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Chapter 13
Part 3
December 6, 2002
SOLIDS
Solids are either amorphous or crystalline.
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS:
- Considerable disorder in structure
Example: rubber, glass
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS:
- Classified as Metallic, Ionic, Molecular, dependent
on the type of interaction (bond) that holds their atoms,
ions or molecules in place.
- Highly regular structure in the form of a lattice: a
three dimensional array of points representing the
centers of the components (such as atoms, ions or
molecules ) in the repeating pattern of the crystal
1
LATTICE
2
In 1912 Knipping observed X-ray diffraction patterns
X-Ray
Diffraction Pattern
3
BRAGG DIFFRACTION LAW
nλ = 2d sinθ n is the order of diffraction
n = 1,2,3, …
Constructive
Demo, green and red lasers Interference
θ
λ light wavelength
1.8 µm
comparable to
laser wavelength
The laser wavelength is 0.53µm, ~5000 times longer than X-ray wavelength.
4
Demo
Diffraction of a laser
beam by the 2D
patterns
5
Packing Spheres into Lattices
The most efficient way to pack hard spheres is
CLOSEST PACKING
First Layer
6
For the second layer, spheres can fit into two
types of “dimples” formed by three spheres in
the first layer.
7
Fill the Second Layer
Unoccupied
Dimple
8
The third layer is formed by choosing one of the
two sets of dimples.
NOTE:
the
inverted
triangle
1 2 2
1 1 2
1 1
9
THIRD LAYER OPTION ONE!
LAYERS ONE AND THREE ARE ON TOP OF EACH OTHER
10
Again, the third layer has choices of two sets of
dimples.
NOTE: the
inverted
triangle
1 2 2
1 1 2
2 2
11
FILL THE THIRD LAYER OPTION 2
GREEN SPHERES DO NOT LIE DIRECTLY OVER
THE BLACK SPHERES OF THE FIRST LAYER.
A
B
C
B
C
A
12
BECAUSE CCP GIVES A CUBIC UNIT CELL
HCP CCP
NOTICE the flip...
13
COORDINATION NUMBER FOR SIMPLE CUBIC UNIT
How do we count
nearest neighbors?
COORDINATION NUMBER
for the three types of cubic unit cells
14
EFFICIENCY OF PACKING
V unitcell
COUNTS 1 FOR
ATOM IN CELL
COUNTS FOR
CELL FACE 1/2 ATOM ON A
FACE.
15
Atoms are shared between adjacent unit
cells in the lattice
COUNTS FOR
CELL EDGE 1/4 ATOM ON A
FACE.
COUNTS AS
CELL CORNER 1/8 FOR ATOM
ON A
CORNER.
16
WHAT FRACTION OF SPACE IS OCCUPIED IN
A FACE CENTERED CUBIC UNIT CELL?
4
V 4( π r )3
f = spheres
= 3
v
V unitcell
a3
a
17
Calculating the density of a unit cell
mass
Density =
volume
NA Avogadro’s number!
Cu crystallizes as a fcc
−1
63.54gmol
The mass of a Cu atom is m = = 1.055 × 10 g − 22
6.022 × 10 mol
23 −1
4 × (1.055 × 10 −22 g )
Density = −23 3
= 8.89 gcm −3
4.75 × 10 cm
4 atoms per unit cell! The measured density is 8.92gcm-3.
18
Summary
Closest Packing
Cubic
Cubic Closest
Unit Packed
Cells (ccp)
Hexagonal
Closest
Packed
(hcp)
Hexagonal
unit cell
19