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Mid ASSIGMENT OF ENGLISH Syntax

BY
NURAENI
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ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF MUHAMMADIAH UNIVERSITY


OF KENDARI
2015

Nuraeni
21213134

English Syntax

In this study, there is some material that had been discussed namely: Heads and modifier,
Constituent structure, Construction, Word classes, and Lexicon. And in the next paragraph, this writing will
explain about that.
A. Head and Modifier
Talking about head, it is called as noun and it can be plural or singular. While, Modifier is a
word that control other word or specifically its a word that explain about the head. For example:
friendly women , the word of women is the head, while friendly as modifier.
B. Constituent structure
a) Heads, modifiers and arrangements of words
Heads and modifiers tend to occur next to each other. For instance, in English,
nouns can be modified by various types of words and phrases adjectives,
prepositional phrases and relative clauses, not to mention words a, the, this and
some. Examples the Board.
b) Test for phrase
The arrangement of words into phrases and phrases into clauses may seem selfevident from the above discussion. In fact, it is not always clear how the words in
a given phrase are arranged or how the phrases are arranged in a given clause.
c) Transposition
Transposition is have to do with a sequence of words being moved from one
position in a clause to another position without any other change in the clause
example The pupils in this match class gave cakes to Margaret every Friday.
d) Substitution
The essential idea behind this test is that a single word can substitute for a number
of words hanging together as a phrase. For examples: Jeje handed them to Rangga
on Sunday
e) Ellipsis
Ellipsis is consists of two clause that discrete then united in one of sentences by
using and, example I eat coffee and juice.
C. Construction
In this material, there are three parts that had discussed are introduction of the
construction itself, different construction and different meaning, and types of construction. Talking
about introduction, we have to know what is construction? and Construction is a way to build
words, phrases, clauses, and sentences and it also relevant to all areas of grammar. Next about
different construction and different meaning, it means that if there are two or more sentences that
Nuraeni
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English Syntax

construction in different structure, it will have different meaning. For example: 1. The wealthy young
man bought that piano for his secret fiance. 2. Did the wealthy young man buy that piano for his
secret fiance?. And then, about types of construction, it consists of Copula, Double object, and
Oblique. First about copula or it called linking verb, example became, look, smell, and seem. Then,
about Double Object for example My mother gives me a new bag. And the last is oblique, it
connecting by preposition. Example My boyfriend buys a cake for me.
D. Word Classes
If we talk about word class, it has the same meaning with parts of speech . And there are
some parts of word classes, namely: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition. Noun is being
the names of persons, places and things like Adhi, Kendari, Flower, and so on. Verb is being the
names of actions or states like pray, climb, blame, and so on. Adjective is the word that following
noun like humble, polite, funny, and so on. Then, adverb examples: in the evening, in the mosque,
at ten o clock. The last is preposition, example: in, besides, and so on. Besides, there are four
types of criteria are employed to set up word classes, namely: morphological criterion, morpho
syntactic, syntactic and semantic.
Morphological criterion
In morphological criterion means that a word that experienced inflectional which is

the word get adding affixes.


Morpho syntactic
In morpho syntactic also the same with above that also experienced inflectional.
Syntactic criteria
Is one of crucial part. And syntactic criteria are based on what words a given word
occurs with and the types of phrase in which a given word occurs. Besides, in
syntactic criteria its word has one meaning but different word. And it also discuss

about article like the use of a, an, and the .


Semantic
There are no semantic criteria, aspects of the meaning of the different classes of
words, which would enable us to decide whether any given word is a noun,
adjective, verb, adverb or preposition.

E. Lexicon
In Lexical, there are some parts, namely:
a. Syntax and lexical items
Syntax cannot be isolated from other areas of language and individual lexical items,
particularly verbs, ercise strong control over syntactic structure.
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English Syntax

b. Individual verbs, complements and adjuncts


Every type of phrase has a head, and the modifiers of heads fall into the two classes of
complement and adjunct. Complements are modifiers which typically occur next to the
head but not always and which are required or excluded by particular lexical items, for
example Sarah and the cakes are complements of devoured. Devoured requires a noun
phrase to its left and a noun phrase to its right (Sarah devoured is unacceptable).
c. Classes of verbs and sub categorization restrictions
o Intransitive Verb excludes a noun phrase
o transitive Verb requires a noun phrase
o Ditransitive Verb (twice transitive) requires two noun phrases
o Intransitive locational Verb excludes a noun phrase to its right but requires a
prepositional phrase
o Transitive Directional Verb requires to its right both a noun phrase and a
directional phrase
o Copula(linking verb) [requires to its right an adjective phrase or a noun phrase
d. Classes of nouns
There are some parts in this material, namely: concrete and abstract, common and proper,
count and mass, animate and inanimate, and human and non- human.

Nuraeni
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English Syntax

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