ls - lists files in the particular directory

examples ls hello
lists all the files with hello.. if that is a directory then lists all the files
within the directory
ls hel*
lists all the files starting with hel
ls hel? lists all the files starting with hel and one character ater that
lists files in other directory ls /etc
ls -a- lists all the files with a period this includes special files
ls -d lists all the directories
ls -F marks files wither it is a directory or file /-> directorys @-links * for
exe
ls -l- file owener size last modification time
ls -R lists recursively subdirectories
> redirection operation
ls | takes one output to next command
man - help command
cal -calendar
call 2008 displays the list
call month <year>- specific month
cat file - display the contents of the file
cat file1 >> file2 - appends the file
cat file1 > file2 - overrites the file
cd-change directory
cd <directory name> -switch to subdirectory
cd .. to move the parent directory of the current directory
cd / to move to root directory
chmod - give permissions
chmod options permissions filename
u-> user g->group o->owner
read,write execute(x)
4- read,2-write,1 execute 0 no permission
chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r myfile
date-current date
df-disk usuage
who-lists the current useers
diff difference
diff file1 file2
2,2c4,2 lines 2-4 in the first lines must be changed to match lines 2-4 in secon
dfile
2a4 addion of line4 after line 2 in irst file
4d3 delete line 4 in first file to sync up with line 2
contextal p=output
diff -c file1 file2
file1.txt 2014-08-21 17:58:29.764656635 -0400
--- file2.txt 2014-08-21 17:58:50.768989841 -0400
***************
*** 1,4 ****
apples
- oranges
kiwis

carrots
--- 1,4 ---apples
kiwis
carrots
find command
locate the contents
find. -name file.txt -print
will search for file.txt in the current dir .represent curr directory
head
first line
tail
last line
mv,cp,mkdir,pwd
finger -displays informataon about system useers
touch- saves time of opening closing the file
touch cretes a new file with new time
tr - translate deelteing squeezing characters
tr <options> set1 set2
$ tr abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
thegeekstuff
THEGEEKSTUFF
$ tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
thegeekstuff
THEGEEKSTUFF
$ tr '{}' '()' < inputfile > outputfile
$ echo "This is for testing" | tr [:space:] '\t'
This
is
for
testing
$ echo "This is for testing" | tr -s [:space:] ' '
This is for testing
5
$ echo "the geek stuff" | tr -d 't'
he geek suff
T
cut command
cut -c4,6 file.txt
cuts 4th and 6th character of each line in the file
cut -d' ' -f2 file.txt
prints the second filed after space
rev filename revers the contents
grep search for contents in file
awk sed text processors ind text and perform operatons on it
#usage
$ grep This file.txt
Every line containing "This"

Every line containing "This"

Every line containing "This"
Every line containing "This"
$ cat file.txt
Every line containing "This"
Every line containing "This"
Every line containing "That"
Every line containing "This"
Every line containing "This"
Now awk and sed are completly different than grep. awk and sed are text processo
rs. Not only do they have the ability to find what you are looking for in text,
they have the ability to remove, add and modify the text as well (and much more)
.
awk is mostly used for data extraction and reporting. sed is a stream editor
Each one of them has its own functionality and specialties.
Example
Sed
$ sed -i 's/cat/dog/' file.txt
# this will replace any occurrence of the characters 'cat' by 'dog'
Awk
$ awk '{print $2}' file.txt
# this will print the second column of file.txt
Basic awk usage:
Compute sum/average/max/min/etc. what ever you may need.
$ cat file.txt
A 10
B 20
C 60
$ awk 'BEGIN {sum=0; count=0; OFS="\t"} {sum+=$2; count++} END {print "Average:"
, sum/count}' file.txt
Average:
30
I
+ grapefruits