ) 0
( e 0)
10
Here B 0
( already exp lained )
nx
sin
0
(it is defined for all x )
10
and e 0
C 0
u ( x , ) B sin
substitute C = 0 in equation ( 3 ) we get

nx
nx
u ( x , y ) B sin
D e 10
10
nx
nx 10
BD sin
e
10
The most general form of

...................................(4) equation (4)
nx
nx 10
e
u(x,y)= Bn sin
10
n 1
..(5)
Apply condition (iv) in equation(5) we get
u(x,0)=
B
n 1
sin
nx
= 4(10x - x 2 )
10
..(6)
To find Bn then we expand f(x) as a fourier half range sine series in (0 ,10)
f(x)
b
n 1
sin
nx
l
2
nx
f ( x ) sin
dx
l 0
l
l
when bn
From (6) and (7) we get Bn bn

10
2
nx
2
Bn
dx
4(10 x x ) sin
10 0
10
(7)
46
4
2
(10 x x )
5
nx
nx
nx
sin
cos
cos
10 (10 2 x)
10 ( 2)
10
n 2 2
n 3 3
10
100
1000
10
4 2000
2000
( 1) n 3
3
5 n 3
n 3
1600
3
1 ( 1) n
n 3
3200
,
Bn n3 3
0 ,
for n is odd
for n is even
substitute the value of Bn in equation (5) we get

ny
3200
1
nx 10
u ( x , y ) 3
sin
e
10
n 1,3,... n 3
3200
1
(2n 1)x
sin
e
3
3
10
n 1 (2n 1)
( 2 n 1)y
10
19.An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide, and the two long
edges and one short edge are kept at 0 C temperature, while the other short edge x 0
is kept at temperature given by
20 y,0 y 5
u
2010 y ,5 y 10
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.

Solution:
Let u ( x, y ) be the temperature at any point ( x, y ) in the steady state. Then u satisfies
the differential equation 2 u 0
ie.
2u
2u
0
2
x
y 2
From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions
47
(i) u( x , 0) 0
(ii) u( x ,10) 0
(iii) u( , y) 0
20 y,0 y 5
2010 y,5 y 10
(iv) u( 0, y)

u x, y c1e px c2 e px c3 cos py c4 sin py (1)
u x,0 c3 c3 cos py c4 sin py 0

c3 0
u x, y c 4 sin py c1e px c 2 e px 2
u x,10 c 4 sin p10 c1e px c 2 e px 0

sin p10 0
n
p
10

u x, y c 4 sin
ny
c1e 10 c 2 e 10
10
nx
nx
ny
c1e c 2 e 0
10
n
y
c1c 4 e sin
0
10
c1 0
u , y c 4 sin

nx
ny
10
u x, y c 4 sin
c2 e
10
u x, y c n sin
ny
e
10
nx
10

nx
ny 10
u x, y c n sin
e
4
10
n 1
48
ny 20y,0 y 5 ny
u0, y cn sin
bn sin
n1 10 2010 y,5 y 10 n1 10
bn cn
2
ny
f y sin
dy
10 0
10
10
bn
1
ny 10
ny 100
20 y cos
sin
5
10 n
10 n 2 2
ny 10
ny 100
20 10 y cos
sin
10 n
10 n 2 2
1 50
n
100
n
n
100
n
800
n
50
20
cos
2 2 sin
cos
2 2 sin
20
2 2 sin
5 n
2 n
2
2 n
2
2
n
n
n
n
ny 10
4 u x, y 800
sin
sin
e
2 2
2
10
n 1 n
cn
10

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1

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI-600123.

It is classified as (i) Elliptic if B 2 4 AC 0,

4.Classify the following partial differential equations

8. What is the correct solution of one dimensional wave equation?

The initial boundary conditions are

Where k-Thermal conductivity

18. What is the correct solution of one dimensional heat equation?

The boundary conditions are a u 0 20 & b u l 100

Substitute this value in (1) we get

Applying (b) in(2)

21.What is two dimensional heat equation or laplace equation?

But in steady state

Which is the Laplace equation in two dimensions.

i u x, y c1e px c 2 e px c3 cos py c 4 sin py

i u x, y c1e px c2 e px c3 cos py c4 sin py

Solution(i) is correct solution.

1.A string is stretched and fastened to two points x 0

( initial velocity is zero)

The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by

i.e c1 0 & c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0

putting c1 0 in (1) we get

Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially w.r.to t

Applying (iii) we get

3 y x, t c2 c3 sin nx cos nat

Since the partial differential equation is

Applying (iv) in (5) we get

To find c n expand in a half range fourier sine series in a interval 0, l

Substitute c n in (5) we get

The wave equation is

i.e c1 0 & c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0

putting c1 0 in (1) we get

Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially w.r.to t

Applying (iii) we get

3 y x, t c 2 c 3 sin nx cos nat

Applying (iv) in (5) we get

Since the partial differential equation is

To find c n expand f x in a half range fourier sine series in a interval 0, l

any distance x from one end at anytime t .

( initial velocity is zero)

The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by

i.e c1 0 & c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0

putting c1 0 in (1) we get

Before applying condition (iii) differentiate (3) partially w.r.to t

Applying (iii) we get

3 y x, t c 2 c 3 sin nx cos nat

Since the partial differential equation is

Applying (iv) in (5) we get

Problems on vibrating on strings with non zero initial velocity

The wave equation is

The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by

i.e c1 0 & c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0

putting c1 0 in (1) we get

Applying (iii) in (3)we get

Substitute this value in (3) we get

Diff partially (5) w.r.to t we get

Comparing (6)&(7) we get

points if initial displacement is 10sin

The wave equation is

iii y x,0 10sin

The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by

i.e c1 0 & c3 cos pat c4 sin pat 0

putting c1 0 in (1) we get