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Problem Statement
A chemist wishes to test the effect of four chemical agents on the strength of a particular type of cloth. Because there might be variability from
one bolt to another, the chemist decides to use a randomized block design, with the bolts of cloth considered as blocks. She selects five bolts
and applies all four chemicals in random order to each bolt. The resulting tensile strengths follow. Analyze data from this experiment (use
) and draw appropriate conclusions.
Bolt
Chemical 1
73 68 74 71 67
73 67 75 72 70
75 68 78 73 68
73 71 75 75 69
Solution
In this problem we need to compare
treatments (chemical agents), but the data is being influenced by
Each datapoint can be thought of as the sum of several factors:
Where:
and:
datapoint from the th treatment and the th block
the grand mean
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Hypothesis Testing
As usual, our null hypothesis will be that all the treatment means are equal (and come
from the same distribution). Our alternative hypothesis is that they are not all equal:
In order to test these hypotheses, we are interested in the sums of squares of all the error effects.
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Each of these is a measure of its respective type of error. Graphically, in the left plot of Figure 1
is the sum of the squares of the distance along
the x-axis from the grand mean to each of the black numbers.
is similar, but for the x-components of the red lines. For
we
are summing the squares of the x-component of the green lines. And for
it is the x-component of the black lines that are squared and summed
(it is easier to calculate this by arithmetic as in the equation above).
By dividing the statistics above by their respective degrees of freedom, we get a normalized measure of the error effects, or a mean sum of squares.
In order to test our hypothesis, we must compare the treatment error to random error. We will do this with the F statistic,
. We compare this quantity to a
12.95
4.317
Blocks (Bolts)
157.00
39.250
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P-Value
2.376 3.490
0.121
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Error
21.80
12
Total
191.75
19
1.817
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