Vol.

XXXI
No. 18

June 16-30, 1983

Re. I

Programming
for
the rural poor

What a joy to learn to read

and write- together.towards
.an en1ight(med_~ife.
\

,I

Adult education
~
...
Eradicatioll of ii,iteracy forms an integral part of the struggle against poverty, igllorance and
exploitatiOIl. Tho~gh efforts have beell made to universalise elementary education lip to the age of
14, educational facilities ore being extended to adult population to remedy their educational
deprivations a1>dto develop their potentiaiity thro'ugh the National Adult Education Programme
launched in October, 1982. The programme aims at the enhancement of people's participation in
l'arious del'elopment process/or

their own betterment,

it consists of imparting literacy,

functionality

and the knowledge of 3Rs.

In view of its importallce, high priority is being accorded, to this programme by including it
under the Millimum Needs Programme ill the Sixth Plan and in the New 20-point Economic Programme.

,j

During the Sixth Plan, special

emphasis is being laid on adult
literacy. so that they could
contribute their mite to the
development of country.

;,

. [

VoL XlOD
No. 18
Jooe 16, 1983
Jyalstba 27, 1905

"

~Hurukshl!tra ,T
0"

CdNTENTS
~

OH, TO HAVE A PIECE OF' OWN LAND!

Hoshiar Singh'

EVOLUTION
,

OF RURA,L DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES
S, N. Mishra and Kushal Sharma
THE PROMISE OF TRYSEM
, ',Rabindr~
'Kumar Sinha

12

HELPING

14

I''ARMERS TO BECOME
'BEITER FARMERS
.,M,
1'., Gupta
Y

THEY SHOW THE WAy ....

BOOK,REVIEW
S. N. Bhattacharya

22

. EDITOR
RATNA JUNEJA
~.

ASSTI'. EDITOR

N. N: SHARMA

SUB-EDITOR
PARAMJEET

"

,In

COVER"
t. .-

' <'

Enquiries reg~rding Subscriptions, '~erides, etc.,. .

" -: ,,' Busine~ Manager, PnblicatioDI'i Division,
Patiala
Honse. '.New , Delhi-IIOOOl
,
c

Tel: 387983

"

1:ditonal

Office ~

Krisln

'.

N.ew

~havaD,
Delhl-IIOD.Ol
Telepbooes:
384888 & 382406
..~~r's ,Residence:615920

.c:. stfascaii':fjoNiFOR

"

this issu~ we' carry a very compact and learned

,.,~tudy on: tl1i~ imp(,rtant subject of programming for'
',the.rural,poor..
We hope our readers will find it quite
'I "
'
.thought_pr~voking and useful. "

'G. SINGH"

IN AI''- ADALJ A

HE .WELFARE

Programniing refers to the process', of evolving' a

series of coherent, consistent, area-person-and-resource~
specific proc~ures
and schedules oriented to the
effective ,realisation of poli~y, or plan goals. Pro, ".
.
gramming involves the operatkmalisation .of policies
through the prckess of transforming their broad out~ '
lines into sPecifics.' Co'nsequently, successful pro-,
gramming'involves clarity on many vilal questions ,as'
~ ."what has to be~.done"~ "who. is' responsible. for
~hat", "where' and .. how long the operations take
place"; ~tc" .Programming rC9uires a set of carefully
worked out priorities, chOices of personnel and tech.
niques and logistics of training and placing.

20

"#'.' .

v.

SCIENCE EDUCATION, WILL ,QUICKEN

,
\
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

K.' D, Kokate and\V. K. Dubey

17

~ditoi'ial

FOR TIlE RURAL POOR

'.
.
r
, . G, Sreenivas Reddy

",~'

of the rirraLpoor 'has always formed

, the central point.of -alltAede,velopmenl
strategies and .programines of our C(llmtry'for the la~tthree'
decades. Over the years, the best of efforts as' well
as most of the financial resources have been pumped
into the rural' areas iIi a 'bid to ameliorate the lOt
of th,?' rural poor in. as less time as possible. But
. ,as y.'e' see the, fruits' of development have not evenly
spread in all regions and, among all sections of the
rural populatiop.: Why is it'. so that the most weJl"'thought 'out~and secminglyalso .\vellcimplemcnted~
'programmes have not been able" to' yield equitable
'benefitS to' all ,sections' of the rural poor?' Is it not
tli~t th~p~ograinmi~g of development activities had,
some loopholes? 'where were the snags1?ecause of
which'the 'programmes failed to deliver the desired
results ?

andia's Journal of rural development),

PROGRAMMING

;,

'SINGLE COPY: Re. 1

ONE YEAR: RS. 20
,

''

'.


,,

,
J

.'

.Program1illlng for the

'rural poor
G. SREENIVAS REDDY
InStitute for Social/and Economic

Change, Bangalore

'.
briefly touching upon a few aspects
of progranuning for the rural poor, seeks 0 raise
some issues that crop~up in the proc~ss.

H1S~ PAPER,

Persistent poverty coupled with accentuating ,imba.

lances between the rural and urban sectors in the
country has resulted. in the expression
a growing
concern. for tlie rural poor. Thery is no major policy
or plan document which does not refer-implicity or
explicitly-to the rljral poor.' In fact the rural poor
have now ,become the focal point of 'reference for
~~most of the rural development programmes. The
success of rural development ~effortand the attack on
"poverty, among other things,"crucially depend on proper programming. ,

at

"

Programming refers to the. process of evolving a

'series of coherent, consistent, area-person-and-resource-specific procedures and schedules oriehted to
the effective relation of the policy or plan goals. Pro"iammin~ involves operationalisation of policies
through ',a proCess of transforming. their broad outlines into specifics. Consequently successful,programming involves 'clarity on many vital qnestions as to
'what is to be done?' 'Who is responsiblei for what?'
'When, where how~and how long should operations
take placc?' Progranuning requires a set of carefully
worked out priorities, choices of personnei :md techniqu~s anq logistics of training and placing.
b

Whatis prognimming?

.
~
s A PROCESS,prl?wamming may be viewed a~ a::
. 'series of interrelated and overlapping steps involving:
-

1. identificJltion and ,listing of operations ,required for attaining ,policy goals.

2. identification and" agreeing as to who is responsible for' each operation

3. sequencing of ope'rations
4. identification of routines,
5. evolving forms.
6. fixing of time schedules
7. evolving targets and completion indicators
dol' each operation after testillg feasibility
8., synchronisation of, operatiOns ~and ~serVices'
'The rural development progra11!mys:may be classified into various)categories dcpending on their thrust
dimension and goal orientation.
'.
Based on the dimension of thrust; the following
thie" caiegorics may be discerned'. Firstly, sectoral
thrust programmes or programmes which focus on
I
one or more sectors of rural development such
as
health, education, nutrition and
housing. Second,
spatial thrust programmes or programmes which are
area-specifjc and are aimed at meeting .the special
needs, of a given territory. Third, clientele thrust programmes which are addressed to the distinct sections
of the population needing special' attention. "

,0 lopment
t'!
their goal orientation, rural d:ve~ programmes may also be claSSIfied
THE BA~IS OF

into'

..

infrastructural;
,.
income generational;~
\
environmental improvement; and
welfare programmes.
Attemptirrg the above typologies is not to sugges
that all the rural development programmes confirm t
one or the other of the above pure type~. On th
, other hand there is often an admixture of one a
. more ,of the above programme forms. Among th
first set of programme types, the clientelc thrust pro
grammes are logically' capable of. singling ,out atten
(1)
(2)
(3)
( 4)

KURUKSHETRA June 16, 198

"

tion ta the rural poar. The sectDral thrust and spatial thrust programmes C\lUld,.only pay diffused attentiDn tD them! In the later tYPDIDgythe welfare and
'income generatio;'al pr9grammes have greater chances"
.of being relevant to the rural poor.
~,

Preconditions to programming
. SUCCESSFUL PROGRMMING
for rural pODr depends
.on the fDllDWingconditions. First, precise, idenc
tificatiDn of the _rural poOr' and their f"It needs in
'terms .of.hierarchy .of priorities. Secon'd, participatDry environment. Third, availability .of relevant,
dependable and usable infDrimitiDn. FDurth, an
effective, communication system. ,Fifth, prbgranuning
technDlagy.
'
\

'

'

Many develDpment programmes fDr the ni;alpoor

. flOl;Ulderat the" very stage .of clientele identificatiDn.
It has been a con1mpn place e,xperience that the nonpoor' have filtered inta the beneficiary grDUPthr':lUgh
a variety .of machinations and manipuiatiDns. While
falsificatiDn .of th~ caste and class positions has been
the !TI0stc'ommDn'fDrm .of this 'manipnlation, excessive reliance .on farmal evidence and urbanised bure-,
aucracy have facilitated this miscaqiage. The urbanised and urban-biased bureaucracy has been largely
insensitive to the'real and pressing needs .of the rural
p.oDr. Consequently, pri.orities w;oreriat properly perceived and development effort at tiines was wasted .on
matters not .of ll!uch concern to the 'pDOr.

degree .of ascriptive social stratificatiDn,manifest in

the, caste system divides the poor, and inhibits them'
from uniting as a community for an .organised ac.tian.
_
.

. InfDrmaticn is a crucial input for proper programining. The quality of infcrmatiDn oase in terms of
relevance, availability and 1JSabilitydesires much to
be imprcved. ,The centralised prDgramming process
- has' created a wide gulf between the DriginatDr.of infDrmati.on viz., the field and ,the user of information
viz., the headquarters creating p'otential for distortions. Further, the infDrmation,i~ . .often deliberately
distDrted by the field level agencies with the fear that
their past perf.ormance would be judged .on the basis
.of this infDrmatiDn.Added 10 these, the infDrmati.on
I and stat,istica1base .of the rural uevCIDpmentDrg~tions is very poor in the sense that it is 10Dkeddown
upon as a periferal function nDt WDrthspecialised,attentia!). At tiines the information needs .of program.ming suffer because .of excessive
informatian _ an
account .of too frequent and detailed reporting.'
v

CDmmunicatian bottlenecks have a costly bearing

an, the prag~~,ng.
Poor cammunication creates
cpnfusian" affects caar,dinatiDn and spails interpersanal
relatiDns. Existence .of proper. public' relations and
hmwm relatians are ma!~ important than the physical infrastrl,lctl,l~efDr.effective cDmmunicaiian. Unlnhi.hitive" inte,active an~ .open interpersanal' relatialts are
(Dund wanting within' the rural .develapment bureaucracy due to clDsed"and rigidly hif'rarchic nature .of it.
Mutual distrust an the, part .of bureaucracy vis-a-vis
This handicap, in identificatiDn of the rural pODL ~. cammon peDple is restricting the passiblity .of interorganizati~nal cDl1?munication. Programm-ing technDan5i their felt needs also stems from the Prevailing
lagy. implies knawledge and mastery .of prograntming
'centrist philosophy' and 'top down' apprDach .' to
taskS such as scheduling, identificatian .of routines,
planning inevitably marring the participatary environbudgeting, forms designing, manpDwer allocatiDn, .tarment and thereby nurturing autocratisation. PrDgramgeting etc. Numerous madern techniques that have
ing, whether f.or rural poor or for .other developmental
, come intD use need to be emplayed for the more effec- '
schemes, has been a centralised exercise wherein the
, tive prDgranuning. These tecl1niques ,include Critical
pa~ticipation or' lower levels
confined to mere inPath Methad (CPM),; 'PrDgramme Evaluatian and
fDrmatiDn supply while the top rungs fix, prioriti(:S,
Review Technique (PERT); Prograntming, Planning
schedules ,and targets leaving little scape for involveand Budgeting System (PPBS); Pragramming and
~en~ and initiative. CDnsequences .of this phenomeImplementation Management System (PIMS), and
nOn are very' hazardous. IThis s'aps the fieJd mDtivathe' like.' These madern techniques are nDW being'
tiDn, flexibility and adDptability of progri'mmes , to
used .on 'a very limited scale. There is a vital need
local. conditiDns, and weakens the support structure
\.0. emPIDYthese.techniques .on'a wider scale.!
for the prograntmes. Whiie one premise .of this ceI\trist ideplogy is. mistrust .of the lawer rungs of the
.0 C.oNCLUDE,
programming fDr the rural poar
government hierarchy by the higher, the, .other one is
, . is nat an isolated issue to be examined in limited
the still greater lack of' cpnfidence in the capacity .of
cDnfines. ThDugh programming is just ,.one phase in
the poor t.o perceive their .ownneeds.
the .overall task .of rural development, it affects and
permeates the many different phaSes .of ,ural deve'ARTIOPATI.oN
in programming is tD be secured
lopment process. TherefDre, inlproving the programboth in terms of the clientele and the progranml'ming process withaut reference ta' ather "speets .of
'ing bureaucracy. The clientele participatiDn in pr9rural develapment is neither feasible nar desirable.
sramming is extremely limited priinarily because it is
Hawever;
programming 'deserves the attentibn due to
not desired by the destiners .of the programmes for
it
within
the
.overall framewDrk and the ,tata!, cantext
the poor. Poverty kills confidence .of the poor re.of rural, d,eyelopment.
"'
,
garding tbeir .own'ability to parti~ipate. The e'\tteme
,

is

,"

;J.

--

,
.\

\ 6>h, to have a piece

.....
of own land !
HOSHIAR SINGH
Associate Prof.,' Deptt. of Public' AtImn., University of Rajasthnn, Jaipu r

I
and inequalities.
, in landholding in India raised the issue of land
ceiling and distribution of land ~mong landless people.
In rural India poverty is linked with th~ ownership of
- land. Those who have big holdings enjoy better' and
, secure soCio-economic status, while the landless relies
, upon wages mostly as agricultural labour. Such inequalities are prevalent in whole of India and Rajasthan is no exception to this phenomenon. This traditional agrarian structure hinders the agricultunil production. Those who have big land holdings, keep
tenants or share-croppers, mostly from lower Castes.
Thus they live on rented income and invest the surplus
in oiher business instead of agricultural improvement.
)-his sector' engages 72 per cent population and a large
inajority of them had been without any piece of.]and
of their own to cultivate. Thus a .large population
consists of landless agricultural labour; ploughing on
the field of others for a meagte wages in sub-normal
conditions. .Such persons in the abserice of any sense
of belonging and incentive nev~r put their heart in .
maximising.agricultural production. .Thus agricultural

HE

AGE-OLD CLASS DISTRmUTION

output is worst affected, when the country needs it

most. In order to remove social injustice and inequality, certain land reform measures were adopted
and surplus .land was distributed among landless
laboures. The Rajasthan Tenancy, Act, 1955 was,
passed and this Act made the tiller master of the land.
Likewise, Rajasthan Land Ceiling Act 1960. Fixation of Ceilin.g of Land Goverument Rules, 1963
(This ceiling law was further amended in 1968 and
'1970), Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1973, are some of the steps taken
by the Government of Rajasthan in this regard.
.

/"

It was expected that land allotment to weaker

sections and landless would inaprove their s6cio-economic statulL With the aim to examine and assess the
impact of land distriqution on socio-econotic conditions of laud allottees, a study.was carried out'in Kota
district in 1981. 12 'Tehsils and 52 villages were.
selectedJor the sfudy. Out of 676 allottees, 573 were
contacted and ouly 514 allottees I.e. 89.7 per c~nt of
the allottees had actually taken possession of lal)d and

,',

T E 1.1

Size of Land and Its o""iq,ancy

Size crass (Hectare.s)

S.
No.

No. of responding

No. of

allottees in the
selected villages

a/{ottees
who sur~
rendered
their {and

Below 0-5
0.5-1
1-2
2-3

J.
2.
3,
4.

"

. TOTAL.

19
220
300,
34
573
(100-0)

4 \

No. of

Could

,alloftees
who dec.
lined to
take' (and

not be

,5

Total'

given

possession
of ao.0tted land

2
5

4
10

12
24
I

8
(1.4)

14
(2-4)

of land
7

.6

37
(6'5)

No. of
allottees
who took
possession
8

1
18
39
1

18
262
261
33

59
(10'3)

514
(89 '7)

.\

KURUKSHBTRA June 16, 1983

"

the remaining 59 allottees per cent could not take .,__the mcome of the allottees during the period pn;ceding
possession of the land because either they have surthe aIldtmentof the land and aho after it with the
, rendered the, allotted land, or declined to accept the
~bject of assessing 'the impact of the implementation
aIlotmenu or the allotment' was never made. The
of the ceiling laws on t~eir earnings.,
Table 1.1 shows the details of occupation and size of
_,
land alloted.'
"
Before allotment' of the land; the maximum proportion 'of allottees (46.50 p~r cent) were in the
, It,would be seen from the table that the proportion
annual income range of Rs. 1000~.2000' and another
of, allottees who refused to 'take possession 'is signi26.26 per cent were in the raEge of Rs.(2000.c.L.3000.
fic;ant: 6.5- per cent and' 2.4 per cent declined the
Thus near about 314 allottees (72.76 per cent) had
allotment offer while 1.4 per cent took the possession
annual income between Rs. 1000-3000 \ before
of land, but later on surrendered the land. The reasons
allolme.Jlt'of land. After allotment of land the,
given for declining the offer of, allotment were uTIposition of income remained unchanged. but a shift
cultivable nature of land, land being scattered jlnd
was visible in the income range had re~uced to 62.06
lack of resollrces to 'cultivate the land. ,Likewise,
per cent as' compared to 72.76 per cent before, allotreasons for surrender of land after taking possession
'ment of land. Similarly, the proportion was lowered
\'
were tbat the land was uncultivablc and, prices of land
down in the income lange of less tban Rs. 1000
were high. Thus u'ncUltivablenature of allotted land
from 13.13 per cent oefore to 8.75 per cent after. In
was the main 'cause for declining the offer"s 'well as
tbe .jlltome ranges Rs. 3000-4000, Rs. 4000-5000
for surrendering the land. Thus these 59 allottees
and Rs. 5000 and above, the proportion of 8.36 per \
(10.~ per cent) did not get any benefit from allotcent, 2.92 per cent, and 2.73 per cent noted t-efore
merit.
, allotment of land increased upto 14.77 per cent, 5.26
,
,
'
per cent and 9.i
The total land allotted to the 514 persons measur, 5 per cent respectively: Thus a
ed 607.49 hectares or 1518.72 acres. The following
slight inere",e in the higher income side had taken
Table 1.2 gives the details of size of the land allotted
place after the allotment of land. The table given
below, shows the income rangeS percentage of allottees,
ahd percentage of aIlottees,'
before and "after allotment of land.
,

TABLE 1.2
Size o/the land
allotted (Hectares)

BelQw 0.5

39 :30

'.
LAW

I ' "

"'l<

Socia-economic effects

TWAS'EXPECTED

".

range

that the land redistribution to the

landless would improve their s9cio-economic

con-

3'

above

13 .23
46'50
26.26
8'36
2.92
2.73

8 ..
75
37'55
24'52
14.77
5,26
9.15

TOTAL:

100.00

100'00

1~2
2.,L3
3'--4
4-5
5-and

T-

Impact on employment

of the land allotment to the'

,
landless bas been to provide employment oppor, tunities in rural areas. To assess this' objective, information was collected and it was found tlmt after allot"
ment of land emplOyment prospects b"ve not signifieantly cbanged. Before land allotment, the propor'. tioii Of workers to the total family members was 40.72
per cent' and after allotment it was 41.76 pet cent, thus
there was only a nominal increase of 1.04 per cent in
. the number of workers 'after allotment. This inadtuate
employment i~ agricultural activities may be because
the land allotted was too small to ereate much impact.
HE MAIN' OBJECTIVE

{Jo,

(Contd. on p. 11)

KURUKSH;ETRAJuil~ 16,1983

After allotment

ditions. ' Accordingly, inforination was collected about

,

Before allotment

Below I

100.00

.provides that the surplus land

If' vested in the Slate Government sball be distributed among the landless persons, particularly to the
members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes'. To
know the implementation of the rule, information was
collecied and it was gathered that 64.78 per cent of
the total allottees, belong to scheduled castes and .
'scheduled tribes. Out 'of this 55.0~ per cent are
scheduled caste members and 9.73 per elmt are members of Scheduled Tribes. The ex-servicemen ,con,sists of 4.48 per cent aod others 30.74 per eent.\ Thus
the objective of allotment of land to the landless
persons particularly to weaker, sections of society was,
achieved to.a great extent.
HE CEILING

InC{)me before and after allotment of land

.i

50.78
6.42

TOTAL:

Income

3.50

0,5-1
1-2
2-3

.\'7

TA~LE 1.3

Percehtage of allqttees
to total

"J

"

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I

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"
"

Evolution of _rural
developnlent strategies,'

S. N, MISHRA and (Miss) KUSHAL SHARMA,

Indian Institute
Public Administration, New Delhi

of

.
.
.
EVELOPMENT,isa characteristic
D

'

activity pf our
times. It is almost a synonym for modernisation
in the countries of the Third World. In, India, ever.
since Independence there has been a commitment to\
development. ' During' the 'later part of the struggle'
for ihdependence under the leadership of Mahatm~
Gandhi some attention was given to rural uplift and
reconstruction.' As a matter of fact the nineteen"PQint constructive programme drawn up by JVkIhatma
Gandhi was aimed at mitigating misery in rural afeas,
This approach was informed by 'a spirit of welfare
and reform, The Mahatma appealed to the well.to-do
people to :provide funds and ,the youngmen to come
forward, and
work
as volnnteers in this field. This
\
.
led' to piecemeal effor! at reforin in various sectors
of rural life' in different parts of the cOlintry.

'ridden
society under conditions of extreme poverty.
There were no clearly set goals iJi.tbis programme reo
garding equity and distributive justice. All these
factors resulted in the rural elite deriving maximum
advantage from tbe Community Development' Programmes and the various schemes undertaken for
rural and agricultural developme;;i~
'
At \bout th~ time" several alternative approaches
were also tried. One of, them was the c~rtographic
approach in which it was supposed that problems could
be solved by identifying small areas' on tbe map which'
could be ser~iced by a 'growth centre. The growth
centre, it was supPosed would radiate employment, 'pro.
mote innovative ideas and implements, provide people
with income-boosting projects a'ad so on. However,'
not much' came out of this approach. .
..

I,

N THE EARLYSIXTIES,the Intensive Agriculture Dis'

It was only after Independence. that a well conceived
trict Programme was taken up in a f'1\;,selected dis. ~ effort was made for all-round development in the coun.
tricts in the country. The main objective of this pro- .
tryside. The First Five Year Plan defined tbe central
gramme was to ensnre a hreak-through in agricnltural
objective of planning as creation of conditions in
production by means of effective' measures of intensiWhiClJliving standards are reasonably high and citi.
fication, However, it did not involve any.transformation
zens have full and equal opportunity for growth and
of. Indian agriculture, since it was purely technocratic
justice. The' Community Dev~lopment Programme'
in naturc. The year 1965 marked another step in agriwas launch!'d'in tbe year'1952 together with National .
cultural development. In that' year the High Yielding
Extension Servic~ which by slow degrees spread to "
'IT arieties Programme was introduced. All these prothe entire country.
This was characterised by
grammes were concentrated jh areas which had some
, division of tbe entirc countryside into small manageadvantages in terms of physical resources and Jarmers
able blocks with' a population of abouf one hundred
who owned substantial holdings and had 'the financial "
,thousand and .an area of about 100 villages. Howcapacity to' take risk. It is this class of deh peasantry
ever; ,the experiment failed in the, Julfilment of its
which quickly ,derived benefit.
.'

basic,' aim to channelise community effort and unite,

the same witb those of the ~
government towards gene, Reducing ruraI~poverty .
.
rating a self-enduring base of development. It was
OME OTHERCORRECTIVE
MEASURES
-in the'field of
,indeed very difficult to ,bring abo,!t rapid' economic
agriculture
were
taken
in
the
Fourth
and the,Fifth .
and social transformation of tbe vast rural masses
PlaM wheh'a number of programmes :were intr.oduced
most of wbom were illiterate' a):ld living
in
a
tradition.
'

S.

, KURUKSHETRA
,

June

16, 1983

'.
,

"

'

IRD P the

for the disadvantaged groups and depressed areas. The

more iniportant of these programmes were the Small
'and Marginal Farmers Development Programme,
DrOUght Pfone' Areas" Programme; Comm'!.nd Areas
Developme';'t Programme, Integrated Tribal Develop~..nient Programme, D\'sert Development Programme and.

'T' HUS

THE THREE

new

hope

important factors for the success

\1..1. .of IRD are the progralllJhl's themselves, the bure-

, aueracy and the other'implementing agencies and the

people and the people's i'nstitutions. In the ,past stress
was merely on the delivery system ,tor various ~ervices
so on.
and the other aspects were neglected. The result was
The problem' of the number .of underemployed is
)hat development effort could riot be self-generating.or
acute in rural areas. Oilless this is tackled, any talk ~ self-reliant based on people's own effort with miniof rural development will not have much meaning.
mum of outside' assistance. 'This-.esulted in promotion
Special employment prqgrammes have been taken up
of a cultme of dependence. The ~ople were deprived
during various Plan perio~ such as 'Rural Manpower
of initiative and dig'nity and became IIlore and more
Programme;and the Crash Scheme for/Rural Employdependen~ pr.one. Earlier this situation was sought
ment. However, the)' were all ad-hoc programmes and .
to be corrected by building up Panchayati Raj instituneither met the immediate problem nor provided any
'tions through which development effor! was sough! to
10ng-term.benefit.,RecentlyoTRYSEM and NREP have
be channalised. In the absence of any ,change m the
,been introduced to redilce the problem of unemploypower structure in the villages, these institutions tended
ment in rural areas.,
to be exploitative of the rural.poor. T1j.eweaker sections
of the community were not Involved'in the proThe latest approach to rural development in India
gramnie
and the programmes were so ge_aredthat the
is Intekrated Rural Development. It is now recognized
benefits did no! accrue to them.
that development does not merelyiinply an increase
in GNP or even per capita income: The increased in(
come should be so distributed' as to reduce the inequaThe main issues involved in the successful implemeulitie~ in income and wealth. Development is also extation of rural pevelbpmeh!-.inIndia are promoting, the
pected 'to incl~de areas of health, eduDation,'L-ulture
, motivation ofthe people so as to secure their full ,parti"
and values of life, Thus it becomes equivalent to an
cipation. In certain cases it woui,dbe nece~sary to take
eurichment of the total quality of life and its availabi'tip viggrously.the.organisation of the rural poor because
lity at a 'minimum level t6 all sections of the popula. ,it has been felt that without this it is not possible for
tion. Mere provisiOJ:iof opportu'mties for development
, them to' take advantage of the laws made for their beneis not enough. Creation of facilities necessary for actual
fit:- The Sixth Five Year Plan,document has 'mentioned
utilisation of these 'Opportunities is also imperative:
thIs.as.one of the crucial tasks perceivinJj;it as "critical
Thus, integrated rural development really 'means the
for the success of allredistributiv~ laws, policies and
development of the 'area and the people through opti" progra=es
is that the 'poor mus! be organised and
mum development and utilisation of local resoUrcesand
made conscious of the 'benefits intend~d for them."
by bringing about necessary institutional, structural and
attitudinal changes and' by delivering a package of serIt is necessary at !his stage to examine the social
vices to include all fields of activity. Such development
structure
in the countryside. Throughout history patpays special attention to the rural poor and the rural
.
terns
of
land
ownership have shaped pat!erns of human
weak.'
relationships in nearly all societie,s.In the Third World
The target groups for the IRD programme consists
countries the control of faTInland is !he principal key
of small and marginal farmers, share-croppers, landless
to wealth, status and power. A few individuals belonglabourers and rural artisans. Thus it seeks to cover the
ing to the higher castes own the btilk of this land and
weakest sections of community including Schedtiled
control the levers of power. The landles~, the inseCastes, Schedtiled Tr1bes/and rural women: Its .objeccure ten~ntsand those oWJVngmarginal plots, too small
,lives are accelerated production <lnd growth alongwith
to support a family consti~te the poorest of the poor. "distributive justice and lull employment within a limited
In India figures show wide disparities in the area/of
span ,of time.
~
land held by different cl,!sses of cultivators. Thus land
While evolving strategies for this approach an attempt
reform becomes an important plank of any deveiop; has been made to avoid the mistakes in the field of
ment plan for the rural poor. The objectives of the
rural development and to cut through the constraints
land policy should, be '(0 'curb intermediary interests
,in, the process. The emphasis on sectoral programmes
and eliminate an- expl1Jitation and social i'njustice incarried out in isolation from each other and the multithe agraritn structure. However, land reforms in India
plicity of the agencies in the same field of activity are
have not still made much headway because -its implebeing avoided. Stress is being, laid to involve 'the
mentation is tardy. This is on account cif collusl~n
people in-the implem~ntation oUhe development probetween ,thelower bureaucracy and ,the rural rich a~d
grammes.
'
the lack of political will.

'.

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KURUKSHETRA June 16, 1983

i

"

fi .

The promise ofTR YSEM

RABINDRA .KUMAR SINHA
Lalbhai Group Rural Information and ~raining Institute, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)

..

"
R'l:lNING
FOR SELF-EMPLOYMENT
is a new field
and no ready-made model sh~uld be prescribed.
It will dep6'nd on the prom"ters, who wish to promote
. self-employment. In each case the promoters have
to build up their,own model; as arid when required,
through trial ,!nd crror method.
.

I am convinced that ihe institution which shares the

burden of trailling lor seif-employment could do much
,in this directi on through their own practical and tested '
approach and this is possible, it they first put their own
house in order in terms of themselves first acquiring the
entrepreneurial culture and orientation. The support,
and coordination between government and non-governmen,t agencies is also possible and can be fruitful within
the"parameters of bureacratic framework, if amongst
the top ladder of government official; there is also an
entrepreneurial spirit and cif readiness to !)lake a dis, tinction between the spirit and the letter of law.'
.
The experiences gamed so' far on this subject afe
being presented here in orcler to .;stimulate the reader
in the Virgin area of entrepreneurial development in the
iight of TRVSEM.
.
The ma~ objeptive of theTRYSEM is 10 motivate
the unemployed in, the runiJ. areas to start. their ,own
se.J.f-empioymentprojecis anti to create confidence in
them for successful management of their ventures.
B~fore fuiiliei sharing my experiences on it, let me
put the problem iii itS pr&pe1 perspeHive. Why is
TRYSEM becoming so-important? What do pe6piii,
the prospective beneficiaries iiI tI,e' village think about
it ? What are the special handicaps faced by the bene-- .
ficiaries in achieving' a breakthrough 'in the - selfemployment venture.
,

Why TR YSEM is important

BVERALSILENT, quiet, and vocal too, revolution

have
, swept over the villages and'ithasgivell them
,

much experience.' My recent observation also proved '.,

, ,that now people are als~ aware of this programme.

,
Coruirig back to the question, why is TR YSEM becoming so imPortant? Wi,. haye to go deep to probe
the employment situation, which is proving too big to
solve. India is not solving its unemployment PID, blem the way tlicy are tackling development 'now, by
mostly relying.oiI the expansion of job oppOrt~itiesin
the industrial and orgamsed sedors of the economy.
After three deveiopmeill decades, the c~untry is riow
awakening to the fact tilai -if we continue to rely on
modern industry, even srri;ill scale se,ctor industry, we '
will'require. such an amount of capital for .the gene,;a7
tion of every additionai job, anq the capital accumulation will be. so slow and limited, tliat we will be foreed
to leave the next two or three generations of the poorest ,
iiI tlieir dire iiiise.ry. In the light of our failure. to
accommodate the unemployed in the organised sector,
I prefer .to see the growth and even nfoliferation of ihe
'. infonnal sector, wherein people make a living some-how or othe" f,?r instance, th~ way-side tea;st"lls,
wallas, repair ..shops are a si,gn of hope, otherwise this
vast ocean of unemployed men in this sector, if they
lose their batance, can become a key to sociaC unrest.

P.,p-

how

It is .goo<itiEt
gbveriiHierii \iis realised tiie fact,
since the orgdB.isedsedor's capacHy to prqviCle employment is Imnted. Now goveniiiIeiit With ail gOOd inten-. "
iion is m,l.1dhg detei.hiiiied efforts lei strengthen aliI!
promote ,self-emploYment
.for ~nsuriIIg a progressive
.,
reduction in the'incidence of unemployment and under-.
employment. It is now an established fact ,that 'selfemployment serves as a "safety valve" for the economy
for easing out the pressure of increasing labour force
on the market 'wIDch organised sector cannot aCCOmmodate. Therefore government launched a programme
TRYSEM to train the rural youth for s&J-employ'

.,.,

12

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KURUKS~'rRA

.'

--i":"'.'''-

juhe 16; 19S~

8'"

"

~~0
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Helping farmers to become

better farmers
..

r
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\,

. tUsisbint Prof. (Extension Education)

tardy progress in attaining selfIsufficiencyin fe.edingits

own people even in the
NDIA HAS NOT MADE

wake of different agricultunil and rural development

programmes. Apart from many problems, the most
important constraint. in organising for agricultural
. development is due to the lack of trained 'hands.
Realising th" importance' of training, the Education'
'Commission (1964-66), High-yieldingVariety Pro. gqmme (1966) and the National Commission on
Agrjculture (1970) laid stress on establishment of
specialized institutes to provide vocational edllcation
.in agriculture and. allied fields. Recently, in a bid' to
improve . organisl}tional efficiency for agricultural
development, 'Training and Visit System' ha,; been
launched in 14 States with th.e focus on trainers' train. lng or eventually on trainees for their 'prepara.tion', 'training' and 'follow~up'. Besides the Government, a number of semi-government and autonomou~
\ .institutionslike Agricultural Universities,Krishi Vigyan
.Kendras, Krishi Gyan Kendras and Nehru Yuva
Kendras are coming forward to provide training 10 field
staff and !arm families in agriculture and r~lated
fields. But, the extension,training programmes as have
been functioning in our country are Under severe.
'criticism. It locks very, strange that no consdom
attempts have been made to'develop appropriate training strategy. Training is mainly through oral lecture
method and lacks inactivitv
or action-oriented
approach to yield changes in skill. FUrther, the most
common medium med in training classes is the blackhoard. Handout& are given to trainees. Sometimes,
charts, bhick and white slides are used'hy few trainers.
However, important training programme may be, it
cannot have the desired' impact on the minds and
actions of the trainees in the adoption of innovations
.with the,conventional training approacJ("'
i"

"

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~I.

M. P. GUPTA
University, PalaI!1pur (H.p.)

trainees selected from Punjab, Haryana and Himachal

Pradesh States are summarized as under : (i) Training, in general, was not need-based and
lacked practical utility.

(ii) No well defined objectives of training' programmes.

(iii) Course content not properly spelled-out
fulfil the objectives.
.

to

(iv) T~ainers do not employ mo<!emmedia and are .

confined to lecture method alone.

(v) Unwilling tr"i)lers and trainees lacked enthu- ,

.sibm.

(vi) Undue importance to inaugural and 'concluding

sessions of training programmes.
(vii) Lack
training.

of adOqnate' facilities for practical

.

(viii) 'No proper management and evaluation of

training; courses.
.
(ix) No follow-up of the training programmes.

Appropriate training strategy

,-

Some of the. important inadequacies in agriculture

triUilingprogtammes revealed by' ~OO trainers. and

H.P.

NEED'IN the development of appropriate training strategy in being increasingly felt, at all levels
in institutional and non-institutiohai' training pro. grammes. It is not a matter of surprise that many a
time' 'training , technology', is taken for :the use of
'charts, models, slides, films etc.' Bllt this is not so;
rather these aid,; constitute' an important cOmponent.
Training strategy iI,lcludessystem approach for' deve.lopment. of skills, It refers to the integrated use of
interwoven variables, teaching tools and techniques in
making training. dynamic, promoting change. The ~ix
HE

,KURUKSHETRA June 16, 1983

14

to
!


ment in 1979 as a part of the strategy (or promoting
seli-employment. The essential steps iIjvolved in this
scheme are-{:areful'indentification of opportunities for
gainfur'seli-employment based on,an economic analysis
of the developmental assets and liabilities of each
.,block, designing training prograntmeS which will help
to impart the requisite skills, and identification of institutions which can impart such trliiuing on the principle
of "learning by doing", organisation of post-training
serVices such as subsidy, credit and marketing arrangements and organisation of the training programmes in
such a manner that the training institution serves the
need for continuing education of the trainees. The
scheme aims at 'training every year arolmd 40 youths
froJri each of the 5,000 blocks in the country. Preference will be given to youth and women belonging to the
target groups of' smaIl and marginal

farmers,

Need to be cautious
ready for
Inew venture; only thingthattheynowlackpeopleis theareorientation
AM

ALSO

CONVINCED

and not only the motivation. By merely asking the

several institution to implement the programme is not
going to work. In identifying the opportunities for
gainful seli-employment institution is not very careful.
In' one particular block there was an avenue of seliemployment open for very limited number of entrepreneurs, but they went on training for the .particular
trad~, and. they beca~e a draK in the market: very surplus. In one state level meeting on evaluation of
TRYSEM, one participant suggesteg that >.ewingclasses
should be discouraged, unless it is very secured; his
experience wa~ based on.,practical implication of the
scheme i.e.. tailoring in their oPeratiorial' area had become so common" that now it has lost employment'

landless.

agricultural labourers, artisans and craftnien aild people

below the 'poverty line. The identification of the train~
ees should be ilone as apart of the block-level planuing...,elIortfor the betterment of the lot of the vulner- .
able groups. The training would be imparted by the
existing training institutions, such as Gram Sevak Train!
ing Centres, Gram Sevika Training Centre, Farmers
Training Centres, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, ITIs and
other existing state and central organisations, and suii~
able/ voluntary organisations can also he included.

generating

properties.

There is still some' controversy over the priority

among the. suitable opportunities and suitable persons,
which should be done first. But if the self-employment
opportunities in blocks shonld be assessed before, starting the training classes and priority shouid be worked
out; then .we can cOme over or can also check the
mushroom growth of professional trilining institutions,
which is not worthwhile in the purpose itseli.'

'/

According to official study of scheme in Gujarat, 'as

the haI\dicaps faced by the OOIlCof January, 1981, majority of the trainees were 'not
ficiaries, my recent observation on TRYSEM
engaged substantially ,in the skilis that they were
being implemented is different from what official eva- ' trained iu. Selection of trades, trainers and institutions
luation says, handicaps are mostly mental and attituwas done in various manners_ ~rid to- some ~extent
dinal. No capital, very limited risk-taking capacity of
,haphazardly.
Involvement of DIC (District Industry
the people; a feeling of helpleSsness, 'attitude towarus
Centres) 'aod Lead bank officials left !Iluch to be demoney, these are some of the handicap elements found
sired. They also found out that si.,,' months trainmg
in villagers, which prevent the breakthrough of eiitrewere nQt needed in all traqes. They felt that the way
preneurship anicingst the rurai coimmipities. the
the' scheme is being implemented in ,the state
Government machinery seems to be veJ;"Y conscious on
it' Would ,be better .to merge it \vith other
the figures, quantitative part of the programme. , Acsch,mes ,J;:> avoid duplicity '.of rec.ords, accounts
cording to an official report, under TRYSEM,'
and
adroicistrative.. pro<;edures, but
however,
1,79,000'youths were trained and 83,000 youths wero
they are going with, TRYSEM under' the um~
provided seli-empioyment dUring die year 191>1-82.
brella ofiiilip.
I; too,
{<eel that TRYSEr\l
For 1980-81" the figures were 1,23,000 and 45,000
specially Jiave ~9 commuiiity iD.volvement input and
respectively. Number improvement over, year seems
this has made. this goverrunent programme a il.and-out
to Be an indicatOr ohIy. If, we consider the number
progI:alnme. In tl:lls scheme, there is no scop~ for the
given QY the government, there seems to be a wider
berieficiariess'liggesting ,how scheiii.es could lie improvgap .between
the niUnki: o( youths trained and n1.tmb.er
ed or what steps could be taken to make it more elIce..,.t"
..-,
of.
seli:employed.'.. My. - rOc!:nt
visit, .to some
tive., They have to follow, wiiat percoiates from a top
.... youth
."' ... ~.,
.
-',..01
,the youths who have been tramed and employed ate
to bottom approach. It is now necessary to reflect on,
no longer iio~ ciinU:ortable iii. their riew ventute, they
wJiaj, lias to change at!cl be ~p~ov~ in order to gear
are acmi varietY
probl"m:s. Most of tiiem are "i
up the scheme to take care of the institutions and the
4!,e
bureauc-ratic. and tliei} ng;d runctional Slyic.
6~n<;ficiaries to accomplish this complex task more
Therefi:lre, t~ere is atso a need-to re{,jew, r.xvaluate
~ effectively
than. they l)1.ayhave
. . , dorie
.. - ti.ll'.now , rather
.
as to. what liiippeiie<i to the .benefieJanes which are
than anything else on TRYSEM. TRYSEM could be
,?nee tramed arid seiI-iiinpioyed'." Do they cross the
designed to utilise the growing idle resources human'
pOverty Darner Or
come back to the poverty
~iici physical iIi nihil :ilrillii. The effort should not be
syndroq,e.
.
.
(Conti!. 0"" p. 16)

OW COMING TO

.'

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,.

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of

i9

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ligam.

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KVR:UKSIffiTRAJiuie 16, 1983

13

"

I
. 1.J

'.....

steps involved in appropriate training, strategy ,are,

shown in the dia~am ,below;~ '.

>',
Definiilg objectIve:

"

of

4 ...An<tlvsis
task in terms of : what?
~
by whom? the work (0 be done.
.

,- Analysis of
Intended
Participants

how? '\when?
'

and

"'"":-1-,

Defining
Objective,s

---- ,I

I'

5, Subject-maHer plannili.g:
~Deciding of course contents, .
-Sequencing
of course topics.

"

'j

"

I. .

SU.bje~t",matter"
,Pla~mg .

-I"

I,.

f~~~fn~f

1-

"

'1--DeCiding
,
Methods

. i,_____

The use of training

."C'-

T'

":-.Choice of Media

'HE IMPoiuA~CE of training as an iretrument for

, increasing professional competence, of extensibll
personnel as well'as improving skills of farmers cannot
be underestimated fOr the success of rural deve}~pment
programmes'like',IRD, T&V mid New 20-Point Eco, nomic 'Programme. With the introduction of. Com-'
'munity DeveioPi11entProgramme in 1952, the need for
trainiqg was felt rind since then~ yariety of training
programmes',
for continuous' up,
~ arc being organis'ed
.
grading 'in farmers' skills' and 'to improve staff morals,
efficiency or productivity. A. close look of various
train,ing forms can be have from the 'following'para- '
~
.

Evaluation

-'

-.Techniques

\Fig.l1fOJ;/ of Appropriate Trainillg Sirategy.

'

1. Am.lysis of intended p3.rticip3Uts'in

terms of :-hecds
and interests, educational level, expc'r'ience,-cultural back.
ground and socio.econolllic status.
'
2, Principles of system approilch :' means tflking 'all the in
, teracting variables of system ri:nd sub-systems i.e. trainer,
trainee. project aeti~ity, org3.Ti.'intion)
obligations and
institution's expectations for cons,ideration in an jntegratcd
way for plarining and implementation of training pro
'grammes,
II

Training

'..

'

.'

. I

Officials

Non-Officials

(Extension Personnel)

I-

. I

I ~.

1
Prc..,job

On.the-job

Special
Preparation,

I ~

People's
l'cpresentatives

I
Formal
Education

'

digrn;~,

, I

'\.

6. Design' of learning :
-Deciding about methods.
-Selecting media and materials,
LTechnique of evaluation or monitoring.
"
,
~
~

Of,l

Ana,lYSiS
Ta~k ,','

',.1

-Determining
.the behavioural 'change.
-Specifying., extension -activjtie~.

Principles
of System.
Approach

I':"'--,~'-':

Embers

1 \

Genl-e-ra'-1- ---\~---s-p-e-Jilized :

or leaders

-------~-~~----~----------_._,I

Orientation
Or
apprenticeship

lnduction~

In' order to equip the extension personnel to deliVer

the real 'Kpods unoer rural development progra=es,'
they may be required to undergo pre-job and on-the-job
trainings. 'The pre-job training may be' for formal
education or for special preparation. On-the-job training 'may ,include oiie~lation; indJ"tion or apprenticeship, refresher and' advance training: It becomes the
responsibility of extension staff' to creale a desire for
training On the parLof farmers' and to provide a
. congeni.iJ training situation. 'The farm"rs may be
imparted ge'neral training in crop production or specialized training in vegetable cultivation, poultry, piggery,
-dairy,,'bee-keeping, farm machinery etc.
,. \
)

"

Refresher

\,

A~vance

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIqNS
h~ve special relevance
to hilly areas of our country,

HESE

1 Training has a vast potential in the development of

skills and utilization of farm technologies for
increased production, So, tniining of extension,
personnel an,,1farmers should be given due weightage
in rural development programmes.
'
(

order .to achieve this purpos", appl'opriate training strategy' involving- ~

'

,111

KURUKSHETRA June 16, 1983

,

15
,I


(a)
ples
(d)
and.

anaiysis of intended participants, (b) princiof system approach, (c) defining objectives,
analysis of task, (e) subject-matter pla'nning
(f) design of learning, should be empl0'led.

2' The training should' be 'tailor-made' to meet the

felt and unfelt needs of clients. For this purpose,
training facilities should be strengthened' and extension staff should be re-oriented in latest training
media and method.
3

In a study on "Use of Cammunication Media by

VLWs", the author reporled that village level workers were not equipped with appropriate media to
drive the ideas home to illitera~e farmers in an
understandable ,and meaningful way. It is suggested'
that there should be enough opportunities 'for field'
staff to make use of ~communiCation media on
different'
projects
and
sufficient exhibition
materials should be provided for demonsttations, field
days and 'village level training camp . Gupta (1980)
in another study, "Training Media-a unique experiment," found that' sli.des synchronized tape -programme-an
innovative mediun,' has bettcr impact
on tbe trainees overihe slides alongwith the lecture '
method. As a result, it. is recomm"ended that
slides/tape medium should be extensively used to
vi~alise the training programmes.

4 In comparison to 'plains, the hilly areas pose s.

greater challenge to extension personnel in fraining
of farmers in modernisation of agriculture, on ae'
count of complex problems like small'lseatteredand
slopy holdings, absence of effective"means of communication, transportation and ~ITatic weather. It-,
.is. suggested that community !raining centre should
be set-up for a cl)lster of ;,.;nages. Further, farmers
should be imparted training in 'mixed farming', on
scientific lines to meet their diversified needs and to.
safeguam against erratic behaviour of weather.
In hilly areas, farmers are}eeonomically backward,
illiterate and traditional-minded to accept and adopt
new .Ideas. This calls for a three-pronged training
I sthrtegy---Which should
not oniy' equip""'them with
/know~how' and 'do-how' but 'also shun their jnhibi,tions for new occupations."

,!

, 'REFERE1'lCES

1. Gupta, MY. (l9JlO) "Use of Communication Media by

VLWs," Indian Journal of Extension Education, (3 and 4):
88-89.

' ,

2. Gupta, M.P. (1980) "Impact of Training Mcdia-A Unique

" Experiment,;' J. Indian Educltional NCERT, Nc'w Delhi:
Vol. xvn NO.1 .

3. Singh. K.N; Rao, C.S.S. andSahay, B.M. (1970}.Rcsca,ch

in extension Educatian for Accelerating Development
Process. Cuxton Press~Ltd., New Delhi.

!'

.
13)

(Contd.
from p.
~ .
J
tJ..'
only for expanding self-employment, but mil'" efforts
,should be put to.make it profitable with the institutional
support. Majority of the training institutes are lacking
.the adequate facilitics, machines and tools for training.'
In majority 9f cases, the trai)1ees are sent to the Govt./
Semi-government workShop for inplant training;by the
training institutions, thete. also they face varieties ot
problems and they are not allowed to work comfortahly
because of raw hand and low or no compensation be- . '.
ing paid to the workshop. Therefore, spedal attention
should be paid' to the provision of workshed for the
trainees and for the' small self-employed; too.
Once
they are in the new venture, just likc HYV (high,
yielding variety) seed, they need special care, their
problems should be continuously monitored to make
, available a timcly assistance. Banks. have got 'a special
role io play in financing self-empioyment schemes, but
they are experiencing so"nlb difficulties' due to lack of
coordinated approach and absence of official support.
There.fore, it would be advisable to include the bank

\
_;

~,!

right from the inception of the project formulation,

while trainees are still in training institutes. Marketing
, for the 'small self~employed' seems to be the most vulnerable areas, when they come OUt with their products .
It is good that government is making continuous efforts
to channalise the marketing to yield them good. result,
, but much depends on the people, the ultimate consumer,to appreciate. and encourag", the products., It will
be realistic to recognise the fact that only a small num~
ber of new entrepreneurs can come out of the traihing
programme, ,vhile the vast majority .will have to. be
helped to, help themselves tllrough the well tried strategy of package assistance. No plannmg or scheme
will help to promote the self-employment in rural areas,
if it is designed and administere<! by those who have
no clear undcrstanding of the problems and operated
.by those who have no interest in the future of villages
and tbe rural poor. Therefore, the policy-makers and
the functionaries has to cbange tbeir present outlook
and attitude towards the rural people .

.
'

16

. XURDKSHBTRA

June

16, 1983

I:

Holalkere Taluk has encouraged to set up similar

centres in Hosadurga, Ch;Illakere Hiriyur in the
district.,
'

REVANNA,
SONOFREVANNA
is a professional wool
weaver in the tiny village of Gowripura of Challaere Taluk.

Revanna has;a wife and two children to look after.

Every week he weaves upta five blankets and sells
them in the nearby Challakere Shandy. Each of these
blankets is sold as Rs. 40 per blanket. On a rough
calculation, Revanna's production is warth Rs. 200,
per week, but in actnality, Revanna did not get more
than Rs. 40 per week. TIre balance af the amount
was always taken away by the, middle-men either
showing accounts towards raw materials or showing a
balance of loan account against the name of Revanna.
When Revanna was in need of money, especially during festivals and other ceremonies, he would be given
some hand . loan by. the middle-men and this would
always be kept outstanding against his name, Thus
went on the viciaus 'circle waven around Revanmi by
the middle-men from which he could never extricate
himself.
Consequently, Revanna's annual income was a paltry
Rs. 2000 and was hardly sufficient for his family. or
commensurate with his hard Work. It is in this background that Gowripura Wool Weavers' functional cluster was taken up under IRDP in '82-83. Revanna
along with other wool weavers were obviously the
beneficiaries selected by the B.D.O., Challakere under

ntDP.

Thanks to the dynamic and the pianeer work done

by the young manager af Chitradurga. Grameena
Bank. Kyadigunte, Revanna was sanctioned the laan.
under wool weavers scheme of IRDP. , TIrere was an
mitial hesitatian on his part to accept tile loan as that
would mean giving up an accepted form of support,
however bad Thanks to the persistent effort af the
block staff and. the manager of Chitradurg'a Grameena
Bank, Revanna was convinced of the continued support and its advantages.
today, Revanna continues with the ~aine rate of
production with the equipment. and raW materials
provided to ,j1imby the laan. He is able to weave the
same five blankets, but with the raw inaterial cost
warking mit to Rs. 20 per blanket, he noW earns an
incame af Rs. HiO per week. This amouilts to approximately Rs. 5000 per annum. -The bank manager
of Chitradurga Grameena Bank, Kyadigunte reports
that. Revanna has been regularly relfaying the loan
iilstalments due to the .Bank. Revanna's family
has thus crossed the poverty line and also got out
permanently from the clutches of the middle-men and
money-lenders of Gowripura. When. asked about his
future plans, Revanna mfornlS that lie wants to send
his children to school and wants to improve his hut
into a pucca structure. '
IRDP has truly been 'a boon to Revanna.
There are many pdor Revanna's in Gowripura,
some of them have been helped. upder the current
functional cluster of Gowripura. Others are
still
awaiting for the supporting hand of IRDP.
\.
13: L. SHRIDHAR. IAS
Spl. Dy. Commissioner (Developinent),
Chitr~durga (Katilataka)
KURUKSHETRA June 16, 1983

'Brides of Singhapura
,

HE BRIDESOF SINGHAPURA
are very status-con.
scious. But status symbols change. The latest
fad is a gobar gas 'plant.
. ...
They. arc reluctant to wed grooms who still burn
firewood an'! dung cakes in their hamesteads ..
Quite natural. They do not like smoke-filled kitchens. .Nor do. they like the smell of dung to. linger
on their fingers. Who would enjoy sitting in the blistering sun, hour after hour, mak.ing cakes of dung to
feed their primitive ~toves? Who. would like to spoil
the softness of her palms by endless scrubbing of
blackened pots 'and pans?
.
For more and more village belles of Haryana, these
tortures are all horrors of the past. Their kitchens
are smokeless and clean; their vessels shine and sparkle:000king itself is quick; it has become almost a
pleasure. Everi their lamp' burn gas, shedding brilliant light.
Gumam Singh, a young progressive farmer
of
village Singhapura, near Kjul1kshetra was the first to
instal a dome-tYPe Jamita gobar gas plant in the area.
According to him, the plant provides excellent manure,
besides gas for cooking and lighting. Prompted by
his success, many more installed their awn
plants.
Some-have connected their .flush latrines to the plants.
Today, Singhapura is famous all over Haryana as an
"energy village" ..
Haryana led other States in installing gobar gas'
plants in 1982-83 with 2259 plants in operation and
294 tinder CO)lStruction. Kurukshetra District alone
has 343 such plants.
For those who do not have the requisite number
of cuttle or enough space to work their own gis
plants, the 'Government is to set 11p community gas
plants. Each such plant will. cater to the needs of at
least 50 families. Jnitially one such plant will be set
up in each district of'the State. They will be capa"
ble .of lighting street lamps and running small engines
alSo.
In Haryana, it is easy to own one's own gobar
plant; The State Agricultural Department provides
all' technical assistance mid services of masons to
build a plant.' A subsidy of Rs. 1940, fully reimbursable by the Centre,. is given to the plant builder.
Loans are alSo provided, if necessary. There is a
special provision fot cement supply. The total cosf of
a plant will be in the vicinity of Rs. 6000.
.
Singhapura's uniqueness was that it was selected .
as a model .Vil1agefor demonstration
of a!temate
~nrces of energy, as a part of the new 20-point
prograrilIne. . In addition to gobar plants, attempts
were made to tap wind energy also.
'.-.,.
, Three windmills were installed in the state of which
one was in $inghapura. It has be.en designed by the
Institute of Rural Technology, Allahabad. The windmill is used to drive a pump which supplies water to
more than 30 scheduled caste families of the village.
The windmi11s, each coslting Rs. 20,000 was given
free by ,the . Government of India.
Solar cookers are also fast gain~ng popularity in
. the .area.
":-Press Information Bureau, Cnandigarh
21

,,

Book"Teview

"

S.N. BHATTACHARYA
"

.'

'-;

, Social Profile, of' Children in Arid . Zone of Rajas- ~ vely; No multinational children food, has invaded the
area and breast-feeding of the chila is common', asthan,; by K. K. Singh: National Institute of Public
,suring some resistallce power, '.~A;'ound 14 per cent
Cooperation &. Child Development, 5, Siri Instit~tional
faJIrilies had never faced any, problem or common
Area, Hauz Khas, New Delhi~110016; pp. 261; price
ai1m,entsof
children iniheir fatnilies".
.
Paperback Rs" 40, [,;ibrary'Edition Rs. 70.
. ENROLMENT
in primary schools has improved, but
.
. .
.
.
NTERNATIONALCHILDREN'S
YEAR promoted by the
drop-out rates are
higher, as is the glaring
UN instilled in. us. not only the awareness of the
disparity in educational opportunities between boys
value of a child as a future citizen, 'but also remet~d
and girls. Balwadis are non:.oxistent', but, asserts the
in a plethora of studies covering varlous dimensions
study, 'non-formal education ,and its potential' w~s
of child care and development.. The study . under
partially realised'. Sample shows that 159 fatnilies
review, 'Social Profile"' of Children in Arid Zone or _. had non-school going children. Reason is ,0bvi'Ous.
Rajasthan' is the outcome of the recommendation of
Gainful employment 'Ofthe child or his help is need.ed
the national plan of action drawn during ~he Intemac
at home.
tional Year .of the Child in India,
What about malnutrition which inhibits a child's
Wide gaps in ecological situations in 'Jndia coupled
abili~.,to cope with the challel\ges ,of daily existence?"
with divergent',soc\aFmillieuand
life style in different
Prime Minister's new 20'point, prograinme highlights
parts of the ceimiry, h.ave:import~t bearing on child
'devel'Opment programme for' children imd women.
raring, Children born, and brought up in near-desen
"-Integrated child development seheme of the Ministry
conditions have peJfo~ce"io be different from those in,
of Social Welfare, to be extended to'iOOOprojects oy
say, the Gargetic plain: .., 'I
',:
the. end 'of turrent plan, tbough weU concefvect, is a
. drop in the ocean. Integrated Rural' Development
The study co~~;; fout:~ di~tricts,'of .Rajasthan.:.c..
Programme has approached the Planning Coininission
Jais:llmer,- Barmer,- ,JOdhp,rr 'and .. Bikaner; S)lIVey
,for,,: huge outlay for the next" plan. period 'if,' the
was' conducted' in' ;300' houSeholds. from, 20 villages ,ill
.poverty line is to be, reduced, as committed, ITom 50
the fo'; 'districts:' 'SiX~'i:on1miIili~.leaders in addition,
percent to 40. But where are the resources?
were i~terviewed for 'cross-checking' tne information
,gathered. ' . ","
. ' . ", "",.,
.'
Public. cOOperation, . nay. publi~ in~olvement, ,~
~. ~ . ,.,
'go along way tn supplement 'Government and volun, ' 'EConomi~aUy the districts. are exteremely poor ..fOl:- '
. tary efforts. Leisure hours' if any, iiI arid zones' ai'
.~iiig'p-;'rt' (If Drought Pione Area' Programme 3'nd have
, spent ,in fighting the, adverseeffects,of"urikind nature.
very l;'w agricultural produfdon,' 'Am~nities" ,like
Where is the tinie to form Mahila Minldals or "youth
drinking ,water or housing are still" a 'far co/: .Be~ong:Clu~ for collective action .? .
:; ;
,lng,mostly to. ,the" schedJlled castes;the~aJontYls'
al".~

most ostracised by socie~" Na!i0n,a.I R~ral~mpl.o~ment Scheme might-have offered some economIc .gfJn~,
but .no~s'oCialrecognition.
.. -,' .
1

to:

Data an~ly~ed shoclddo 'no ~reili!

oUr .n\'tion~.l
family planning progratpme;, "44 per. cent of ~u~lear
families and joint families had two ,cnlldren whIle .o!,e ,
child was found in 37 ,per Cent. of nuclear, famili~s
and dn~-thfr'd' or' joint arid'nuclear',familiesrespecti-,

To a sensitive!mind, the study wiil 'leave :an"impress.

This is verily:ou'::coimtry 'and' many 'of the niral c~m,munities still stniggle hard fot existence: He 'will
,think twice' wasgng' water in the city when. his .fellow
being}n 'thearidzoiii
has to trek miles for a pitcher
, of wa~r!
.Thanks, are due to NIPCCD and to Shri
K. K. ,Smghfor giving a graphic ,picture of the condi,tions of the citizens' that are there 0':' wjll dje.
,
.
KqRUKSHETRKJiliie'16;

,.
\.

.1983

'-

,
t

_
,

1 '

.,:

Science education will quicken\

..
rural development
.

National

HE MAIN OBJECTIVE,
in out agricultural str~tegy
. .is to increase ,Jhe total agricultural production as
well as to push up the cfficiency' of various inputs
used by. the rural cQInmunity. . The technology that
is developed at the agricultural research institutes
needs to be adopted by the vast majority of the ,farmers
so that agricultural production is accelerated by efficient use of inputs.

K.D: KOKATE and V.K; DUBEY

Dairy Resear.ctr Institute, Karnal (Har)'ana

tion in growth rates oI foodgrains production in diffe~.

rent regions. .Even though, our country as a whole
'has ..made devclopm.cntin incr'casing our food production to a level of self.sufficiency of 130 m tonnes, but
it is far lagging behind many countries as far as fields
like dairying are concerned. This point is very clear
. through the following figures:
(i) India .has nearly 23 per cent of the world's
bovine population, ,however its share in tEe
world milk production' is only; 65, per

"
To enhan-oethe process of change the governin~nt

adopted the policy of extending ~ubsidy and assistance

cent.
..-t
a the rural' communities, so that pec'ple could adopt
(ii)
Iridia
is'
producing
around
,29
million tonnes
the suggested changes, This assistance-based. thrust
of
milk:
'of the system is slowly crippling'"the inner motivation
(iii) The per>capita availability of milk is 120
at the man to make self-efforts to achieve ~oals iIi
g/day against the required 200 g/day.life. It' has created a feeling'of dependenc,,"a",;1even
(iv)
The
.productivity per milch animal in India
with new seeds and fertilizers the farm~r is quite
is.2,96 litres/day which is very low' when
ignorant 'Of the changes. jri attitude expected of him.
viewed against the figure of 1'1' litres/day of
A study of the trends in the present day agriculture of
developed countries.
.
ur country revealed that there are some imbalances
which retard the growth of agricultural production,
The reasons as reported by National Commission
on Agriculture (1976) for the poor performance' "in
According to Alag and Bhalla, who studied the regional concentration of' agricultural development, found"
dairying /sector are (i) vcry low production poten~
hat in 1970--73, 20.48 per cent, of the gros> cultural: ~ tiality bf. thc'animals; (ii) lack of adequate nuttition;
'and (iii) poor health coverage.
rea' operated in the cO\U1try(mainly'loeated in PUn'''ab, Haryana, Western U.P: and. major' command
areas) accounted for 44.24 per cent of the .total fertiAccent on dairying
izer "consumption, 50.39 per cent of tractors, 38.43
HE 'STATEWISE. M,LK PRODUCTWN,
productivity
er cent eff irrigated area and' contributed, 36.40"per
per mIlch ammal and per capital , availability
ent of the total output. On'the other hand, 31.74 per
, cle'arly indicate that the milk production potentiality
nt of the grass cultural area (mainly consisting
of our animals can be improved as exemplified in cerf Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. and Orissa) shared
tain. states like GlIjarat, Haryana, Punjab etc. This'
2,83 per cent 'of fertilizer, 11.36 per cent of tractors.
situation of dairy sector is quite similar to that of
1.88 per cent of irrigation facilities and contribut~ci
agricultural developmcnt. How is it that this deve.
"
.
nly 15,68 per cent to the total agrirultural output.
lopment is limited to few states and ,that too confined
ese &gional disparities in the use' of critical agri.to few areas? The reaSOn is not that ~e don't have
ultural inputs got ultimately reflected.in the varia,
proper technology
- ne~d~d for exploiting the .produc-

,T

'R(jKsaEl1~A June 16, 1983'

'.

,
"

ti6~ potential of lour livestock but their transfer io

farmers', fields, the',place of adoption.
Government has 'implemented a' v,ariety. of daijy
development programmes of national'significance such
as Key Village Scheme '(KVS) ,Intensive Cattle Development Projects (ICDPs) Operation Flood ProjeCts
etc. Many organizations a,e involved" 1n developing ;
dairy farming innovation as well as transfer of such
technology from laboratories to the
clientele, The
only 'good mdicator of success of these endeavour is
the level of adoption in the farmer~: fields. Some of
the ,adoption-studies conducted in the field of dairying revealed thatthe: level of' adoption and number'
, of practices ad9pted are more in areas where the development is pllenomenal compared to their counten>arts
elsewhere.
t
' . . .
-

Adoption of improved practices

programme for ,rural communities, which is fleXible'

enough to bring changes in their knowledge as well
as in attitude. .,
'
,
'

Science education programme

,.

o GOVERN ONE'S own situation what the man ,inc11

. Iura!. setting needs to :know is the differenc~ bet~ .
. ween traditiona:! and,modern agricultur{and way 'of
life. This amounts to have :
~ .,,-..
. .~

,(a) Difference in attitude towards' nat';re and

,. I
nlan's ,place j~ it;
(b) ,Difference between traditional knowledge
" and modern science; and
(c) Difference in attitude to certain ,economic
aspects of human life and endeavour.
p

(a) Nature 2nd MaDis' Place in it i-The

tradi-'
fiona:! attitude iowards nature is one of awe, a snb,conscious fear that disturbing nature would nltij
mately bring disaster and heuce a convictiou that man
must make his living by working with nature.

,of the research workers have reported durerrent factors responsible for the adoption of improved animal husb.andry practices'.', However, tM
Educatio!1.is a key to progress, and more so for the'
crucial psychOlogica:l components which affect the
rural communities. ,Its expansion in the rural comadoption are knowledge and attitude of the. farmers.
munities needs greater emphasis in the present conNeedless to say that use of technology will. depend
.,
.
text as there is an urgency to change. traditional outupon retention of acquired knowledge 'by jarmers.
look of illiterate masses. The main purpose of eduResearch worker'S namely, Hoffer and ' Stangland ~
.eating the oppressed' should be to make them av:,are
(1958), Sizer and Porter (1960), Jaiswa:! (1965),
of tlieir situation and to "motivate them to change
Singh (1977) .and Chauhan (1979) have reported
this situation by proper action,
sigruficant' asso"iation between knowledge and adopIt is one of' the functions' of education' to explam
tion of improved practices. Similarly, the ,attitude of
, th~ working of nature and to indicate the possibilities
farmers has an important bearing upon the time lag
of modifying and harnessiug it in the interest ,d man.
between iitialkno)vledge and adoption ,of an innova'1n"the context of adult education to the' community, ,
tion.
As a,matter of fact, human behaviour is larthe simplest way to 40 this is to explain to community
gely a function of attitdd,e and it is more so in.a free
the working of several natural p1)enomena,. which
choice society like ,ours, In ,the past decades, many
affect 'everyday h'uman, plant and animal life, equally,
research workers like Wilkening (1952),
Fliegel
It is,'thus that t~ villager will"realize that this is a
(1959) ,and Rogers and Havens (1961) have point-,
struggle which, he must wiil if he is to survive; and,
ed out clearly \lJ6 significance'of attitude on adoption.
know
all that modern science has placed in his h"nds
Attitude, as one" of the most important psychological
as the necessary tools.
;' ,
determimints of adoption behaviour, has aiso been
'".
-' .
idei],tified by Jaiswal (1965), Nair" (1969), Gupta
(bYTraditional Knowledge and Modem "Science.and Sohal (1976) and Singh (1977). In general,
The vast rural population, besides being illiterate, is
most ,of the research' workers were in agreement of the
eugaged e~en today in the traditional' forms of
fact that' attitude controls the adoption behavi0!1r of
agricnlture. In this connection, y"erma (1966): refarmers as they h.ave reported a consistent relationship
ported that \rib\lls did not allow the calf to ,suckle
between attitude of farmers arid adoption ofimproVthe dam for'.the first milk called 'colostrum' as they
ed practices.
'
felt that calf wonla develop diarrhoea. 'Further, he
found
that tribals generally did not keepatiimals for
The development of rural community', is not a
milk.
S~ traditional knowledge is authorisation iu
mechanical process amenable to rigid' principles
or
the
.sen~
that it is passed on from one ;>:enerationto
scientific process. It: is' ~ssentially psychological and
the.
next
by
the authority of tradition. On the other'
primarily concerned with changing, the outlook and
hand
modern
science is' experimental. Every bit of
attitudes of millions ,of people living, in rural areas.
'it
is"
suppo~ed
to~,be verifiable by experime~t or
tt is not merely the question of laying out new roads,
. ~bservatiou and it is the privilege 6f every man to
or opening n!,w schools or' starting new health centres,
. put it to such. a 'test ~nd evaluate it in his own
but a problem of mentally, rdorming the ,rural community.. Therefore, .there is a need of an wucationa:!
situation.

OST

(,

'

June

, KURUKSHETRA

1&

16, 1983

MON and more adult literacy

centres with w~ll provided
reading roOms are attracting
more and more adults.

Adult education
The target of the National Adult Education Programme is to co,'er. by 1984 the entire illiterate
population in the 15-35 age group. Assistance in launching literacy canipaigns in selected areas is
being encouraged. As part of massive mobilisation, over 30,000 voluntary agencies and about 500
other educational institu1i01~S were deplayed in the programme. Some 250 adult education centres
were established ill the villages and urban slums in which 37 /akhs i:literate adu'ts were enrolled,
eachfor a period of 10 months of whom around 40 per cent emerged as literates.
Adult literacy among women, particularly rural is th mOst far-reaching development measure of thc society.

(Licensed under U(DN)-54 to post without prepayment at Civil Lines Post Office, Delhi).

-Regd. No D(DN)/39
RN 702/57

To learn the 3 R's makes a human being a man.

Adult education.
>

Non-formal education for adults between 15,35 years wilf receive priority during the plan in
view of their potential for immediate impact in raising the level of productivity in the economy.
The weaker sections I;ke women, schMuled castes and scheduled tribes, agricultural labourers, slum
dwellers, ,drought prone area re,idents will he given special attention 'in this work, Besides providing
basic literacy skil!s, ihe programme wil/.a/m at upgrading technical skits, creating social aware'.'ess
among' the ,i!liierate.masses .'thusrelieving them from _unemployment and poverty, .
.'~'."
.. .
'I'UBUSHI!'D' BY THE DIRECTOR, PUBUCAnONS
DIVISJON, ".NEW DJIUI-l-llOOOJ,.~
'

AND. ,~RIlfI'ED BY
atlSlNBSS

MANAmlIl:

THE

MANAGJlIIl, GOVERNMENT of

s. L

cJAlSWAL

ASSTT. ~

INDIA. pRESS,

(p):

"

PAIUDABAD.

K. R. KRISHNAN