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Microscopic magnetism
aligned
magnetic moments
Spontaneous orientation of the magnetic moments due to material and quantum mechanical effects.
Grouping of magnetic moments to the domain structure (domain = Weiss domains).
The increase of an external field H polarizes the domains by Barkhausen jumps and the magnetization of the
part increases in the direction of the external field.
Orientation of domains.
Rectified (summed) field vectors
lead to measurable magnetism
at the surface.
Graphic s: Wikipedia
Domains (~10m1mm)
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Bloch wall
Maurer Magnetic AG, 09.2014
Bs
Br
Magnetic saturation Bs
Complete alignment of magnetic
domains.
This equals the max. possible
magnetization of a material.
Hc
Field strength H [kA/m]
(External field)
Coercivity Hc
Demagnetizing field that drives the
magnetization back to zero.
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Low
Low alloy, low carbon steels
(e.g. structural steel, mild steel, case
hardening steel, etc.)
Not hardened
Low
Residual magnetism
Steel type
Heat treating status
(Tempering over Curie temp.
eliminates residual magnetism)
Cold deformation
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High
High alloy, high strength steels
(e.g. HSS, 100Cr6, X-steels etc.)
Hardened
High
50
A/cm
20
A/cm
10
A/cm
Galvanic- and electro discharge processes (chrome plating, ECM, EDM ...)
2
A/cm
0,4
A/cm
[A/cm] - Values in the arrow apply to Hall effect zone distance to the surface of 0.5mm
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2D- FEM
Part of steel
(sectional view)
N
S
Magnetic pole (N or S)
10mm
Possible causes:
Direct contact to tools, collets, tool holders etc. with increased residual magnetism
Use of magnetic lifting or clamping systems
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Possible
situations
Ferromagnetic part
Residual magnetism occurs
after machining, examples:
Field concentration on
an edge
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End
Industrial demagnetizers
Magnetic field instruments
Demagnetization services
Troubleshooting in magnetism
Magnets and magnet systems
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