First Aid Kit

FIRST AID GUIDE
2002-2007 Dr. Michael Stachiw, Ph.D.

Revised July 4, 2007
This first aid guide is provided as a set of general instructions in using the materials
included in the average first aid kit. It should be noted that this guide is also for the
treatment of minor injuries, and that these general instructions are consistent with current
standard first aid practices. Some portions of this guide are focused towards outdoor
enthusiasts, which Dr. Stachiw is a participant, and may not reflect normal first-aid
situations. Dr. Stachiw is not responsible or liable in any way for the use of this guide, or
for when or how the caregiver provides first aid. Trained medical personnel should always
treat serious injuries and persistent conditions as soon as possible.
This document may be copied freely as long as it is copied in its entirety and credit is given
to Dr. Michael Stachiw. Single printed copies of this document can be obtained for free by
contacting Dr. Michael Stachiw (stachiwma@worldnet.att.net).
2
Table of Contents
Topic
Page
General Guidelines
First Things First
Animal Bites
Artificial Respiration
9
10
Bleeding
Blisters
Burns
12
14
15
Cuts and Scrapes
17
Drugs
19
Frostbite
20
Insect Bites & Stings

Bed Bug Bites
Bee & Wasp Stings
Chiggers
Fire-Ant Sting
Flea Bite
Mosquito Bites
Scorpion Stings
22
22
23
24
25
26
26
26
3
Spider Bite
Ticks
27
29
Poisonous Plants (to the touch)

Poison Ivy
Poison Oak
Poison Sumac
32
32
32
32
Sore Throat
Splinters
Sprains
Stomach Pains
Sunburn
33
33
34
34
35
Toothache
36
Emergency Telephone Numbers
37
First Aid Kits
38
References
42
4
General Guidelines:
First Aid is exactly as the term implies, the first aid given for an
injury. It is not intended as a long-term solution to a problem, nor
does it replace treatment provided by trained medical personnel.
Before attempting to administer First Aid, you need to perform an

initial assessment which should include: Safety (yours and the
victims), mechanism of the injury (how did it happen), medical
information devices (Medic Alert tags or bracelets), number of
casualties (if more than one person involved), bystanders (those
that might be able to help you).1
Always avoid contact with blood or other body fluids. Use latex
gloves whenever possible.
If administering mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, use a face shield,

following instructions on the packet.
In an emergency, you should follow these priorities:

o Check that you are not placing yourself in danger by providing
first aid. If you become injured you will not be able to help
others!
o Check to see if the person is conscious. If conscious and they
are breathing, stay with the victim while sending somebody else
to call for help.
Standard First Aid Course: NAVEDTRA 13199.
5
o Check to see if the person is breathing. If you are alone, call

911 first if possible before starting rescue breathing.
o Check for a pulse. If no pulse found begin CPR if you know the
technique.
o Check for bleeding. Immediately stop bleeding by applied
direct pressure before you worry about any fancy bandages.
o Check for neck and spinal injuries, injuries on the head. You
should never move the victim unless its absolutely necessary.
o If the person is unconscious do not attempt to give them fluids.
Do not become involved in using treatment methods beyond your

skill. Recognize the limits of your competence. Only perform First
Aid procedures that are within your scope of knowledge and skills.2
Always stay calm and do not ever give up. Continue to provide aid
to the victim until help arrives!
First Aid Guide for School Emergencies
6
First Things First3

All too often we get caught up in some minor detail and miss the big
picture, or to put it another way, we miss the forest for the trees. It
is important to keep in mind the following priorities when performing
first aid.
Always perform first aid in the following order:
1. Restore Breathing: A person becomes brain dead in 6 minutes if
breathing is not restored.
2. Stop Severe Bleeding: Without blood, oxygen can not get to the
vital organs of a persons body.
3. Treat Shock: A victims mind and body must work together in

order to be healthy. Never overlook shock situations, be they
mental or physical.
3
USDA Handbook #227
7
4. Call advanced medical help immediately: Always realize that you

are providing a stop-gap function to an injured person. Always
obtain trained medical assistance as soon as possible. It also is
good first aid practice to have even minor wounds checked when
expert medical assistance is available.
8
Animal Bites
Bites from wildlife, cats & dogs.
1. Wash wound for several minutes with soap and water.
2. Apply antiseptic.
3. Apply sterile pad or bandage to protect the wound.
4. CALL DOCTOR AND/OR POLICE IMMEDIATELY. If bite
is from an unknown dog or other animal, try to have animal
caught for examination by authorities. If the animals must
be killed, take precautions not to injure the brain of the
animal since this is where rabies examinations are
conducted. They can then determine if victim will need a
series of anti-rabies injections.
9
Artificial Respiration4
Mouth-to-Mouth
or
Mouth-to-Nose Rescue Breathing
Place casualty on back immediately
Dont water time moving to a better place, loosening clothing, or

draining water from lungs.
Quickly clear mouth and throat
Remove mucus, food and other obstructions
Tilt head back as far as possible
The head should be in a chin-up or sniff position and the neck

stretched
Lift lower jaw forward
Grasp jaw by pacing thumb into corner of mouth. Do not hold or

depress tongue.
Pinch nose shut (or seal mouth)
From Graphic Training Aid 21-45, Headquarters, Department of the Army, October 1961
10
Prevent air leakage
Open your mouth wide and blow

Take a deep breath and blow forcefully (except for babies) into mouth
or nose until you see chest rise
Listen for exhalation

Quickly remove your mouth when chest rises. Lift jaw higher if
casualty makes snoring or gurgling sounds.
Repeat (last two steps) 12 to 20 times per minute

Continue until casualty begins to breath normally
For infants seal both mouth and nose with your mouth
Blow with small puffs of air from your cheeks
11
Bleeding
Internal
Bleeding is most likely to occur in the stomach, lungs, or bowels. Blood
from the lungs is coughed up; from the stomach vomited; from the
bowels it appears in the stools. With internal bleeding, signs of
restlessness, weakness, pallor, thirst and a faint, rapid pulse are usually
present.
In an accident where internal bleeding may have occurred, contact a

doctor as soon as possible. While you wait, keep the patient quiet,
comfortably warm, and lying flat. Give him nothing to drinknot even
water. When moving injured person to advanced medical facilities,
only transport (if possible) in a laying position.
External
Place a pressure dressing (several layers of sterile gauze) over the
wound. Secure it in place firmly enough to stop the bleeding or hold it
in place with firm hand pressure. Whenever possible, elevate the
wound.
12
If no sterile bandages are available, use a thick pad of the cleanest cloth
on hand. Sheets, towels, handkerchiefs or other freshly laundered
clothing can be used if nothing better is available. In a serious
emergency, when severe bleeding is encountered, do not hesitate to
apply direct pressure with your bare hand, unless better methods are
available.
13
BLISTERS
1. Use shears to cut a donut-shaped piece of moleskin. Be sure the hole
in the middle is slightly larger than the blister.
2. Place over the blister.
Note: The same technique can also be used when a "hot spot" develops to
prevent the formation of a blister, or to ease pressure on corns and
calluses.
14
Burns5
Burns can be one of the most traumatic injuries to deal with. The victim can
be in severe pain, there can be the smell of burnt flesh and depending on the
degree of the burn, and charred clothing can be attached to the victims
flesh. The first step in dealing with burns is to determine the level of the
burn. It should be realized that First and second degree burns can be
caused by prolonged exposure to intense sunlight.
Classification of burn:
First Degree skin is reddened
Second Degree skin is blistered
Third Degree skin cooked or charred, the burn may extend into
the underlying tissue. In sever cases skin or appendages may be
burned off.
Treatment:
First degree and second degree burns, only covering up to about

1% (like the size of a hand) body surface:
1. Wash/soak burned portions in cold water
2. Wash burned are in soapy water
3. Place sterile gauze over burned area
4. Bandage burned area snugly
Large
1.
burns of any degree

If a doctor or hospital is available within 30 minutes or less:
Treat victim for shock
Get victim to advanced medical treatment, attempt no
treatment
In part from USDA Handbook #227
15
2. If advanced medical aid is not readily available (like in an

outdoor/camping/backpacking setting):
Remove clothing from burned area. Cut around clothing/cloth
that sticks to burned area
Apply antiseptic cream to burned area
Cover burned area with sterile dressings
Bandage snugly (not too tight however)
Treat for shock
If victim is conscious, allow them to drink all the water they
desire. Commercial sport drinks are even better than water if
available
Get victim as soon as possible to advanced medical support
Do Not!
Touch the burned area with fingers

Breath on the burn
Break or drain blisters
Change any dressings that have been applied. Only advanced medical
support should change or remove any dressings applied as first aid
16
CUTS AND SCRAPES

1. Remove as much loose debris from the wound as possible, rinsing with
clean water, if available.
2 Gently clean wound with an antiseptic wipe.

3. If the wound gapes open slightly, it can be pulled closed with a butterfly
closure.
4. Apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment.
5. Cover the wound with an adhesive bandage. For larger wounds, use gauze
pads and adhesive tape.
17
6. Watch for signs of infection, such as:

Swelling, redness or warmth around the wound.
. Discharge of pus.
. Red streaks around the wound
7. If infection develops, consult a physician.
18
DRUGS
Aspirin and non-aspirin can be used for temporary relief of

headaches, minor aches and pains, and for fever reduction.
Chlorpheniramine maleate (Chlorphen) temporarily relieves the

symptoms of hay fever and other respiratory allergies.
Read all warnings and follow the dosage directions on individual packets.
19
Frostbite6
Damage to the skin resulting from exposure to low temperatures

(cold) and/or wind. Often affects parts of the body that have the
poorest circulation of blood and the greatest exposure to the cold.
Hands, feet, face, and ears are the most commonly affected body
parts.
Symptoms:
Considerable pain and redness in fingers, toes, cheeks, ears or

nose.
Grayish white color due to frozen tissues
Much like burns, the degree of severity is described as first degree,

second and third degree.
First Degree: Skin is white or slightly yellow, there is a burning or
itching feeling.
Second Degree: Skin is reddened or swollen and there is no feeling.
Third Degree: If the skin is waxy or hard, the skin tissue has died.
There may be blistering. Severe cases may result in damage to
6
7
The Little First Aid Book, Amber Raine, 2002.

Information in part from: USDA Handbook #227
20
the muscles, tendons and nerves. Blood clots may form and
inhibit circulation causing gangrene.
Treatment:
Until victim can be brought indoors, cover exposed parts of the

body
In all cases, go indoors, thaw affected area by immersion in

water slightly warmer (NOT HOT) than bath water. After
immersion, pat the affected area dry. Do not rub or chafe
frozen members. Apply warm, not hot cloths. Give warm liquids.
Handle patient gently and don't expose him to excessive heat.
Do not have patient drink alcoholic beverages or smoke as this
constricts the blood vessels.
Get advanced medical assistance as soon as possible
21
INSECT BITES & STINGS8

GENERAL INSECT STINGS
1. If a stinger is present, remove it by scraping away or gently pulling it

out with forceps.
2. Apply paste of baking soda and cold cream or use a commercially
available sting aid for topical relief of mosquito and other insect
bites. Calamine lotion will also relieve itching
3. If multiple stings, or unusual reaction (i.e. excessive reddish skin or
breathing issues), or a history of severe reactions, take victim
immediately to advanced medical support.
Bed Bug Bites

Description: Bedbugs are flat-bodied, oval, reddish brown and about a in
size. Although not painful at first, bed bug bites usually become red, swollen
and itchy. Reactions to bites range from mild to severe.9
Treatment: Apply paste of baking soda and cold cream or use a commercially
available sting aid for topical relief of bed bug bites.

Information in part from www.denvergov.org Division of Animal Control & from the University of
Nebraska at Lincoln Cooperative Extension Service.
9
22
Bee & Wasp Stings

Description: A very sore area that is red and swollen. Usually there is a
stinger protruding from the skin.
Treatment:
1. Scrape the stinger away with the edge of a credit card, knife blade,
or thumbnail. Do not try and squeeze the stinger out, as this will
cause more bee/wasp venom into the skin.
2. After removing the stinger, wash the area with soap and water.
3. Apply a cool washcloth or ice pack.
4. Some people have symptoms of severe allergic reactions are:
shortness of breath
thickening of the tongue
sweating
an anaphylactic shock
Seek medical help immediately if you have an allergic

reaction.
23
Chiggers10
Description:11
It is generally visible only with magnification. Chiggers are different than
mites in that they feed only in the larval stage. The chigger larvae get
onto the skin and move around until they meet some obstacle, for
example the waistband of underwear, the elastic band of socks, etc.
They then attach to the skin and begin feeding. The area around where
they are feeding usually turns red with an itching sensation.
Treatment:
1. Wash area with soap and water
2. Apply local topical hydrocortisone cream; antihistamine, or local
anesthetic cream should be applied to reduce the itching. Calamine

lotion can also be used.
3. The wounds must not be scratched
10
Drawing of a chigger from North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Information for this first aid procedure provided in part form the Oklahoma College of Pharmacy with
additional information available via their website located at: www.oklahomapoison.org
11
24
Preventive:
Spray your feet and ankles with a quality insect repellent containing
Deet12. Dimenthyl phthalate or flowers of sulphur can also be used in the
socks and around the ankles13.
Fire-Ant Sting
Description: After being stung by the fire ant, tiny painful red bumps
appear. After an hour or so, they usually change into blisters.
Treatment:14,15
1. Apply ice pack at ten minute intervals for a period up to hour
2. When through with ice pack treatment, apply bite soothing lotion such
as calamine.
3. Some people have symptoms of severe allergic reactions are:
shortness of breath
thickening of the tongue
sweating
an anaphylactic shock
Seek medical help immediately if you have an allergic

reaction.
12
DEET is produced by Morflex, Inc

14
Treatment information in part obtained from Windaroo Valley High, with more information on Fire Ants
available at: www.windvallshs.qld.edu.au/curriculum/fireants/index.html
15
Additional treatment information obtained from Queensland Government, with more information on Fire
Ants available at: www.dpi.qld.gov.au/fireants/
13
25
Flea Bite
Description: Usually flea bites are suspected when tiny itchy red bumps
appear below the knee.
Treatment:
1. Reduce itching by applying an ice pack
2. After removing ice pack and drying skin, applying soothing lotion such
as calamine
Mosquito Bites
Description: Have a long proboscis (snout) for sucking blood. They are
most active in shady, low light, damp or marshy areas.
Treatment: Use sting aid for topical relief of mosquito bites.
Scorpion Sting
Description: Usually found in the south western portions of the US. Less
dangerous than the black widow, with the exception of babies.
Treatment:
1. Cold packs
2. Get victim to advanced medical support as soon as possible.

26
Spider Bites
Description and Identification of Spiders:
Description
Brown16
Recluse
Oval-body with
eight legs. Light
yellow to
medium dark
brown. Has
distinctive mark
shaped like a
fiddle on its
back. Body from
3/8 to 1/2 inch
long, 1/4 inch
wide, 3/4 inch
from toe-to-toe
Habitat
Problem
Prefers dark
places where it's
seldom disturbed.
Outdoors, old
trash piles,
debris and rough
ground. In-doors
attics,
storerooms
closets. Found in
Southern
Midwestern US
Bites producing
an almost painless
sting that may
not be notices at
first. Shy, it
bites only when
annoyed or
surprised. Left
along, it won't
bite. Victim
rarely sees the
spider.
Treatment:
1. Keep victim lying down, quite and warm. If the victim must
be moved, use a stretcher
2. Get advanced medical aid immediately
16
Information obtained in part from The Ohio State University Extension Service
27
Description
Black Widow
Spider
Habitat
Problem
Color varies from

dark brown to
glossy black.
Found with eggs

and web. Outside:
in vacant rodent
holes, under
stones, logs, in
long grass, hollow
stumps & bush
piles.
Inside in dark
corners of barns,
garages, piles of
stone wood. Most
bites occur in
outhouses. Found
in Southern
Canada through
US, except
Alaska.
Densely covered
with short
microscope hairs.
Red or yellow
hourglass
marking on-the
underside
of the female's
abdomen. Male
does not have
this and is not
poisonous.
Overall length
with legs
extended is 1 1/2
inch. Body is 1/4
inch wide.
Description
Bites causing
local redness.
Two tiny spots
may appear. Pain
follows almost
immediately.
Larger muscles
become rigid.
Body
temperature
rises
slightly. Profuse
perspiration and
tendency toward
nausea follow.
It's usually
difficult to
breathe or talk.
May cause
constipation,
urine retention.
Treatment:
1. Keep victim lying down, quite and warm. If the victim must
be moved, use a stretcher
2. Get advanced medical aid immediately
28
Description
Tarantula
Large dark,
"spider" with a
furry covering.
From 6 to 7
inches in toe-totoe diameter.
Habitat
Problem
Found in South
western US and
the tropics. Only
the varieties
found in the
tropics are
poisonous.
Bites produce a
pinprick
sensation with
negligible effect.
It will not bite
unless teased.
Treatment:
1. Wash the wound with soap and water
2. Apply a cold pack
3. Apply antibiotic cream to prevent infection
TICKS
Description: Oval with small head, the body is not divided into definitesegments. Gray or brown. Measures from 1/4:inch-to 3/4 inch when
mature. They can burrow into the skin.
Prevention:
1. Examine body and clothes after any exposure to tick infested
areas, and always remove ticks immediately
29
2. Have a partner inspect your backside

3. Before entering tick infested area, cover neck, legs, back of neck
and arms with an insecticide containing Deet17
Treatment:
1. Grasp the tick with forceps as close to the skin surface as possible
and pull slowly and firmly. Do not twist or crush the tick.
2. After tick removal, swab the area with iodine solution,
3. If you cannot remove the tick, or if its mouthparts remain embedded,
get medical care.
4. If rash or flu-like symptoms appear (see list below), get medical help
immediately.
Chills and fever
17
DEET is produced by Morflex, Inc
30
sweating
Pains in bones, muscles and joints
back and head aches
Coughing, vomiting and weakness
Rash appears in 2 to 4 days
31
Poisonous Plants18
Prevention:
1. Wash thoroughly any areas of your body that might have come in
contact with the poisonous plants forming thick suds
2. Wash clothing and shoes in thick hot suds
3. Avoid smoke from these plants if burned
4. Wear protective clothing
18
32
Sore Throat
Gargle with hot salt water. Give aspirin. If condition persists, contact
physician.
Splinters
1. If an end of the splinter is exposed, gently pull it out with forceps. If no
end is exposed, determine the splinter's orientation and press with your
finger on the embedded end, pushing the splinter toward the entrance of
the wound until an end is exposed.
2. After removal, swab the area with iodine solution or antibiotic ointment.
Watch for signs of infection.
33
Sprains
One of most common injuries in outdoor activities is sprains. A sprain is
defined as tears of ligaments supporting a joint. Symptoms include pain at
the joint, swelling and possibly discoloration.
Treatment:
Elevate the sprained portion of the body if possible. For sprained wrist, put
in a sling, place sprained ankles on a pillow elevated
Apply cold compress (i.e. ice in a bag) or allow cold running water over the
sprain for the first 6 or 8 hours. After 24 hours, apply hot compress
Stomach Pains
Suspect appendicitis. Check lower right-hand side of abdomen. If area
is hard and in constant pain, apply ice and call a doctor. Keep patient
quiet. If no fever and no firmness exists in lower right abdomen, apply
34
hot-water bottle or warm cloths and give only bland foods. Avoid milk
and fruit juices.
Sunburn
If area is not blistered, apply thin layer of soothing ointment. If skin is
blistered, apply sterile dressings saturated with baking soda mixture (2
tablespoons to 1 quart water). Watch for infection and don't expose
burned area to sun until healed.
35
Toothache
For temporary relief, take aspirin and pack tooth with oil of clove. See
your dentist immediately.
36
Emergency Telephone Numbers

Ambulance:
______________
Doctor:
______________
Poison Control Center:
______________
Hospital:
______________
Police Department:
______________
Fire Department:
______________
24-Hour Pharmacy
______________
Electric Company:
______________
Gas Company:
______________
Other:
______________
37
First Aid Kits19

In any emergency a family member or you yourself may be cut, burned or
suffer other injuries. If you have these basic supplies you are better
prepared to help your loved ones when they are hurt. Remember, many
injuries are not life threatening and do not require immediate medical
attention. Knowing how to treat minor injuries can make a difference in an
emergency. Consider taking a first aid class, but simply having the following
things can help you stop bleeding, prevent infection and assist in
decontamination.
Things you should have:
19
Two pairs of Latex, or other sterile gloves (if you are allergic to
Latex).
Sterile dressings to stop bleeding.
Cleansing agent/soap and antibiotic towelettes to disinfect.
Antibiotic ointment to prevent infection.
Burn ointment to prevent infection.
Adhesive bandages in a variety of sizes.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Get A Kit, December 11, 2004.
38
Eye wash solution to flush the eyes or as general decontaminant.
Thermometer
Prescription medications you take every day such as insulin, heart

medicine and asthma inhalers. You should periodically rotate
medicines to account for expiration dates.
Prescribed medical supplies such as glucose and blood pressure

monitoring equipment and supplies.
Things it may be good to have:
Cell Phone
Scissors
Tweezers
Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant
Non-prescription drugs:
Aspirin or non-aspirin pain reliever
Anti-diarrhea medication
Antacid (for upset stomach)
Laxative
39
Depending on the activity or situation, different first aid kits are desirable.
Listed below are the suggested contents of several first aid kits.
Insect Bite Kit useful at picnics, ball games, and short duration hikes.
antiseptic wipes
antibiotic
bandages
aspirin
Road
Rash Kit useful for long duration vehicles rides

surgical scrub brush
surgical gloves
bandage
gauze
tape
antiseptic wipes
iodine wipes
Family Kit general purpose family first aid kit. You should have this
kit around the house and another in each car
tweezers
scissors
syringe
benzoin 1oz.
insect sting swabs
a&d ointment
aloe vera gel
antiseptic towelletes
gauze dressing
non-adherent dressing
5*9 trauma pad
gauze bandage
tape
adhesive strips
adheshive bandages
cotton tipped applicators
cotton balls
40
pill vials
safety pins
wash towelletes
plastic Ziploc bag
eye drops
surgical scrub brush
surgical gloves
bandage
gauze
tape
antiseptic wipes
iodine wipes
copy of this first aid guide
41
References
First Aid Guide for Employees, United States Department of

Agriculture, Handbook # 227, October 1962.
First Aid Guide for School Emergencies, Virginia Department of

Health
STANDARD FIRST AID COURSE: NAVEDTRA 13119, Department of

the Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 2300 E Street, NW
Washington, DC 20372-5300
The Little First Aid Book: Important Facts for Saving a Life, Amber
Raine, Ereader Book, Oct. 28, 2002
Training Aid 21-45, Headquarters, Department of the Army, October

1961
42
CPR-Pro.com Inc.
Free First Aid Resources
ASTHMA ATTACKS
DISCLAIMER:
The information contained in this document has been compiled from sources believed to be reliable at the time and is presented here as a study aid and for general
information use only. This information is not intended to replace or supercede the
information or procedures outlined in your first aid textbook, other officially issued
study materials or government published acts or legislative documents.
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information is accurate at the
time of publication, the authors are not responsible for any loss, liability, damage or
injury that may be suffered or incurred by any person in connection with the information contained on this site, or by anyone who receives first aid treatment from a
reader or user of this information.
Signs and symptoms of a severe asthmatic attack:
Shortness of breath, trouble breathing

Coughing or wheezing
Fast and shallow breathing
Person sitting upright as they are trying to breathe
Bluish colour in the face
Anxiety, tightness in the chest
Fast pulse rate, shock
Restlessness at first, then fatigue, casualty becomes tried from trying so hard to
breathe
First aid for asthma attacks:
ESM (scene survey) and a primary survey. As soon as you identify emergency is
a severe asthma attack, get medical help.
Stop person from what ever it is they are doing and place them in the most
comfortable position for breathing i.e. sitting upright with arms resting on a table.
Help the casualty take medication if they have any
Keep giving care until medical help arrives.
CPR & First Aid training is mandatory if using this information. Please contact your local training facility.
CPR-Pro.com Inc.
BURNS
DISCLAIMER:
Heat/Thermal burns - too much heat applied to the body i.e. open flames, fire,
stoves or car engines, even friction.
First Aid:
ESM, scene survey, primary survey

cool the burn right away, pour cool water on area, cover it with clean wet cloth.
Cool until pain is lessened and burn is cooled to reduce temperature or casualty
tells you that they feel numbness in the area due to the cold water.
Loosen anything that is tight as long as it is not stuck to the burn
When pain is not as bad cover burn loosely
Continue with care until help arrives
If your clothes catch fire, stop moving, drop to the ground and roll several times
to put flames out.
Exit a smoke filled room if you can by covering your mouth and nose with a
damp cloth. Hot smoke rises, so keep your head low as you crawl under the
smoke to get out.
In the event of a fire, get out by taking the stairs not the elevator. On your way
out, pull the fire alarm if it is not sounding. If you are trapped in a burning
building, seal the room you are in with tape around the door, place a wet towel
around the bottom of the door, close and seal air vents, keep low to the ground,
place a sign in the window with the words help, and cover your mouth and nose
with a wet/damp cloth.
Chemical burns - are serious as they continue to burn as long as they remain on
the skin i.e. acids, alkalies, phenols and phosphorus. In the home i.e. paint stripper,
oven cleaner, drain cleaner and rust remover.
CPR-Pro.com Inc.
First Aid:
ESM, scene survey, primary survey

Remove chemical from body, flushing the area with large amount of water
Continue flushing area for 15-20 minutes
Cover burn afterwards loosely
Continue to give care until help arrives
Important Note - You must always know what chemicals you are working with before an accident occurs. While most chemicals can be flushed with water, some cannot and may even burn more when added to water such as drain cleaners. Read the
labels and in the workplace your Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals before using them.
Electrical burns - from current, electricity, wire, plug etc.
First Aid:
ESM, scene survey. Make sure there is no other electricity danger. Donxt put
yourself in danger
Do a primary survey, give first aid for life-threatening injures
Secondary survey to locate burns and any fractures, dislocations, etc.
Give first aid for the entry and exit burns by covering them with clean, dry
dressings
Give first aid for any fractures or dislocations
Continue to give care until help arrives.
Radiation burns - can be in form of a sunburn i.e. x-rays, welding, other radioactive material. In addition to the burn caused by the radioactive material, there is
also the concern of radioactive contamination of the casualty and others in the immediate vicinity of the accident. Medical attention must be obtained.
Severity of burn depends on;
The dept of the burn, degree of the burn

Amount of body surface burned
Part of the body that is burned
Age and physical condition of the casualty
1st degree burn - only the top layer of the skin is damaged
Skin color is pink to red

Slight swelling
Skin is dry
Tenderness to severe pain in the injured area
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2nd degree burn - both layer of the skin are damaged
Skin looks raw and is mottled red

Moist skin white to cherry red colored
Blisters that contain clear fluid
Extreme pain
3rd degree burn - the full thickness of the skin, including tissues under the skin
are damaged.
Skin is pearly-white, tan even charred black

Ski is dry and leathery
See blood vessels and bones under the skin
Little or no pain b/c nerves are destroyed
Do not
Do not
Do not
Do not
Do not
Do not
Do not
is cool
breathe on, cough over or touch burned area

break blisters
remove clothing that is stuck to burns
use lotions, butter, oil etc.
cover a burn with cotton, wool or other fluffy material
sue adhesive dressings
cool casualty too much, you will need to keep them warm once burnt area
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CPR REVIEW (CHILD)

DISCLAIMER:
CPR - Child casualty (1 - 8 years old)
Arrive at the scene, an unconscious child between 1-8 years old is lying on the
floor.
You must obtain consent from the parent or guardian prior to performing first aid
on a child whether conscious or unconscious.
1Begin ESM, start the scene survey, identify yourself as a first aider to the parent or guardian and offer to help (if those people are around). If there is no parent or guardian to obtain consent from, you MUST CALL EMERGENCY SERVICES FIRST and then make the judgment call whether to proceed further.
Assess responsiveness, Are you ok? Assess any response, gently tap the shoulders. If no response go to the next step.
Send a bystander for medical help. If you are alone, go for help yourself but
carry the child with you if possible.
Place the casualty face up, protecting the head and neck during any movement.
Open the airway by tilting the head as you would for an adult casualty.
Check for breathing for up to 10 seconds. (same as adult casualty).
Breathe into the casualty twice. For a child casualty, use just enough air to
make the chest rise.
If the chest doesn't rise when you blow: reopen the airway by tilting the
head, pinch the nose again, make a better seal around the mouth, try blowing again and if the chest still doesn't rise give first aid for choking.
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Check for signs of circulation-movement, coughing in response to the 2

breaths, and a pulse at the neck. Do not feel or compress on both sides of the
neck at the same time for the pulse. This is done by keeping the head tilted.
Slide 2 fingers into the groove of the neck just down from the Adams apple,
press gently to detect the pulse, take no more than 10 seconds.
Pulses can be hard to find, so if you are not sure if there is a pulse start
CPR right away. If there are signs of circulation begin AR.
Make sure the casualty is on a firm flat surface and landmark to position one
hand on the chest for chest compressions.
Kneel so your hands can reach the head and chest
Keep the head tilted with one hand, put the index finger on the breastbone.
Locate the bottom edge for the rib cage with the fingers of the hand closest to the feet, slide middle finger to the notch where the ribs meet.
Place the heel of the landmarking hand midline on the breastbone just
above the spot where the index finger was positioned
Give CPR for one minute, which is about twenty cycles of CPR. Give 5 compressions
Depress and release the chest rhythmically
Press the heel of one hand straight down on the breastbone
Keep the heel of the hand touching the chest at all times
The pressure and release phases take the same time
Give compressions out loud to keep track of how many you have given,
and to help keep a steady rhythm.
And one ventilation - this is one cycle of 5:1 (5 compressions to 1
breath). Give 10 more cycles of 5:1. This will be about one minute of CPR.
Reassess the signs of circulation to see if the casualty's heart has started to
beat, and if breathing has also started. Go to the next step if there are still no
signs of circulation.
Continue compressions and ventilations in the ration of 5:1 and begin with
compressions. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every few minutes.
Continue CPR until either the casualty's pulse returns. Another first aider
takes over, medial help takes over or you are exhausted and cannot continue.
If you are exhausted and cannot continue, stop but remain with the casualty until
help arrives.
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CPR REVIEW (CHILD)

DISCLAIMER:
CPR - Child casualty (1 - 8 years old)
Arrive at the scene, an unconscious child between 1-8 years old is lying on the
floor.
on a child whether conscious or unconscious.
1Begin ESM, start the scene survey, identify yourself as a first aider to the parent or guardian and offer to help (if those people are around). If there is no parent or guardian to obtain consent from, you MUST CALL EMERGENCY SERVICES FIRST and then make the judgment call whether to proceed further.
Assess responsiveness, Are you ok? Assess any response, gently tap the shoulders. If no response go to the next step.
Send a bystander for medical help. If you are alone, go for help yourself but
carry the child with you if possible.
Place the casualty face up, protecting the head and neck during any movement.
Open the airway by tilting the head as you would for an adult casualty.
Check for breathing for up to 10 seconds. (same as adult casualty).
Breathe into the casualty twice. For a child casualty, use just enough air to
make the chest rise.
If the chest doesn't rise when you blow: reopen the airway by tilting the
head, pinch the nose again, make a better seal around the mouth, try blowing again and if the chest still doesn't rise give first aid for choking.
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Check for signs of circulation-movement, coughing in response to the 2

breaths, and a pulse at the neck. Do not feel or compress on both sides of the
neck at the same time for the pulse. This is done by keeping the head tilted.
Slide 2 fingers into the groove of the neck just down from the Adams apple,
press gently to detect the pulse, take no more than 10 seconds.
Pulses can be hard to find, so if you are not sure if there is a pulse start
CPR right away. If there are signs of circulation begin AR.
Make sure the casualty is on a firm flat surface and landmark to position one
hand on the chest for chest compressions.
Kneel so your hands can reach the head and chest
Keep the head tilted with one hand, put the index finger on the breastbone.
Locate the bottom edge for the rib cage with the fingers of the hand closest to the feet, slide middle finger to the notch where the ribs meet.
Place the heel of the landmarking hand midline on the breastbone just
above the spot where the index finger was positioned
Give CPR for one minute, which is about twenty cycles of CPR. Give 5 compressions
Depress and release the chest rhythmically
Press the heel of one hand straight down on the breastbone
Keep the heel of the hand touching the chest at all times
The pressure and release phases take the same time
Give compressions out loud to keep track of how many you have given,
and to help keep a steady rhythm.
And one ventilation - this is one cycle of 5:1 (5 compressions to 1
breath). Give 10 more cycles of 5:1. This will be about one minute of CPR.
Reassess the signs of circulation to see if the casualty's heart has started to
beat, and if breathing has also started. Go to the next step if there are still no
signs of circulation.
Continue compressions and ventilations in the ration of 5:1 and begin with
compressions. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every few minutes.
Continue CPR until either the casualty's pulse returns. Another first aider
takes over, medial help takes over or you are exhausted and cannot continue.
help arrives.
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CHOKING
DISCLAIMER:
Choking is when a persons airway is partly or completely blocked resulting in minimal or no airflow to the lungs. If the foreign body is removed and victim is not
breathing, begin the primary survey for ABC):
AIRWAY - open the airway;
BREATHING - if still no breaths, attempt rescue breathing.
CIRCULATION - if no pulse, perform chest compressions.
SIGNS OF CHOKING
Choking with a good air exchange:
Able to speak
Signs of distress - eyes are showing person is afraid
Harsh coughing
Wheezing and gagging between coughing
Face is red
Person is grabbing at their throat
Choking with poor or no air exchange
Not able to speak

Signs of distress - eyes are showing person is afraid
Weak or not able to cough with sound
No noise when trying to breath or a high pitched sound
Face discoloration - pale, blue lips and ears
Person is grabbing at their throat
Semi consciousness or Unconsciousness
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PREVENTION
Adults:
Cut food into small pieces.

Chew food slowly and thoroughly, especially if wearing dentures.
Avoid laughing and talking during chewing and swallowing.
Avoid excessive intake of alcohol before and during meals
Infants and Children:
Keep marbles, beads, thumbtacks, and other small objects out of their reach
and prevent them from walking, running, or playing with food or toys in their
mouths.
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CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
DISCLAIMER:
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
CPR is two basic life support skills put together, artificial respiration and artificial
circulation. Artificial respiration provides oxygen to the lungs. Artificial circulation
causes the blood pick up oxygen from the lungs and to flow through the body in order to deliver it to vital organs. The purpose of CPR is to circulate oxygenated blood
to the brain and other organs until either the pulse returns or medical help takes
over.
The CPR sequence follows from the scene survey and is the major component of
the primary survey from Emergency Scene Management.
1. When you find an unresponsive casualty send for help (scene survey)
2. Start the primary survey by opening the airway and checking for breathing. Give
two breaths if there is no breathing (AR rescue sequence)
3. Check for signs of circulation, begin CPR
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CRUSH INJURY
DISCLAIMER:
Crush injury - when a part of the body is crushed under heavy weight. The weight
and force may cause, bruising, fractures or ruptured organs. Major crush injury can
cause serious shock which in turn can be life threatening.
First aid for crush injuries:
Begin ESM and primary survey & scene survey

Give first aid for shock right away as shock will probably develop even though
there may be no signs.
Keep giving casualty care until medical help arrives.
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DRESSINGS & BANDAGES

DISCLAIMER:
Dressings and bandages are the basic tools used for first aid. As a first aider it is
important to know some of the products on the market as well as how to improvise
with materials on hand at an emergency scene.
Dressings - are protective coverings to treat wounds, to control bleeding and cover
from possible spread and infection (contamination).
Dressings should be:
As clean as possible, sterilized when possible

Able to cover wounds
Absorbent
Thick and soft - to cater to excessive bleeding and to apply even pressure on a
wound
Lint free and a non-stick material such as gauze, linen and cotton.
Improvising dressing:
Use any available material that is lint-free sterile or clean, preferably white. A
towel, sheet, pillow slip, even a clean sanitary pad can be used as a dressing where
commercial products are not at hand. Plastic wrap or the packaging from sterile
dressings can be used to wrap around a dressing to have an airtight hold. However,
a breathable dressing is preferable in most situations. The only major exception being a sucking chest wound.
Applying dressings:
Use the cleanest material, wear gloves and wash hands before and after care to
avoid contamination.
Extend the dressing beyond the edges of the wound so it is covered completely.
If blood goes through a dressing, leave it on and cover with more dressings
Secure and seal dressing with tape or bandages
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Bandages - are any materials that hold the dressing in place, hold pressure on a
wound, as support or to secure a splint. Like dressings, bandages can be bought
or improvised.
Using bandages:
Apply firmly so bleeding is controlled

Check the circulation beyond the bandage often to make sure the bandage is
not too tight
Make sure bandages are not used as padding or dressings.
Examples of improvised bandages: Tie, belt, scarf, cloth (rolled or folded), fabric
cut into a triangle and folded to make a broad or narrow bandage etc.
Head bandage
Stand behind the casualty. Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth with a
narrow hem folded along the base. Place the centre of the base in the middle
of the forehead, close to the eyebrows.
Bring the point over the top of the head to cover the dressing, and down the
back of the head, cross over the point, and around the head to the front. Tie
the ends together, using a reef knot, low on the forehead.
Steady the head with one hand, and gently pull the point down to put the desired amount of pressure on the dressing. Fold the point up toward the top of
the head and secure it carefully with a safety pin or tuck it under the back
crisscross.
Knee or elbow bandage
Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth with a narrow hem folded along the
base. Place the centre of the base on the leg below the kneecap with the point
toward the top of the leg (or to bandage an elbow, on the forearm with the
point toward the shoulder).
Bring the ends around the joint, crossing over the point in front of the elbow
or at the back of the knee.
Bring the ends up and tie off over the point. Pull the point up to put the right
amount of pressure on the dressing and then fold it down and secure it with a
safety pin or tuck it under the knot.
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Foot or hand bandage
Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth. Place it on a flat surface with the
point away from the casualty
Place the foot or hand on the triangular bandage with the toes or fingers toward the point, leaving enough bandage at the ankle or wrist to fully cover the
part. Bring the point up and over the foot or hand to rest on the lower leg or
wrist.
Bring the ends alongside the foot of hand and crisscross the folded ends up
and around the ankle or wrist. Cross over the point and wrap any extra bandage before trying it off.
Tie off over the point. If the point extends beyond the knot, pull it up to apply
the desired pressure. Fold it downward and tuck under the knot.
Roller bandages - are usually made of gauze like material and are packages as a
roll. They are used to hold dressings in place to secure splints.
Roller bandages can be put on in a simple spiral. Start at the narrow part of
the limb, anchor the bandage as directed\
Place the end of the bandage on a diagonal at the starting point
Wrap the bandage around the injured part so the corner of the bandage end is
left out
Fold this corner of the bandage over and wrap the bandage around again to
cover the corner. Keep wrapping the bandage, overlapping each turn by one
quarter to one third of the bandages width. Make full-width overlaps wit the
final two or three turns and secure with a safety pin, adhesive tape or by cutting and tying the bandage as shown. Check circulation below the bandage.
Slings - Provide support and protection for an arm. Slings can be commercially
bought but be easily improvised with a scarf, belt, necktie or other item that can
go around the casualty's neck - any material will do as long as it is sturdy enough
to support the arm. You can also support the arm by placing the hand inside a
buttoned jacket or by pinning the sleeve of a shirt or jacket to the clothing in the
proper position.
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GUN SHOT WOUNDS

DISCLAIMER:
Gun shot wounds
Have a small entry into the part of the body, usually with burns around it. There
can be an exit wound and it would be larger than the entry wound. Usually the entry and exit wounds are across from each other.
First aid for gun shot wounds
Begin ESM and primary survey

Monitor ABC's.
Apply direct pressure to wound, bandage and get to medical aid as soon as possible.
Cover with blanket, to reduce risk of shock.
If large enough caliber to the front upper torso / chest area, the wound may be
a sucking chest wound. If so, apply a square piece of plastic with about to 1
inch border around the wound, tape three sides leaving bottom open. If there is
also an associated exit wound you may also have to do the same procedure but
in this case tape all four sides of the plastic on the exit side, if on back.
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HEAD INJURIES - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

DISCLAIMER:
Head injury - Serious injury of the head where the brain function is or may be affected.
Head injury - Signs & Symptoms
Deformed skull
Swollen, bruised or bleeding scalp
Straw-coloured fluid or blood coming from the nose or ears
Bruising below the eyes or behind the ears
Nausea vomiting, especially in kids
Confused, dazed
Semi-conscious or unconscious
Stopped breathing
Very slow pulse rate
Pupils are of unequal size
Pain at the injury site
Weakness or paralysis of the arms and/or legs
Pain when swallowing or moving the jaw
Wounds in the mouth
Knocked-out teeth
Shock
Convulsions
Skull fractures - result of direct force or an indirect force that is transmitted

through the bones. Fractures may occur in the cranium, at the base of the skull, or
in the face. Facial fractures include the nose, the bones around the eyes, the upper
jaw and lower jaw. Fractures of the jaw are often complicated by wounds inside the
mouth.
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HEAD INJURY - FIRST AID

DISCLAIMER:
First aid for Head injury & Skull fracture
1. Begin ESM, do a scene survey. When you recognize it may be a head injury tell
the casualty not to move and get medical help. Steady and support the head.
2. Assess responsiveness and do a primary survey. If there is no breathing open
the airway using the jaw-thrust without head-tilt and give AR if needed.
3. If blood or fluid is coming from the ear canal, secure a sterile dressing lightly
over the ear, making sure fluids can drain.
4. Protect areas of depression, lumps, bumps, or scalp wounds where an underlying skull fracture is suspected. Avoid pressure on the fracture side.
5. Warn the casualty not to blow their nose I there is blood or fluid coming fro it.
Wipe any external blood to prevent it from entering the mouth.
6. Give care until medical help arrives.
Concussion - a temporary disturbance of brain function caused by a blow to the
head or neck.
Signs & symptoms:
Partial or complete loss of consciousness, usually of short duration

Shallow breathing
Nausea and vomiting when regaining consciousness
Casualty says she is seeing stars
Loss of memory of events immediately preceding and following the injury
Compression - excess pressure on some part of the brain causes by a buildup of

fluids inside the skull.
Signs & symptoms
Decreasing level of consciousness

Unconsciousness from the time of injury, may be deeply unconscious
Nausea and vomiting
Unequal size of pupils
One or both pupils don't respond to light
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First aid for a head or spinal injury

Goal is to prevent further injury on the spinal cord.
1. Begin ESM, scene survey. Tell casualty not to move when you suspect it is this
type of injury.
2. Steady and support he casualty's head and neck and show a bystander how do
to this and show another how to support the feet. Keep both fully supported
until medical help arrives.
3. Assess responsiveness and then do a primary survey. If the casualty is unresponsive, check for breathing before opening the airway. No breathing, then
open the airway using the jaw-thrust without head-tilt and check for breathing
again.
If breathing hold the airway open with the jaw-thrust
If there is still not breathing give AR, check circulation look for signs of
sever bleeding and shock.
4. Do a secondary survey but do not move the casualty or poke and probe any
possible spinal injury.
5. Decide if you need to move casualty. It is best to leave casualty as is until
medical help arrive.
6. Continue to give care until help arrives.
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CPR REVIEW (INFANT)

DISCLAIMER:
CPR - Infant casualty (1 years old and under)
on an infant whether conscious or unconscious.
Begin ESM, start the scene survey. Identify yourself as a first aider to the parent
or guardian and offer to help. If there is no parent or guardian to obtain consent
from, you MUST CALL EMERGENCY SERVICES FIRST and then make the judgement call whether to proceed further.
Assess responsiveness, gently tap the baby's feet, if there is no response, next
step.
Get medical help, or send a bystander to get help.
Place the baby face up, protecting the head and neck during any movement.
Open the airway by tilting the head.
Keep the head tilted and place your ear near the baby's mouth and nose. Check
for breathing for up to 10 seconds. Look, listen and feel (same as adult and
child CPR)
The back of an infants head is quite large to the rest of their body. This causes the
baby's head to come forward and close off the airway. When giving AR or CPR it
may help to put a thin pad under the shoulders to help keep the airway open but
don't waste time looking for a pad. Also, unlike an adult or child, it is possible to
over-tilt the head back which will also close the airway. So, if you have tilted the
head back and it seems like air is not getting into the infant, slightly move the head
forward and try again.
Breathe into the casualty twice. An infants lungs are easily filled with the
amount of air an average adult can place in their own mouth in order to extend
their cheeks. It just takes puffs not breaths to fill their lungs. Observe the chest,
if it rises, you have put the correct amount of air in.
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Check for signs of circulation-movement, coughing as a response to the 2

breaths, and a brachial pulse. Start CPR if you cant find the pulse. The brachial
pulse is located inside the upper inner arm, midway between the armpit and
elbow.
Make sure the casualty is on a firm, flat surface and landmark to position the
tips of two fingers on the chest for chest compressions.
Give CPR for one minute, give five compressions and one ventilation, this is
one cycle of 5:1 (5 compressions to 1 breath-puff) If there is no pulse or
breathing, go to the next step.
Continue compressions and ventilations in the ratio of 5:1, starting with compressions. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every few minutes. Continue CPR until either signs of circulation return, another first aider takes over,
medical help takes over or you are exhausted and cant continue.
help arrives.
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WOUNDS & BLEEDING FIRST AID

DISCLAIMER:
First aid for severe external bleeding
Begin ESM - scene survey. Assess mechanism of injury. If you suspect a head or
spinal injury, steady and support the head and neck before continuing.
Do a primary survey and give first aid for life threatening injuries.
Apply direct pressure to control severe bleeding as quickly as possible. If the
wound is large and wide open, you may have to bring the edges of the wound
together first.
While keeping pressure on the wound, elevate the injury - this will reduce blood
flow at the wound
Place the casualty at rest, this will further reduce blood flow
Quickly replace the casualty's hand with dressings (preferably sterile) and continue direct pressure over the dressings.
Once bleeding is under control, continue the primary survey, looking for other
life-threatening injuries. Give life-saving first aid as needed.
Before bandaging the wound, check circulation below the injury.
Bandage the dressing in place.
Check the circulation below the injury and compare it with the other side. If it is
worse than it was before the injury was bandaged, loosen the bandage just
enough to improve circulation
Give ongoing casualty care, including first aid to minimize shock.
First aid for severe, internal bleeding
Begin ESM
If casualty is awake or there are signs of consciousness, place them on their
back or in a position of comfort. If unconscious, place casualty in recovery position if injuries permit.
Get medical help
Continue giving care but do not give the casualty anything by mouth. You can
moisten their lips with a wet cloth but do not let them try to swallow or drink
anything. Casualty should always be kept as comfortable as possible and warm.
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Amputation - when some part of the body has been cut off such as a finger, toe,
foot etc. The bleeding needs to be controlled where the part of the body has been
cut off.
First aid for amputations
Begin ESM
Control the bleeding by applying pressure
Casualty should be at rest and the injury should be elevated and then bandage
dressings in place.
For partly amputated fingers reposition the partial amputated part to its original position
Bandage in position
Get medical help
Care for amputation

Wrap the amputated body part in a moist dressing if possible. Make sure the
dressing is clean. Place body part that is in the dressing in a clean plastic bag and
seal it very tightly. A second plastic bag should be used to create an air space
around the first and then should be placed in a third bag or container that is filled
with ice. The date, time and casualty's name should be recorded on the bag. The
amputation should go with the casualty to medical help.
Note: The amputated part should not be cleaned and no solutions should be used
on it.

First Aid Kit

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First Aid Kit

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FIRST AID GUIDE

2002-2007 Dr. Michael Stachiw, Ph.D.

First Things First

Cuts and Scrapes

Insect Bites & Stings

2002-2007 Dr. Michael Stachiw, Ph.D.

Poisonous Plants (to the touch)

Emergency Telephone Numbers

First Aid Kits

Before attempting to administer First Aid, you need to perform an

If administering mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, use a face shield,

In an emergency, you should follow these priorities:

Standard First Aid Course: NAVEDTRA 13199.

o Check to see if the person is breathing. If you are alone, call

Do not become involved in using treatment methods beyond your

First Aid Guide for School Emergencies

First Things First3

3. Treat Shock: A victims mind and body must work together in

USDA Handbook #227

4. Call advanced medical help immediately: Always realize that you

Bites from wildlife, cats & dogs.

1. Wash wound for several minutes with soap and water.

Place casualty on back immediately

Dont water time moving to a better place, loosening clothing, or

Quickly clear mouth and throat

Remove mucus, food and other obstructions

Tilt head back as far as possible

The head should be in a chin-up or sniff position and the neck

Lift lower jaw forward

Grasp jaw by pacing thumb into corner of mouth. Do not hold or

Pinch nose shut (or seal mouth)

Prevent air leakage

Open your mouth wide and blow

Listen for exhalation

Repeat (last two steps) 12 to 20 times per minute

Blow with small puffs of air from your cheeks

In an accident where internal bleeding may have occurred, contact a

Second Degree skin is blistered

First degree and second degree burns, only covering up to about

4. Bandage burned area snugly

burns of any degree

In part from USDA Handbook #227

2. If advanced medical aid is not readily available (like in an

Touch the burned area with fingers

CUTS AND SCRAPES

2 Gently clean wound with an antiseptic wipe.

6. Watch for signs of infection, such as:

Aspirin and non-aspirin can be used for temporary relief of

Chlorpheniramine maleate (Chlorphen) temporarily relieves the

Damage to the skin resulting from exposure to low temperatures

Considerable pain and redness in fingers, toes, cheeks, ears or

Grayish white color due to frozen tissues

Much like burns, the degree of severity is described as first degree,

Second Degree: Skin is reddened or swollen and there is no feeling.

The Little First Aid Book, Amber Raine, 2002.

Until victim can be brought indoors, cover exposed parts of the

In all cases, go indoors, thaw affected area by immersion in

Get advanced medical assistance as soon as possible

INSECT BITES & STINGS8

1. If a stinger is present, remove it by scraping away or gently pulling it

Bed Bug Bites

Information in part from: USDA Handbook #227

Bee & Wasp Stings

thickening of the tongue