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I. INTRODUCTION
ower-line communication is based on electrical signals,
carrying information, propagating over the power-line.
A communication channel is defined as the physical
path between two communication nodes on which the
communication signal is propagated [1], [2]. Power line
communication (PLC), as the name suggests, provides
connectivity using existing power lines as the
communications medium. There are many different types of
systems (and terminologies) associated with PLC, and
nearly as many standards.
Furthermore, there are technologies aimed at in-building
or in-home use, those aimed at external electrical plant use,
and those that support both. External plant applications are
considered here, and a full survey even of just these is
beyond the scope of this report. PLC systems make up the
vast majority of Neighborhood Area Network systems in
Europe, and were the dominant solution for early North
American systems until the rapidly growing popularity of
Radio Frequency systems. Power Line Communications
have not been standardized for a long time, but some
regulations have been established like CENELEC norm EN
50065-1. Also in existence are standardization for
Broadband PLC for inhome PLCbased Local Area
Networks and internet access (IEEE P1901.1 [3]),
standardization of NarrowBand PLC for Smart Grid
applications.
ISBN: 978-988-19252-4-4
ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
WCECS 2012
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II
WCECS 2012, October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA
C. Narrowband PLC
Technologies operating in the Very Low Frequency/Low
Frequency/Medium Frequency bands (3-500 kHz), which
include the European CENELEC (Comite Europeen de
ISBN: 978-988-19252-4-4
ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II
WCECS 2012, October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA
Data Rate
Grid
Segment
Modulation
Frequency
Vendor
Examples
10-100 bps
MV and
LV Segment
50 to 60Hz
Aclara PLC
(TWAS)
Narrow
PLC
1-100 Kbps
Mostly LV
Only
CENELEC
A Band
Echelon,
PRIME,G3PLC.
1-2 Mbps
Mostly LV
only
OFDM at
Higher bands
band
Broadband over
Power Line(BPL)
Current
Group
Ambient
Corp
WCECS 2012
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II
WCECS 2012, October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA
2E
cos 2 t
T
,
2 i 1
M
(1)
1,2, ,
a cos 2 t
b sin 2
0
,
(2)
and
are amplitudes taking on the values and
Where
,
, 3 ,,
, where M is assumed to
be a power of 4.
C. IFFT and FFT
Inverse DFT and DFT are critical in the implementation of
an OFDM system.
(3)
(4)
ISBN: 978-988-19252-4-4
ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Value
250KHz
488.28125Hz
84 (header) 96(payload)
13 (header) 1(payload)
512 (2048 s)
48 (192 s)
2240 s
2048 s
WCECS 2012
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II
WCECS 2012, October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate
-48
-50
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
-52
-54
-56
-58
-60
-62
0
50
100
150
Frequency (kHz)
200
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
-55
-56
-57
-58
-59
-60
-61
-62
-63
50
100
150
200
250
Frequency (kHz)
300
350
Fig. 10: 4-QAM PRIMEs receiver spectrum for transmissions using Fading
channel
-60
-70
-50
-60
-80
-70
-80
-90
-90
Fig. 11: DQPSK PRIMEs receiver spectrum for transmissions using Fading
channel
-100
4
-110
-3-100
x 10
3
12
10
4
x 10
4
Hz
-110
Time (Seconds)
ISBN: 978-988-19252-4-4
ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
(5)
WCECS 2012
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II
WCECS 2012, October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA
ISBN: 978-988-19252-4-4
ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
WCECS 2012