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WASTEWATER COLLECTION
SYSTEM MODELING AND DESIGN
First Edition
Authors
Haestad Methods
Thomas M. Walski
Thomas E. Barnard
Eric Harold
LaVere B. Merritt
Noah Walker
Brian E. Whitman
Managing Editor
Thomas E. Barnard
Project Editors
Kristen Dietrich, Adam Strafaci, Colleen Totz
Contributing Authors
Christine Hill, Gordon McKay, Stan Plante, Barbara A. Schmitz
Peer Review Board
Jonathan Gray (Burns and McDonnell), Ken Kerri (Ret.),
Neil Moody (Moods Consulting Pty, Ltd.), Gary Moore (St. Louis Sewer District),
John Reinhardt (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection),
Reggie Rowe (CH2M Hill), Burt Van Duin (Westhoff Engineering Resources)
HAESTAD PRESS
Waterbury, CT USA
Table of Contents
Preface
xi
xv
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
xvii
1.1
1.2
Modeling
5
Applications of Collection System Models .......................................... 5
Types of Collection System Modeling .................................................. 7
1.3
1.4
16
23
2.1
Fluid Properties
24
Density and Specific Weight ................................................................ 24
Viscosity .................................................................................................. 24
Fluid Compressibility............................................................................ 27
Vapor Pressure ....................................................................................... 27
2.2
ii
Table of Contents
Chapter 3
2.3
Fundamental Laws
32
Conservation of Mass ............................................................................ 32
Conservation of Energy ........................................................................ 33
Conservation of Momentum ................................................................ 36
2.4
2.5
2.6
Hydraulic Elements
44
Open-Top Cross Sections ...................................................................... 44
Closed-Top Cross Sections.................................................................... 46
Noncircular Cross Sections................................................................... 49
2.7
Mannings n Variation
49
Calculating n with the Darcy-Weisbach Equation ............................ 50
Variation of n with Depth ..................................................................... 52
Recommended Values of Mannings n................................................ 53
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
91
3.1
93
3.2
Types of Routing
94
iii
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
3.3
Hydrodynamic Equations
95
Saint-Venant Equations......................................................................... 95
Approximation to Hydrodynamic Equations ................................... 96
Diffusion Analogy ................................................................................. 97
Kinematic Wave ..................................................................................... 97
Muskingum Routing ............................................................................. 98
Muskingum-Cunge Routing ................................................................ 98
Convex Routing ................................................................................... 100
Weighted Translational Routing........................................................ 100
Level Pool Routing .............................................................................. 100
Summary of Methods.......................................................................... 101
3.4
113
4.1
Friction Losses
113
Darcy-Weisbach Equation .................................................................. 116
Colebrook-White Equation and the Moody Diagram.................... 117
Hazen-Williams Equation .................................................................. 118
Swamee-Jain Equation ........................................................................ 120
Manning Equation ............................................................................... 120
Pipe Roughness Changes ................................................................... 121
Comparison of Friction Loss Methods ............................................. 121
4.2
Minor Losses
122
Minor Loss Valve Coefficients ........................................................... 123
4.3
Model Construction
137
5.1
137
5.2
iv
Table of Contents
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
173
6.1
6.2
6.3
Peaking Factors
187
Peaking Factor Charts and Equations............................................... 188
Minimum Flows................................................................................... 190
Selection of Flow Generation Rate and Peaking Factor ................. 191
6.4
Time-Varying Flows
193
Diurnal Curves ..................................................................................... 193
Developing Systemwide Diurnal Curves......................................... 195
Defining Usage Patterns Within a Model......................................... 196
203
Chapter 8
7.2
7.3
Rainfall
217
Rainfall Data ......................................................................................... 217
Selecting Model Simulation Events................................................... 218
Calibration Events ............................................................................... 219
Design Storms ...................................................................................... 219
Continuous Records ............................................................................ 228
7.4
Modeling Runoff
229
Rainfall Abstractions ........................................................................... 230
Horton Equation .................................................................................. 233
Green-Ampt Equation......................................................................... 233
Rational Method .................................................................................. 234
NRCS (SCS) Method............................................................................ 236
7.5
7.6
7.7
Snowmelt
262
Runoff Potential ................................................................................... 262
Snowmelt Models ................................................................................ 263
271
8.1
8.2
Flow Measurement
275
Hydraulic Control Sections in Open Channels ............................... 275
In-Pipe Methods................................................................................... 280
Manual Methods.................................................................................. 281
vi
Table of Contents
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
8.3
Instrumentation
283
Depth ..................................................................................................... 284
Velocity Meters..................................................................................... 287
8.4
Precipitation Measurement
292
Precipitation Data Acquisition........................................................... 293
Measurement of Rainfall..................................................................... 293
Gauge Operation Considerations ...................................................... 294
Radar Imagery...................................................................................... 295
Model Calibration
301
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Understanding Overflows
324
Estimating Combined Sewer Overflow ............................................ 325
Estimating SSOs ................................................................................... 326
Detecting Overflows with Scattergraphs ......................................... 326
305
333
10.1
Materials
334
Pipes....................................................................................................... 334
Manholes ............................................................................................... 335
Other Appurtenances .......................................................................... 336
10.2
Initial Planning
337
Decision to Provide Sewer Service to an Area................................. 337
Types of Conveyance........................................................................... 338
Separate versus Combined Systems.................................................. 338
10.3
vii
Chapter 11
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Hydraulic Design
352
Pipe Sizing ............................................................................................ 354
Manholes............................................................................................... 355
Computer Modeling for System Design........................................... 356
Steady Flow versus Extended-Period Simulation
(EPS) Analysis ................................................................................ 356
Design Maximum Flow Rates with Pumping ................................. 358
10.8
Special Installations
358
Sewers in Steep Terrain....................................................................... 358
Sewers Along Streams......................................................................... 359
Elevated Crossings .............................................................................. 359
Inverted Siphons (Depressed Sewers) .............................................. 360
10.9
361
371
11.1
11.2
System Characterization
376
Review Existing Records .................................................................... 376
Update System Inventory................................................................... 378
Collection System Condition Investigation ..................................... 379
Inspection of the Condition of Controls and
Ancillary Structures....................................................................... 382
11.3
Hydraulic Investigations
384
Field Data Collection........................................................................... 385
Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 386
Application of Hydraulic Modeling ................................................. 390
Assess Hydraulic Performance.......................................................... 394
viii
Table of Contents
11.4
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
419
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Efficiency Considerations
448
Constant-Speed Pumping................................................................... 448
Variable-Speed Pumping .................................................................... 451
Automated Energy Calculations ....................................................... 455
12.6
455
12.7
Hydraulic Transients
457
Low-Pressure Sewers
467
13.1
420
ix
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
13.2
Estimating Flows
472
Empirical Approaches......................................................................... 473
Poisson Distribution to Estimate Loads ........................................... 475
13.3
13.4
Utilizing GIS
478
489
14.1
GIS Fundamentals
490
Data Management ............................................................................... 491
Geographic Data Representations..................................................... 494
14.2
14.3
Model Construction
505
Model Sustainability and Maintenance............................................ 506
Communication Between the GIS and Modeling Staff .................. 507
Network Components......................................................................... 508
Wastewater Loads................................................................................ 510
Building the Model.............................................................................. 515
Pitfalls in Constructing Models from GIS ........................................ 517
Loading Model Results to GIS ........................................................... 520
14.4
Regulatory Issues
529
15.1
15.2
15.3
Table of Contents
551
Appendix A Symbols
557
Appendix B
Conversion Factors
563
567
Bibliography
573
Index
589