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KEYWORDS
Bird strike;
Engine blade;
Numerical simulation;
PAM-CRASH;
SPH
Abstract In order to examine the process of a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by bird, a
nite element model of a bird impacted on plate is developed with the explicit code PAM-CRASH.
The smooth particles hydrodynamic (SPH) method is used to simulate the bird because of the SPH method
showing no signs of instability and correctly modeling the breaking-up of the bird into particles. Good
agreement between the simulation results and experimental results indicates that the numerical method
of bird strike used in the present paper is reasonable. Then a rotary engine primary compressor impacted
by three different congurations bird named straight-ended cylinder bird, quadrangular bird, hemispherical-ended bird are investigated using the numerical simulation method. It is found that the whole process
of bird strike sustained about 3.5 ms and the bird is slashed by blade during the strike. The geometry conguration of bird affected the displacement and von Mises stress of some blades severely, just because the
breaking birds mass is affected by the birds conguration. In the event of bird striking on the site of up
some blades may develop plastic deformation and it is very adverse for the safety work of the engine.
2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of CSAA & BUAA.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
1. Introduction
The aircraft engines always work on the risk of impacting foreign object during both take-off and landing. Possible striking
scenarios include bird strike, soft or hard body impact. When
the bird is ingested into the engine with the air impacts on the
fan and blades of engine, it would lead the engine to fail to work
normally due to the plastic deformation and break of the
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 29 88494859.
E-mail addresses: liujun_top@126.com (J. Liu), liyulong@nwpu.
edu.cn (Y. Li).
Peer review under responsibility of Editorial Committee of CJA.
1000-9361 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of CSAA & BUAA. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2013.06.006
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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
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J. Liu, Y. Li
Fig. 3
Table 1
Parameter
Bird A
Bird B
Bird C
L = 186 mm, D = 93 mm
Geometry shape
Dimension
Table 2
Parameter
q (kg/m3)
E (GPa)
a (MPa)
Value
4440
115
0.33
1000
Parameter
b (GPa)
D/s1
Value
10
0.3
35
5.5
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
After establishing the fan FE model and the bird SPH model,
the contact type 34 in software was applied to dening the contact
between the FE model and SPH model as well as between the two
tips on adjacent blade. The rotation and displacement of the fan
in y and z directions were xed, and the displacement of the fan in
x direction was xed just the rotation of the fan on x is free. The
rotation speed 7700 r/min was dened in the present simulation
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
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930
but the root of the blade just was xed in static simulation. At last,
the bird velocity along negative x direction was set at 100 m/s that
the initial impact point is up, mid and low separately on 1#
blade, as showed in Fig. 5. Then the FESPH model of bird
striking on an engine fan was established completely.
J. Liu, Y. Li
3.1.2. Effects of bird geometry
Fig. 9(a) shows the displacement variations in the center of the
plate for different congurations of the bird model. It is indicted that the straight-ended cylinder reached its maximum
displacement of 2.0 mm at about 0.5 ms. The quadrangular
reached its maximum displacement of 1.77 mm at about
Fig. 10
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(a) N1
(b) N2
(c) N3
Fig. 11
(d) N4
Simulation results of displacement vs time.
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Fig. 12
J. Liu, Y. Li
0.5 ms also. The hemispherical-ended cylinder reached its maximum displacement of 1.52 mm at about 0.3 ms. Among the
three different bird congurations, the maximum displacement
for the straight-ended cylinder is the highest. The normalized
displacement of the point along x axis was plotted in
Fig. 9(b), here the displacement represents the maximum displacement value, so this represents the maximum deformation
Fig. 13
(a) Low
Fig. 14
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(c) Up
(b) Mid
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namic response of a bird striking on blades of an engine primary compressor. Some conclusions are obtained as follows:
(1) The process of bird striking on plate is simulated and the
projection diameter of the bird on the plate is calculated.
Agreement with the experimental results indicates that
the EOS and its parameter used for the bird in the
numerical simulation are reasonable.
(2) Three kinds of bird geometry congurations are
examined in the simulation of bird striking on plate.
It is found from this study that the initial contact
area between the bird and the plate in the early
phase of the striking event would have a signicant
effect on the peak value striking force, displacement
and so on.
(3) The simulation on process of bird striking on primary compressor indicates that the whole process of
bird strike sustained about 3.5 ms and the bird is
slashed by blades during the strike. The model in
the present paper can better simulate the blades
impacted by bird than others in which the blade is
static because the blades of the compressor are rotary
in practice.
(4) Some blades may yield serve plastic deformation in the
event of bird striking on the site of up and it is very
adverse for the safety work of the engine.
(5) The study shows the potential of using the nite element
method in predicting the deformation of engine primary
compressor in bird strike events.
Acknowledgements
This study was co-supported by National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 11102167) and the Basic Research
Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (No.
JCY20130102).
J. Liu, Y. Li
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Liu Jun received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in School of Aeronautics
from Northwestern Polytechnical University in 2003 and 2006
respectively, and received the Ph.D. degree in 2009 from the same
university, and then became a teacher there. His main research interests are impacting mechanic and numerical simulation.
Li Yulong received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in School of Aeronautics
from Northwestern Polytechnical University in 1982 and 1985
respectively, and received the Ph.D. degree in 1991 from the same
university, Now he is a Cheung Kong Scholar, Special Professor in
Northwestern Polytechnical University. His main research interests are
dynamic mechanic and numerical simulation.