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Lab Meets: Tuesday (S1) and Friday (S2) 2:00 5:00 PM in Rooms ME 105 and ME 108
Instructor: Prof. Krishna Jonnalagadda
Lab Technical Staff: Mr. Shanideo Jadhav (JTS), Ankit Vekariya (RA)
Teaching Assistants: Nipal Deka, Salah Ahmad Sabri, Gujre Vinay Sanjay, Satyabrata Dhala, Vyas Vishal
Niranjankumar, Tanksale Abhijit Anandrao, Memane Nilesh Maruti, Dalal Parth Pragnesh, Sarat Chandra
Akella, Supe Akash Shrikrishna
Assessment Scheme:
Lab Report: 30 %
Viva Voce: 30%
Final Exam (Written): 40%
Instructions:
1. The lab will start at exactly 2 PM. You should be at your respective experimental setup on time. If you
come late there will be attendance penalty (2 x late = 1 absent).
2. Attendance policy:
a. If you are absent for any reason not approved by the institute, you will note receive attendance.
b. Make up will be allowed for genuine cases, such as, medical reasons (only IITB Hospital certificate will
be accepted). It is the duty of the student to report medical or other absense as soon as possible and
arrange for a makeup lab. No make up after one weeks of recovering from illness/other reasons.
3. Safety:
a. The ME department policy requies wearing shoes compulsory to the lab. No shoes = no lab.
b. Whenever safety gear is provided by the TA/lab staff to wear, you should oblige for your own safety.
c. It is very important that you follow the instructions of the TA/Instructor/Lab Staff.
4. The lab manual should be with you while conducting the experiment and also some A4 sheets to
note down the readings as well as writing down your observations.
5. Prelab report:
a. Every student is required to bring a 1 page (A4 size, one side) hand written writeup on the experiment
to be conducted that day in the lab. This they should submit to the TA and it will be part of your report.
b. Without prelab report, you will not be allowed to conduct the experiment = absent for the lab.
6. Conducting the Experiment:
a. Follow the instructions provided in the manual and that of the instructors/TAs in the lab.
b. Data collected should be countersigned by the corresponding TA at the end of the session
with date. You should attach this sheet along with your report.
c. Maintain academic honesty/integrity at all times. Serious cases of misconduct or malpractice such as
falsification/fabrication/obfuscation/plagiarism/ghostwriting, etc., will be referred to the disciplinary
authorities of the Institute and may result in an automatic FR.
7. Report:
a. The report is due before the VIVA (corresponding week date and time will announced, separately.)
b. Report should be hand written and plots/graphs, etc., should be generated using computer based
tools, e.g., MS Excel, MATLAB, MAPLE, etc.
c. Each student will write his own report and submit. The report should be graded before coming to the
Viva. So, submit it on time.
8. Viva:
a. Students will come for Viva along with the graded report a week after the experiment is conducted.
The viva time will be in the regular lab slot.
b. Viva consists of two parts: (a) a small written quiz consisting of 3 to 4 questions of 20 min duration,
followed by (b) a 15 min oral Q&A based on the quiz and report. The idea of the quiz is to ensure
parity in the level of questions asked and limit the content to what is expected from the experiment.
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E3
E4
E5
E6
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Procedure:1) Specimen Preparation: - For good results, it is essential to get a good speckle pattern. The speckle pattern
can be naturally occurring or can be applied. It can be applied with white and black paint. First, paint the
surface with a thin layer of white paint (it could be spray paint) and then apply a black mist of paint
(spray paint) to create the black speckles.
2) Image Capture: - To take the pictures during the deformation period, the specimen needs to be prepared
to be subject to the mechanical test. After the sample is prepared and the universal testing machine is
configured, select an accessible position for the digital camera and adjust the focal length to fix and
acquire a clear image. Set the aperture range of the camera lens with the lowest f-number as possible to
let the entrance of the maximum amount of light. The illumination has to be appropriate. The sample
must be illuminated by a standard white light source. If ambient illumination is not sufficient, additional
lighting may be needed. Before starting the test, a picture is taken for reference (non-deformed image).
While the specimen is subject to external loads, consecutive pictures are taken (deformed images).
3) These images are then given as input to the code or software from where displacement or strains can be
obtained. Code will be explained to you by the TA during the lab.
4) Calibration:- The calibration is essential as the code gives the displacements in pixels and has to be
converted into actual/true scale. Hold a measuring scale vertically and attached to the surface of the
deforming body. Acquire an image in this position and observe the scale divisions spanning the image
length. Assuming, x mm. of the measuring scale covers y pixels of the image, a simple linear calibration
yields x/y mm/pixel.
Report:
(a) Speckle pattern generation and its histogram (computer using Matlab, etc.)
(b) Obtain experimental data, viz., images of the sample surface during deformation and load vs. time plot.
(c) Construct stress vs. strain curve using the load vs. time and strain (calculated using DIC) vs. time.
(d) Compare the Youngs modulus from the experiment and the material data sheet.
(e) Plot and show that there is uniform strain on the surface of the sample at various load levels.
Notes:
1. It is important that the alignment of the specimen be as good as possible, i.e., the camera sensor should
be parallel to the specimen surface being imaged.
2. The specimen should be well aligned at the beginning of the experiments in such as way that it does not
rotate during the application of load.
3. The region of interest should be in the middle of the specimen
4. Neither the camera nor the UTM should be vibrating during the experiments as this causes blurred
images.
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For a sample of uniform thickness, regions in which ! ! is constant show the same
interference color when viewed between crossed polars. Contours of constant principal stress difference are
therefore observed as isochromatic lines. In order to determine the directions of the principal stress it is
necessary to use isoclinic lines as these dark fringes occur whenever the direction of either principal stress
aligns parallel to the analyser or polariser direction.
In a circular polariscope setup two quarter-wave plates are added to the experimental setup of the
plane polariscope. The first quarter-wave plate is placed in between the polarizer (P) and the specimen (M)
and the second quarter-wave plate is placed between the specimen (M) and the analyser (A). The effect of
adding the quarter-wave plates is that we get circularly polarised light. The basic advantage of a circular
polariscope over a plane polariscope is that in a circular polariscope setup we only get the isochromatics and
not the isoclinics. This eliminates the problem of differentiating between the isoclinics and the
isochromatics.
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x A
x A
x
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Objective: To determine the following in an uniaxially loaded mild steel and aluminum specimen.
a) The maximum tensile stress
b) The modulus of elasticity.
c) The percentage reduction in cross section.
d) Construction of the true-stress vs. true stain curve
Equipment and Tools: The Universal Testing Machine, Vernier Calipers, ruler, extensometer.
Background and Theory: The uniaxial tensile test is a very important and useful experiment conducted in
experimental solid mechanics. Besides provided elastic and inelastic material properties such as elastic
modulus, yield/flow stress, strain hardening, etc., the failure of a material can best be studied from this
experiment. The uniaxial tensile test is also often used to develop elasto-plastic constitutive equations for
homogeneous and isotropic materials. Variations of this experiment (not done in this lab) including high
temperatures and multiple strain rates reveal valuation information on the mechanisms of deformation sought
after in the design of new materials (e.g., alloy systems).
In this experiment a dog-boned shaped specimen is loaded in displacement control while measuring load
using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It is called universal because tension, compression, bending and shear test
can be performed on the same machine. The machine has a capacity of 100 KN. The machine has two motor driven
screws, which carries the upper beam. Load cell, which measures the force applied, is fixed on the upper beam. The
crosshead displacement is measured using LVDT (linear variable differential transformer). The load deformation
curve is plotted on the monitor screen. Extensometer is an instrument by which you will measure strain. The
mechanical extensometer provided consists of two lever arms, which are bound to the specimen using a elastic band a
distance 20 mm apart. The relative motion of the arms is recorded by the extensometer-amplifier circuit, which gives
a voltage output. This voltage output is converted to displacement using a calibration sheet. The displacement divided
by the original length of the gauge section chosen (20 mm) will give engineering strain. The engineering stress is
computed from the force measured by the load cell and the initial cross-sectional area of specimen. From the
respective engineering stress and strain, the true stress and strain data is calculated and properties of the material
extracted.
Procedure:
The general requirement for tension tests are given in Indian standard IS: 1608/1972 Methods for tensile testing of
steel products. Measure the diameter d of the specimen at three to four places to the average diameter. For
uniformity and proper interpretation of test results, gauge length L = 5d. Percentage elongation is maximum strain
(percent) at failure. This is measured over the gauge length. Calculate L (In this case take L = 20mm). Mark the center
of the specimen approximately and two additional points on either side of this central mark at a distance equal to 10
mm with a marker pen. Mount the specimen on Universal Testing Machine. Select appropriate load range and
crosshead velocity. Continue loading until the specimen breaks. Collect data from the UTM as well as the
extensometer (which gives the strain vs. time data). Fit the broken parts together and measure the distance between
the marks made earlier. This enables you to calculate percentage elongation.
REPORT
a) Plot the engineering as well as true stress-strain curves
b) From the true stress-strain curve, calculate the value of Youngs modulus of Elasticity in GPa
c) Calculate the yield stress.
d) Calculate the ultimate tensile stress.
e) Measure and calculate the percentage elongation.
f) Calculate the percentage reduction in cross-section area.
g) Compare the experimental values of elastic modulus with values given in data book.
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Objectives:
a) To study the impact resistance of metals using Impact testing machine of the Charpy type.
b) To determine the variation of impact strength of a material with change in temperature.
Equipment and tools:
Impact testing machine, scale, standard charpy specimens, furnace and thermocouple, liquid nitrogen.
Theory: Some materials like cast iron, glass and some plastics which offer considerable resistance to static
load, often shatter easily when a sudden load (impact) is applied. The impact strength is defined as the
resistance of the materials to shock dynamic load. The impact testing is to find out the energy absorbed by a
specimen when brought to fracture by hammer blow and gives a quality of the material, particularly its
brittleness. Highly brittle materials have low impact strength.. Temperature also influences impact strength
of the materials. The area under the stress strain curve in a static tensile test is measure of the energy
absorbed per unit volume of the material, called the modules of toughness. This is also a measure of the
impact strength of the material. Impact test can also be used to determine the transition temperature for
ductile to brittle behavior.
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!"
!
, which gives at = 0, ! =
!"
!
Unlike in a straight beam the neutral axis does not coincide with the centroid of the cross-section in the case
of a curve beam. So, it is important to know the location of the neutral axis. By definition neutral axis is the
fiber along which there is not stress due to bending, which is found by setting the integral of axial force over
the entire cross-section equal to zero. This gives us the location of the neutral axis as:
! !
=
=
= !!
=
=
/ ! !
! !
!!
where, b is the width of the ring, ri and ro are the inner and outer radii of the ring with h = ro - ri. So, at any r
from the center of the ring, the axial stress due to bending at is given by:
( )
! = =
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
!"#
Here, y is the distance of the fiber from the neutral axis, = is the eccentricity, =
, is the
!
curvature, E is the elastic modulus. The value of for the rectangular beam is the mean of the inner and
!
! !!
outer radii, i.e., = ! ! / = ! ! .
!
Note that the maximum value of bending moment is at the point of application of the load. Since, we are
using linearized elasticity on a curved beam and an axial load F/2 is acting on the cross-section, the stress in
the cross-section is due to combined bending and axial loads. The combined axial stress at any fiber on beam
is given by:
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Mechanical Engineering
+
2 ( )
The stress at the horizontal cross-section, i.e., at = 0, using r = R-y, is then give by
1 1
1 1
=
+
=
+
=
+
2 2
2 2
2
which implies the strain at the inner and outer surfaces of the ring at = 0 are:
1 1 ( ! )
1 1 ( ! )
! =
+
! =
+
2
2
2
2
Procedure:
Measure the dimensions of the ring. Mount ring on a fixture. Connect the strain gauges to strain measuring
bridge. Load the ring in diametrical opposite direction and note the strain value at various loads. Note, before
starting the measurements, balance the Wheatstone bridge. If the bridge is not automatically balancing,
report to the TA as there could be a problem with the strain gauge.
Report:
1.Plot the load-unload strains on all the four gauges.
2. Compare them with theoretical values.
3. Write your observations based on the results.
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Theory: For the deflection of a cantilever beam with point load, the Euler-Bernoulli elementary beam theory
gives the following relationship between applied load P, the flexural rigidity and curvature (approximated as
the second derivative of the transverse displacement).
d2y
EI 2 = M = P(l x)
dx
(1)
With the boundary conditions, dy/dx = 0 and y = 0 at x =0 leads to the solution for deflection at any distance
x from the fixed end as
Px 2 (3l x)
6 EI
Pl 3
Therefore at x= l, the transverse displacement v =
3EI
y=
(2)
(3)
M =D
d
ds
(4)
(5)
M = P( L h x)
Equating (4) & (5) & differentiating with respect to s
d 2
dx
= P = P cos
2
ds
ds
1 d
P
= sin + C
2 ds
D
(6)
The constant C is determined from the condition on curvature, d/ds= 0 at the end B. Assuming that the
slope angle at B is O, equation (6) becomes
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1
d
2P
=
(sin o sin ) 2
ds
D
(7)
sin =
dy dy d
=
.
ds d ds
This is a non-linear differential equation. Integrating through the entire length l will give the vertical
deflection V at the end B
v
1
2
v
L
, which gives
= 1
[E(K ,
2) E ( K ,1 ) ]
.. (8)
Where E(K, /2) and E(K, 1) are respectively the complete and incomplete elliptical integrals of the second
kind expressed as:
2
E ( K , / 2) =
1
2
1 K sin d
and
E ( K ,1 ) = 1 K 2 sin 2 d
0
The horizontal deflections at the end B is obtained from the equation (4) and (5) noting that = 0 at x = 0
P( L h ) = D
d
ds
2 P sin o
d
=
ds
D
L h
2sin o
=
L
2
(9)
Procedure:
For the given beam vary load P from 0 to 1 Kg in steps and note down the vertical and horizontal
displacement. Experimentally V and h can be determined from the graph sheet with a pen stylus. Compare
these with the elementary strength of material solution and exact solution of large deflections. For the large
deflection calculation a small Matlab Code is written to solve the elliptical integrals.
Report:
1. Plot the experimental data obtained for vertical displacement and compare it with theoretical results from
both Euler-Bernouli and large deflection beam theories.
2. Plot the horizontal displacement obtained from experiment and compare it with theoretical calculation
from large deflection beam theory.
3. Comment on your obsevations from the experiment and the comparison with theory.
References:
1. Mechanics of Material by S. P. Timoshenko, J. M. Gere (1973)
2. Large Deflections by L. S. Srinath, The Indian Journal of Technical Education vol. 1, (July 1971).
3. Large deflection of Cantilever beam by D. C. Drucker, Quart. Of Appl. Matehmatics Vol. 3, (1945)
4. Elliptic Integrals by Hancock. II (1958).
5. http://users.cybercity.dk/~bcc25154/Webpage/largedeflection.htm
6. http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/23/3/317/pdf/ej2317.pdf
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Where k is a constant based on the position of the load, and on the end conditions of the beam.
Reciprocal theorem
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Procedure:
1. Mark points A,B and C on beam with the help of ruler at some distance from one end of the beam.
2. Start applying variably increasing load at point B and measure the corresponding deflection at point A
using dial gauge. Also note down the dial gauge reading during unloading.
3. Now apply variably increasing load at point C and measure the corresponding deflection at point A using
dial gauge. Also note down the dial gauge reading during unloading.
4. Now apply both loads simultaneously at point B and C and measure the corresponding deflection at point
A using dial gauge.
5. Tabulate the results.
Report:
The deflections obtained from the experiment and the deflections obtained through mathematical formulae
are to be compared and conclusions to be stated.
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Objective: The aim of experiment is to obtain torque-twist relationship for an aluminum circular shaft and
compare the result with theoretical predictions.
Equipment and Tools: Torsion setup, solid circular rod of Al, Vernier calipers.
Theory: Inelastic torsion: Figure below shows the typical stress-strain relationship for metals. The initial
portion is linear where the material response is elastic. Once the stress exceeds yield stress, the relationship
is no longer linear and the material response is referred to as plastic. The material displays strain-hardening,
whereby the slope of curve beyond yield point increases with strain. For our analysis here, we will
approximate this strain hardening response by a horizontal line. Such material response is called elasticperfectly plastic material behavior.
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21
Batch
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
T17
T18
T19
T20
T21
T22
T23
T24
140100023
140100009
140100018
140100015
140100069
140010031
140100091
140100035
140100024
140100116
14B030010
14D110001
140020121
140100099
140110010
14D170017
140110034
140020048
14D100020
140110042
140100041
140100063
140110053
140100033
14D100015
140100112
140100117
140100100
140100073
130100028
Week
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
Sat
W7
W8
W9
W10
W11
W12
W13
W14
W15
Experiments
Viva
Date
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
NO VIVA
12/Jan/16 T1,T13
T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18
19/Jan/16 T7,T19
T8,T20 T9,T21 T10,T22 T11,T23 T12,T24
T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18
26/Jan/16 HOLIDAY
2/Feb/16
T2,T14
T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13
T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T21 T10,T22 T11,T23 T12,T24
9/Feb/16
T8,20
T9,21
T10,22 T11,23 T12,24
T7,19
T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13
13/02/16
T3,T15
T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14
T8,20
T9,21
T10,22 T11,23 T12,24
T7,19
16/Feb/16 T9,T21 T10,T22 T11,T23 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20
T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14
MIDSEM WEEK
23/Feb/16
1/Mar/16
T4,T16
T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15
T9,T21 T10,T22 T11,T23 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20
8/Mar/16 T10,T22 T11,T23 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T21
T4,T16 T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15
15/Mar/16 T5,T17
T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16
T10,T22 T11,T23 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T21
22/Mar/16 T11,T23 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T21 T10,T22
T5,T17 T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16
29/Mar/16 T6,T18
T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17
T11,T23 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T21 T10,T22
5/Apr/16 T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T20 T10,T22 T11,T23
T6,T18 T1,T13 T2,T14 T3,T15 T4,T16 T5,T17
12/Apr/16
T12,T24 T7,T19 T8,T20 T9,T20 T10,T22 T11,T23
Exam
15-Apr-16
Batch
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
140100101
140100110
140110036
140100025
140100020
140100008
140020078
140100021
140100026
14D170011
140100002
140100072
14D100019
14D100003
140010006
140100061
140040012
140100056
140100092
140100102
140100082
140040057
140110054
140010054
VARUN CHAUDHARY
PALREDDY SREERAM KUMAR REDDY
GULAM SARWAR
PAREKH MANMATH KARTIKEY
PRAJESH ARVIND JANGALE
YADAV RAM RAMASHANKAR
AYUSH ANAND
HIMANSHU DENGRE
SHRUTI KHAIRKAR
MUDIT SINGH VATS
ASHMAK MOON
CHALAVADI SAI SUDHIR
ARYA S V
VEENAM MOHITH SAI NAG
DINDIGALA PRUDHVI CHARAN
SHISODE AJINKYA RAJIV
NISHANT NEERAJ
JALARAM CHOUDHARY
MESHRAM AYUSH DEEPAK
NEERESH PRIYADARSHI
LAD MEHUL NITIN
DHEERAJ KUMAR VERMA
VINEET KUMAR
HARISH MEENA
14D100012
140100046
140100083
140100085
12D100034
PUNEET KUMAR
SACHIN MEENA
CH P VENKATA SAI KIRAN
BATTINA SIVAJI
ABHINAV RATHOR
Week
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
Sat
W6
W7
W8
W9
W10
Sat
W11
W12
W13
W14
W15
Experiments
Viva
Date
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
NO VIVA
08/01/16 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18
15/Jan/16 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F21 F10,F22 F11,F23 F12,F24
F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18
22/Jan/29 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13
F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F21 F10,F22 F11,F23 F12,F24
29/Jan/16 F8,20
F9,21
F10,22 F11,23 F12,24
F7,19
No Viva
5/Feb/16 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14
F8,20
F9,21
F10,22 F11,23 F12,24
F7,19
6/Feb/16
No Experiment
F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13
12/Feb/16 F9,F21 F10,F22 F11,F23 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20
F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14
19/Feb/16 F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15
F9,F21 F10,F22 F11,F23 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20
MIDSEM WEEK
26/Feb/16
4/Mar/16 F10,F22 F11,F23 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F21
F4,F16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15
11/Mar/16 F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16
F10,F22 F11,F23 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F21
12/Mar/16 F11,F23 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F21 F10,F22
F5,F17 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16
18/Mar/16 F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17
F11,F23 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F21 F10,F22
HOLIDAY
25/Mar/16
1/Apr/16 F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F20 F10,F22 F11,F23
F6,F18 F1,F13 F2,F14 F3,F15 F4,F16 F5,F17
HOLIDAY
8/Apr/16
12/Apr/16
F12,F24 F7,F19 F8,F20 F9,F20 F10,F22 F11,F23
Exam
15/Apr/16