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of Steel Castings
PART III Properties
W.J. JACKSON
-
Engineering Properties
The effect of carbon content and
heat treatment on the tensile properties of plain carbon steels is illustrated in Fig. 1. Typical properties
available from low-alloy steels are
indicated in Fig. 2 (a) and (b); it is
apparent from these diagrams that for
this class of steel, quenching and
tempering can produce higher strengths
1000
- - - - - -
go(
50(
,o~-
ANNEALED
NORMALIZED
<
40
~o
BO
'~<EDUCTION
OF AREA
-
750
30
10
50
~k~
TENSILE STRENGTH
800
TENSILE STRENGTH N mm 2
Z
"1"
600
.~,"
'~%
k-
i
1000
500
-30
Z
w
p-
-20
~:
z
<
z
0
250
q
YIELD STRENGTH
I
0.1
I
0.2
ELONGATION
I
0.3
I
0.4
I
0.5
10
I
0.6
CARBON. %
Fig. 1 Variation in tensile properties with carbon content and heat treatment,
for plain carbon cast steels.
310
Table 1 (a) Specified Minimum Mechanical Properties and Physical Properties of some commonly-used
Carbon and Low-Alloy Cast Steels
BS 3100
Steel Type
A1
0.25%C
A2
0.35%C
A3
0.45%C
AW2
0.5%C
AW3
0.6%C
430
490
540
620
690
230
260
295
325
370
22
120 a
1.5t ab
25 a
-
18
90 a
1.5tab
20 a
-
14
12
18 c
not specified
not specified
not specified
A, N or
NT
A, N or
NT
A, N or
WQT
7.81
7.85
A
A, N or
460
460
A
A
50C 100C 50C 100C
44.38 42.7 43.96 47.7
A, N or
WQT
7.84
A or WQT
460
A, N or
QT
7.9 7.8
A
460
A, N or
QT
7.8
A
460
50C 100C
43.54 43.12
50C
& 100C
Mean Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
(c~) x 106/C
20C-100C
A
N
12.8 12.5
A
N
12.5 12.5
13.1 12.9
12.7 12.6
20C-300C
13.4 13.3
13.1 13.4
20C-400C
13.6 13.8
13.5 13.7
13.8 14.1
13.9 14.0
14.1 14.5
14.3 14.4
A
N
12.5 11.8
QT 11.9
12.8 12.2
QT 12.4
13.2 12.8
QT 12.9
13.7 13.2
QT 13.3
14.1 13.7
QT 13.8
14.4 14.2
QT 14.3
A
11.78
20C-200C
A
N
10.8 11.4
WQT 11.7
12.2 12.2
WQT 12.4
12.2 12.6
WQT 12.8
13.4 13.1
WQT 13.2
13.9 13.5
WQT 13.8
14.2 13.9
WQT 14.1
Minimum Specified
Properties
Tensile Strength (Rm)N/mm 2
Yield Stress (ReL) or
0.2% Proof Stress (RpO.2)
N/mm 2
Elongation on 5.65x/A %
Angle of Bend
Radius of Bend
Charpy V-notch Impact, J
Brinell Hardness
Final Heat Treatment
Representative Physical
Properties
Specific Gravity
Specific Heat (c)
J/Kg C at 29C
Thermal Conductivity (k)
W/mC
20C-500C
29C-600C
Electrical Resistivity
(/9) microhm m at 20C
Youngs Modulus (E)
N/mm 2
Modulus of Rupture
N/mm 2
Modulus of Rigidity
N/mm2
Endurance Limit
N/mm 2
Notched
Un-notched
311
AorN
A
A
2,290
2,288
AorN
AN or WQT
203,864-207,725 209,579-211,587 210,815
214,212
A
494
A
73,360
N
75
N
230
2,354
A 209,019
N 213,205
QT 2 1 3 , 7 4 9
A
544
A
79,538
A
544
A
79,538
A
547
A
75,677
A
208
ANT
179 193
ANT
229 259
A
208
12.36
13.04
13.36
13.74
14.14
A
2,457
A 208, 374
N 212, 741
QT 216,734
A4
1%%Mn
A5
1%Mn
B1
C-%Mo
B2
1%Cr-Mo
B3
2%Crl%Mo
B5
5%Cr-Mo
BT1
540
620
460
480
540
620
69O
320
370
260
280
325
420
495
16
-
18
120 a
1.5tab
20 a
_
17
120 a
1.5tab
30 a
140-212 d
17
120 a
3tab
25 a
156-235 d
13
90 a
3tab
25 a
179-255 d
11
30
152-270 d
13
_
25
179-229 d
35 f
201-255 d
201-255NT d
N, NT or
QT
N, N t o r
QT
NT
NT
NT
NT or
QT
QT
A, NT or
QT
WQT
WQT
NT
WQT
ANT
7.83
7.82
7.85
7.8
BW2
C-l~r
7.86
7.85
7.88
7.80
460 e
460 e
460 e
50C 100C
42.1 42.7
50C
& 100C
460 e
_
NT
WQT
50C 1 0 0 C 5 0 C 100C
30.1 30.6
39.7 39.9
WQT
13.04
WQT
12.4
12.4
11.8
11.8
NT
11.8
WQT
12.5
NT
12.50
12.32
12.8
12.8
12.5
12.3
12.0
12.7
12.98
13.83
13.3
13.1
12.6
12.6
12.3
13.0
13.26
14.44
13.9
13.4
13.3
12.9
12.5
13.4
13.39
14.92
14.6
13.8
13.7
13.4
12.7
13.9
13.49
16.28
15.0
14.2
14.0
13.8
13.0
14.4
13.53
WQT
203,015
WQT
207,571
2,421
2,870
205,910
207,100
213, 200
NT
3,720
NT
213,980
WQT
2,767
WQT
209,580
NT
212,514
565
602
86,480
81,850
NT
653
NT
81,080
WQT
661
WQT
83,400
WQT
639
WQT
83,930
NT QT
218 258
334 403
255
WQT
309
312
L;
O
~De~
o
o
o
o
,.-.
o
o
o
r~,.O
O
e~
~,
o
o
~"1
t""-
,d,d
o~
6
=.
t~
O'
o
E
8
e'q
'~
E
o~
0
o
o
I
r-:~--
.0
0
0",
O~
O 0
o
00
0 0 0 ~
o
o
o
O~
o
0o
O
e'q
a~
g
~
~
,-n
N
N
"~
"
eN
o
O'
O
o
o
r--
or ~
0
"~
O
o
o
O ,-~
e'~ .,.,
[-O'
O
o~.
~0ol
e~
~ ' ~
0 . .
['4
~
. .
0
=
mN
~
~
~m
313
MATERIALS
0 0 0 0 0 0
~
~
~
IN ENGINEERING,
V01.2,
~ O ~
DECEMBER
1981
Annealed.
Normalised.
=
Tempered.
=
Quenched.
=
Stress Relieved.
= Water Quenched.
=
Oil Quenched.
=
Air Hardened.
Either Charpy or bend test may be specified.
t=
Thickness of test piece
Impact test is mandoatory only if specified by purchaser.
BrineU hardness is only required if requested by the purchaser and stated on the order.
25C.
Where due to design of casting, it is not practicable to liquid quench the casting it may not be possible to achieve the specified impact
properties. In such cases the values to be obtained should be agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry
or order.
-60C.
Not applicable to free machining steel.
Free machining specification in brackets.
Provision is made for supply of this steel with specified impact at low temperatures (-196C) if stated on order, if agreed between
manufacturere and purchaser.
=
=
g
h
k
m
2~
................................
o,ou0h,
c,,,
:~ .............
oo
."
1oc~o
zX.~l
lO4
i iiiiiI
lO 5
i i IiiiJ
i i ilJlJ
to 6
CYCLES T(] FAILUHF
,,i
Fig. 3
I
800
I
1ooo
I
12oo
/
I aoo
T~NS~LE STRENGTH N mm 2
Fig. 2(b)
16oo
L
Plain c a r b o n , annealed
Unnotched
Wrought
Cast
Notchea
O
C3
The element in cast steel that influences properties more than any
2OO
lOa
Fig. 4(a)
,IJ~ll
lOs
lO6
CYCLES TO F A I L U R E
lo ~
314
Heat
Treatment*
Tensile
Strength
N/mm
Yield
Strength
N/mm
Reduction
of Area, %
Elongation
L=4D,%
BS 3100 A3
0.4%C
A900C
N900 o, T650C
576
649
340
386
46.7
52.2
27.5
24.5
BS 3100 A5
11/2%Mn
N900 T425C
N900 , T650C
Q845 , T620C
669
684
843
437
428
731
58.5
58.5
55.6
26.0
24.0
20.5
BS 3100 BT1
Cr-Mo
N900 , T650C
Q845 , T635C
777
1010
596
903
43.1
35.8
18.0
14.0
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
N900 , T650C
Q845 v, T650C
761
948
590
865
53.7
34.5
19.0
14.8
BS 3100 BT3
Ni-Cr-Mo
N900 , T605C
Q830 , T550C
871
1160
692
1075
50.2
17.8
14.5
9.5
Steel
Specification
and Type
Brinell
Hardness
Number
Endurance
Limit~
N/mm
UnNotched
Notched
UnNotched
Notched
Notch
Sensitivity
factor,
q
Endurance
Ratio
BS 3100 A3
0.4%C
156
187
229
259
179
193
0.40
0.40
0.31
0.30
0.23
0.29
BS 3100 A5
1% Mn
201
201
269
287
333
403
215
218
258
0.43
0.49
0.48
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.28
0.44
0.48
BS 3100 BT1
Cr-Mo
223
311
354
423
230
279
0.45
0.42
0.30
0.28
0.45
0.43
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
223
286
372
448
229
266
0.49
0.47
0.30
0.28
0.53
0.57
BS 3100 BT3
Ni-Cr-Mo
262
375
434
534
241
332
0.50
0.46
0.28
0.29
0.68
0.51
315
Table 3 Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation Data for Cast Steels
Steel
Specification
and Type
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3101/A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A2
0.3%C
BS 3100 A4
1%M n
BS 3100 B7
Cr-Mo-V
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
BS 3100 A4
1% Mn
BS 31/)0 B7
Cr-Mo-V
BS 3100 BT 1
Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo
R value
min. stress
max. stress
0.2%
Proof Stress
N]mm 2
125 x 32 x 300
587
2 0 0 x 100 x 450
5541o576
A Ko
MN/m J/ 2
2.11
8.03 X 10- 8
-10.1
3.43 x 1038
10
2.90
5 X 10-9
-18.65
3.85 x 1067
542 to 574
10
3.32
1.26X 10-8
-24.04
6.09 x 1085
125 x 32 x 3110
619
10
2.01
9.9 X 10-8
-9.67
1.58 x 1037
588 to 604
2.64
1.1 X 10-8
-18.25
4.45 x 1066
565 to 608
3.06
2.29 x 10-9
-17.21
2.38 x 1063
125 x 32 x 3011
2.11
8.03 x 10- 8
-9.93
8.98 x 1035
554 to 576
0.5
2.90
5 x 10.9
-8.02
6.02 x 1029
542 1o 574
0.5
3.32
1.26 x 10- 8
-8.26
6.3 x 1030
125x32x300
619
I).5
2.1)1
9.9 x 10- 8
-12.29
3.59 x 10 `*2
588 to 604
0.5
2.64
1.1 x 10- 8
-9.11
5.38 x 1033
N
A 960C,
N 960C,
A 960C,
N 975C,
T 700C
A 900C,
OQ 9 0 0 C ,
Y 640C
A 960C,
N 960C
A 950C,
N 980C,
T 680C
SR 6 8 0 C ,
WQ 9 3 0 C ,
T 6 0 0 C and
565 to 608
0.5
3.06
2.29 x 10-9
-4.98
1.63 X 1021
411
9.9
2.29
3 . 5 9 x 10-8
-9.93
2.42 X 1038
545
11
I 1.2
2.13
5.27 x 10- 8
-16.35
7.78 X 1060
774
11.1
1.49
6.26 x t0- 7
-15.79
1.34 x 1059
430
2.07
10-7
-3.53
101515
5011
2.11
10-6. 5
-4.02
10166
7411
10-5.7
-4.76
10197
6611
1.94
10- 7.t
-4.25
101765
A 900"C,
OQ 8 8 0 C ,
T 640C
8511
1.80
10-6.7
-5.0
1020.8
A 900C
360
2.09
10-6.9
-3.17
1013"6
587
1).5
wo
A 900C,
WQ 9 0 0 C ,
T 5 0 0 C and
WQ Re-tempered 610(" and
BS 3100 BTI
1% Mn-M~
wo
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
BS 3100 AW3
Cr-C
* A = Annealed: N = Normaliscd; SR = Stress Relict" Annealed; WQ = Water Quenched" OQ = Oil Quenched: T = Tempered
cast steel is satisfactory at temperatures down to 4 0 C or -50C, lowand medium-alloy steels at temperatures down to -60C; at lower temperatures, austenitic steels are required.
Elevated Temperature Properties
316
Table 4 Room Temperature Fracture Toughness Data for a Variety of Cast Steels
Material
Specification
and Type
Heat Treatment*
Section
Size mm
0.2~
Proof
Stress
N/mm 2
KIC 3/~
MN/m ~;
COD**
tSi or ~c
mm
(N/mm 3/2)
K~C/Oy
m
BS 3100 B2
Plain Carbon
A 950C
25
323
0.04 to 0.08
BS 3100 A4
1V2%Mn
A 960C ,
N 960C
25
427
0 . 1 8 to 0.29
BS 3100 A4
1%M n
A 960C ,
N 960C
50
20
412
0.129 to 0.173
0.095 to 0.155
BS 3100 BTI
Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo
SR 6 8 0 ~
WQ 930C,
T 6 0 0 C and WQ
25
742
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
A 900C ,
OQ 8 8 0 C
T 640C
25
853
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
A 950C ,
SR 6 0 0 C ,
N 920C ,
T 600C
40
750 to
820
66 to 96
(2086 to
3034)
BS 3100 BT2
Ni-Cr-Mo
A 900C ,
OQ 880C,
T 640C
30
715 to
740
85
(2686)
BS 3100 BT2
1%Mn-Mo
A 930t)C ,
WQ 8 9 0 C ,
T 6 5 0 C and WQ
30
640 t()
758
BS 3100 BW2
1% Cr-C
A 920C ,
N 870C ,
T 635C
60
419
59
(1860)
0.02
0.14
BS 3100 BW2
1% Cr-C
A 920C ,
N 870C ,
T 635C
25
46(1
48
(1517)
0.02
0.1
BS 3100 B7
%Cr-%Mo-%V
A 950C ,
N 980C ,
T 6 8 0 C and
T 700C
25
504
46
(1454)
0.01
0.09
BS 3100 B7
%Cr-%Mo-%V
A 1000C,
N 1000C,
T 680C
60
367 It)
54 to 69
(1706 to
2180)
0.016 to 0.03
0.11 to 0.15
BS 3100 B7
%Cr-%Mo-%V
A 960C ,
N 975C ,
50
52 to 71
(1643 Io
2244)
0.024 to 0.07
0.09 to 0.12
72
(2275)
0.018 to 0.026
0.097
0.026 to 0.050
0.021 to 0.11
20
0.084 to 0.122
0.058 to 0.07
550
520 to
585
0.066 to 0.117
0.1
0.057 to 0.133
T 700C
20
BS 3100 AW3
0.5%C
A 900C
25
360
0.05 to 0.09
BS 3100 410C21
13%Cr
A 1050C,
N 1050C,
T 680C
60
366 to
446
0.04 t o 0.08
0.032 to 0.05
317
(b)).
For many applications the design
life of the component is much longer
than a practical laboratory test and it
becomes necessary to extrapolate the
experimental data. There are several
methods for data extrapolation, the
most common being based upon timetemperature parameters, which enable
a master curve to be constructed from
Magnetic Properties
Because of their excellent combination of strength and suitable magnetic
properties, steel castings are very
widely used in electrical plant and
machinery. Examples of the use of
high-permeability steel castings include
electromagnetic clutches and brakes,
yokes for electromagnets, and stator
housings and armatures for electric
motors and dynamos.
To obtain high permeability, the
carbon content of the steel should be
very low. However, for many applications in electrical engineering, strength
is an additional requirement of some
importance. Consequently, in BS 3100
there are two steels, AM1 having a
lower carbon content and better
magnetic properties than AM2 which
in turn has the better strength. The
effect of carbon content is typified
in Fig. 169 . Manganese acts in the
same way as carbon in impairing magnetic properties, and it is for this reason
that the maximum amount permitted in
Fig. 5 Selection of steel castings for the marine industry. (Courtesy of British
Steel Corporation).
which stress rupture properties can be
determined at temperatures other than
the original test temperatures. There
are several ways of presenting the
stress rupture data, one of the most
common being plots of stress vs
temperature for lines of constant
rupture life. These curves are frequently plotted on the same diagram
with curves showing the proof stress
results from short-time tensile tests,
thus giving a complete description
of the mechanical properties over wide
temperature ranges. A typical graph of
this type for a 1% Cr-Mo steel is
shown in Fig. 13.
Although the tensile strength
provides useful information, the parameter used in designing components is
the proof stress. The proof stress
values in current use are the 0.2% for
carbon and low alloy (ferritic) steels,
10
30
40
b()
60
,,.n
800
700
>
I
600
500
~"~.,
,~ 400
"r"
~'~.
172'/,, Mn Mo
300
200
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
Fig. 6 Jominy end-quench hardenability curves for lY2%Mn-Mo steels with and
without boron.
318
100(]
TENSILE STRENG'~H
rl 7~mm(3in) SECTION
!150mm (6in)
A SECTION
800
E 600
Z
~ 600
40C ~
50
40-
30-
~ 20-
0.
10
40
I
30Z
75
mm(3in)
150 mm (6in)
-I
319
Wear-Resisting Properties
The replacement of steel parts
that wear in service can be an expensive
item and may form a major part of
the cost of the process being carried
out. Apart from the actual cost of
replacements, down-time on the
machine can represent a considerable
loss.
Resistance to abrasion by nonmetallic materials is a function not
only of the steel, but also of the
environmental
conditions.
Three
general types of wear have been
recognised, i.e. gouging abrasion,
grinding or high-stress abrasion, and
scratching or low-stress abrasion. In
any particular service, more than one
of these types of wear may operate,
,I
150mm
Z~ (6m)
SECTION
:N
_E
E 80
z
tj ? "
10oo-
( :.t' Y I F L D STRENGTH
800
50
REDUCTION OF AREA
40 -
3o
~
20
3.
lo
40
ELONGATION
IN 5 0 m n
(2inl
3o
-3-.- 2O
,
~0
I
150 m m (6in)
SECTION SIZE
Magnetic
Ferrite
Magnetic
Permability
(%)
Permeabifity
1.005
1.010
1.084
1.150
1,316
1.659
2.829
0
0
0.7
1.8
3.2
8.0
16.2
1.005
1.025
1.105
1.615
1.665
2.315
3,753
Ferrite
(%)
0
0.4
2.3
7.5
7.0
I0.0
19.0
320
% FIBROUS FRACTURE
~Zr~
,=k
~.
.-~
.-t
X,\, X~,,
~1~
\~
!J! \
I
I
I
~3
r;'==
o o =
I
I
I
I
I
< m
o
r~
=~
o_
B
=
=.
ml
t~
321
0
--
I
I
I
I
|
0
to-
o
O
x,
\
\
o~
\
x
,~~,,,,,,\'\" \\
\
U,I
e~
\\
a
z
h-
e-
I--
r-
t0
<
\
\
>-
~ o
o
0
0
0
L~
oW
3EIfIIC)VU=I snoEI813 %
Q;
E
eC13
o=N
.I
< ....
E
0
-
.
tO
r-
t0
~ .5 .5
E E
E E
E
E
P3 t'~
~ - - ~
!?)
63~
U.J
.E
O
N
cO
o
m,
Z
~J
O0
r-
oc]~
322
ro~
60
.40--
7oo
7O
320-300--
REDUCTION
OF AREA
TENSILE
STRENGTH
780F
760-
z 500
00
<
5o
50000 h
?4t
2~t
~. 400
^
<
18[
3o _g
Min02,proofstres
~ ~
J,o
200
:c
ELONGATION
1or
ii!
too
2o0
t
3O0
400
500
60
TEMPERATURE, C
1
100
200
I.
300
400
500
600
Fig.
TEMPERATURE. C
14
/.o
<
rt r~SILE STHENGTH
,o
1oo
ELONGATION
....
NORMALfSED
- -
AN.ea~eo
~ %
I
loo
MAGNETI~NG FIELD ~ A~
rl
,o'o
2~o
'
300
'
4OO
"
5 0
'
60O
.......~ ......
Fig. 16 Magnetisation curves for 0.10% and 0.34% carbon steels in the annealed
and normalised conditions.
323
MATERIALS
IN E N G I N E E R I N G ,
Vol. 2, D E C E M B E R 1981