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Example
Solve the differential equation
dy
dt
1
2
y
5
Solution
The differential equation is
dy
dt
1
2
y
dy
2
1 1/ y
dt
6
since
1
2
1 1/ y
y
y
1
y
Thus,
dy
2
1 1/ y
tan
y
1
tan ( y )
( y)
C
7
Example
Solve the differential equation
Solution:
Since 1 t 2
dy
2
2
2 2
1 t y t y
dt
y
(1 t )(1
t y
(1 t )(1 y )
dy
dt
y )
8
dy
2
1 y
(1
dy
2
1 y
t ) dt
2
(1 t ) dt
3
tan ( y )
t
3
C
3
t
tan t
3
C
9
Example
Solve
x dy
ydx
10
Solution
The equation
x dy
ydx
can be written as
dy
dx
1 x
1 x
( y)
dy
y
dx
1 x
11
or
or
ln y
ln 1 x
y e 1 x
y
A(1 x)
12
Example
Solve
4
xy dx
2e
3x
dy
13
Solution
The equation
4
xy dx
2e
3x
dy
can be written as
dy
dx
3
x
xe
y
y
14
Solution
The equation
4
xy dx
2e
3x
dy
can be written as
dy
dx
3
x
xe
2
4
dy
y
y
3x
xe dx
15
1 3x 1 3x
xe
e
3
9
2 3
2
4
1
y
2y
dy
y
y
3
3
x
xe dx
16
3
x
xe dx
2
y
2
dy
4
y
gives us
1 3x
xe
3
1 3x
e
9
3
x
e (3x 1)
2
3
y
3
1
y
9
y
6
3
y
c1
c
17
Definition
A function f defined on some interval I,
which when substituted into a differential
equation reduces the equation to an
identity, is said to be a solution of the
equation on the interval.
A solution does not contain derivatives.
18
Remarks
i)
19
Definition
A solution of ODE in which the dependent
variable is expressed solely in terms of
independent variables and constant is said to
be an explicit solution.
A relation is said to be an implicit solution
of ODE on an interval I provided it defines
one or more explicit solutions on I.
20
dy
dx
f x, y
y x0
y0
where
21
The problem
dy
Solve
f x, y
dx
Subject to : y x0
y0
is called an initial-value problem (IVP). The
side condition is known as initial condition.
22
Geometrically,
Solutions of
ODE
x0 , y 0
23
Example
Consider IVP
on
subject to
As
Now
ce
y 0
,
y 0
is its solution
at x 0, y 3
Substituting in solution 3
3e
ce
c 3
3 ce
So y
3e
c 3e
x 1
Theorem
Example
For
As f x , y
y, y 0
y ,
1 are continuous
27
Example
dy
dx
For
f x, y
x
2
y ,
f
y
2y
Variable Separable
The differential equation of the form
dy
dx
f ( x, y )
dy
dx
h( x) g ( y)
29
Method Of Solution
Step 1: We solve the equation g ( y ) 0 to
find the constant solutions of the equation.
dy
g ( y)
h( x) dx
30
then integrate
1
dy
g ( y)
h( x)dx
G( y )
H ( x)
Example
Solve the differential equation
dy
dt
1
2
y
Solution:
1. No constant solutions as the equation
1
1
y2
32
since
y2
1
1 1/ y 2
1
y2 1
Thus,
dy
2
1 1/ y
tan
( y)
tan 1 ( y )
Example
Solve the initial value problem
dy
1 t 2 y 2 t 2 y 2 , y( 0 ) 1
dt
Solution:
2
2
2 2
2
2
y t y (1 t )(1 y )
Since 1 t
dy
Therefore
dt
(1 t )(1
y )
1 y
0.
34
dy
2
1 y
(1 t 2 ) dt
3
tan ( y )
t
3
t3
tan t
3
C
35
tan
(1)
4
The solution to the initial value problem is
3
tan ( y )
t
3
tan t
t
3
36
Example
1
Solve
x dy
ydx
1 x
1 x
( y)
dx
1 x
37
or
or
ln y
y
ln 1 x
c1
c 1 x , C
c1
y
y
c1 x
0
38
Example
4
3x
xy dx y
2 e dy
Solve
Solution:
The given DE can be written as
dy
dx
Since
y4
y2 2
xe 3x
y
y4
y
constant solution is y
0.
39
Example
Solve the initial value problems
dy
2
(a)
y 1 ,
y (0) 1
dx
(b)
dy
dx
y 1 ,
y (0)
1.01
Solution
1.Since ( y 1)
y 1
y 1
dy
dx
or
1
y
x c,
y 1
41
y 0
1
1 1
1
0 c
and
1
y
y 1 when x 0.
c
1
0
42
(b) For
y0
Thus
and
1.01
1
1.01 1
1
y 1
y 1.01 when x
0 c
x 100
100
1
y 1
100 x
1
1
100 x
43
5. Comparison:
We can see
1
y2 1
100 x
as
100
Remark
An equation of the form
dy
dx
f ax by c , b
0,
ax by c
45
Example
Solve
dy
dx
y 2
Solution: substitute
u
du
dx
y 2
dy
1
dx
du
2
1 u
dx
du
dx
Integrating
2
1 u
1
tan u x c
u tan( x c)
x y 2 tan( x c )
which is the required solution
47
Dennis G. Zill
7th Edition
48
A function f is said to be
homogenous if for some real
number n it satisfies the following
property
f tx , ty
t f x, y
49
Example
f x, y
f tx , ty
t x
2
3 xy
2
t x
5y
3t xy
5t y
3 xy
5y
t f x, y
This function is homogeneous
of degree 2
50
Example
f x, y
f tx , ty
x
3
2
2
t x
2/3
2
2
t y
f x, y
Example
f x, y
f tx , ty
x
4
2y
tx
4
2ty
0
t f x, y
Homogeneous of degree 0
52
Remarks:
i) Homogeneous functions can be
recognized by examining the total
degree of each term.
e.g.
f x, y
y,
Not homogeneous
53
and
f x, y
Where f 1, y and
x
y f
x
,1
y
x
f
,1
y
are
homogeneous of degree 0.
54
Example
f x, y
x2
3xy
3y
2
x 1
x
y2
y2
2
x
y
x f 1,
x
2
55
M x , y dx
N x , y dy
Example:
Solve:
x
y dx
xy dy
Solution:
Both M and N are homogeneous of
degree two. If we let
ux
dy
udx
xdu
57
2 2
u x dx
ux
udx xdu
58
x 2 u 2 x 2 dx
x 2 ux 2 udx xdu
x 2 u 2 x 2 dx
x 2u u 2 x 2 dx
x 3 ux 3 du
59
x 2 u 2 x 2 dx
x 2 ux 2 udx xdu
x 2 u 2 x 2 dx
x 2u u 2 x 2 dx
x2
x 2u dx
x3 ux 3 du
x 3 ux 3 du
60
x 2 u 2 x 2 dx
x 2 ux 2 udx xdu
x 2 u 2 x 2 dx
x 2u u 2 x 2 dx
x u dx
ux du
x 2 1 u dx x 3 1 u du
1 u dx x 1 u du
x 3 ux3 du
0
0
61
1 u
dx
du
0
1 u
x
2
dx
1
du
1 u
x
u 2 ln 1 u
y
as
so
y
x
ux u
2 ln 1
y
x
ln x
0
ln C
y / x,
ln x
ln C
62
ln
y
Cx
y
x
On simplification we get
Cxe
y
x
is the solution
63
Example:
Solve
xydx
x2
y 2 dy
Solution:
Coefficients are homogeneous of degree
two, we could choose y vx
but the relative simplicity of the term
suggests that we put
x
vy
dx
vdy
ydv
64
ydv
v y
vy vdy
vy dv
vy dv
v y
y
1 v
2
2
y dy
v y
2
dy
dy
0
0
65
vy 2 vdy
3
vy dv
vy 3 dv
vydv
v2 y 2
ydv
2
v y
v y
y 2 dy
2
y 2 v 2 1 v 2 dy
2v
1 4vdv dy
0
2
4 2v 1 y
1
ln 2v 2 1 ln y
4
dy
0
0
ln C
66
Therefore ,
ln 2v 2
y
2v
1
2
4 ln y
ln C
or
y 2 2x 2
y2
General Solution
put
so
M x , y dx N x , y dy 0
y ux
dy udx xdu
M x , ux dx
N x , ux udx xdu
x n M 1, u dx
x n 1, u udx xdu
0
0
uN 1, u dx
N 1, u du
M i , u uN 1, u
xN 1, u du
68
69