Rival countries have wrangled over territory in the South China Sea for centuries - but a recent upsurge

in tension
has sparked concern that the area is becoming a flashpoint with global consequences.
What is the argument about?
It is a dispute over territory and sovereignty over ocean areas, and the Paracels and the Spratlys - two island chains claimed in
whole or in part by a number of countries. Alongside the fully fledged islands, there are dozens of rocky outcrops, atolls,
sandbanks and reefs, such as the Scarborough Shoal.

Why are they worth arguing over?

Although largely uninhabited, the Paracels and the Spratlys may have reserves of natural resources around them. There has been
little detailed exploration of the area, so estimates are largely extrapolated from the mineral wealth of neighbouring areas.
The sea is also a major shipping route and home to fishing grounds that supply the livelihoods of people across the region.

Who claims what?

China claims by far the largest portion of territory - an area defined by the "nine-dash line" which stretches hundreds of miles
south and east from its most southerly province of Hainan.
Beijing says its right to the area goes back centuries to when the Paracel and Spratly island chains were regarded as integral
parts of the Chinese nation, and in 1947 it issued a map detailing its claims. It showed the two island groups falling entirely
within its territory. Those claims are mirrored by Taiwan.
Vietnam hotly disputes China's historical account, saying China had never claimed sovereignty over the islands before the 1940s.
Vietnam says it has actively ruled over both the Paracels and the Spratlys since the 17th Century - and has the documents to
prove it.
The other major claimant in the area is the Philippines, which invokes its geographical proximity to the Spratly Islands as the
main basis of its claim for part of the grouping.
Both the Philippines and China lay claim to the Scarborough Shoal (known as Huangyan Island in China) - a little more than 100
miles (160km) from the Philippines and 500 miles from China.
Malaysia and Brunei also lay claim to territory in the South China Sea that they say falls within their economic exclusion zones, as
defined by UNCLOS - the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Brunei does not claim any of the disputed islands, but Malaysia claims a small number of islands in the Spratlys.
Satellite
imagery shows China building an airstrip in the SpratlysThe Philippines accuses China of strengthening its military presence in
the South China Sea
Vietnamese
protesters mark China's seizure of the Paracels in 1974
Recent flashpoints
The most serious trouble in recent decades has flared between Vietnam and China, and there have also been stand-offs between
the Philippines and China:

In 1974 the Chinese seized the Paracels from Vietnam, killing more than 70 Vietnamese troops.

In 1988 the two sides clashed in the Spratlys, with Vietnam again coming off worse, losing about 60 sailors.

In early 2012, China and the Philippines engaged in a lengthy maritime stand-off, accusing each other of intrusions in
the Scarborough Shoal.

In July 2012 China angered Vietnam and the Philippines when it formally created Sansha city, an administrative body
with its headquarters in the Paracels which it says oversees Chinese territory in the South China Sea.
Unverified claims that the Chinese navy sabotaged two Vietnamese exploration operations in late 2012 led to large
anti-China protests on Vietnam's streets.

In January 2013, Manila said it was taking China to a UN tribunal under the auspices of the UN Convention on the Laws of
the Sea, to challenge its claims.

In May 2014, the introduction by China of a drilling rig into waters near the Paracel Islands led to multiple collisions
between Vietnamese and Chinese ships.

In April 2015, satellite images showed China building an airstrip on reclaimed land in the Spratlys.
The

Philippines has a rusting vessel beached on the Second Thomas Shoal, which China also claims
What does the rest of the world say?
Although China has tended to favour bilateral negotiations behind closed doors, other countries want international mediation. But
even if the Philippines is successful in its attempts to pursue China at a UN tribunal, China would not be obliged to abide by the
ruling.
Recent attempts by regional grouping Asean to discuss new ideas for resolving the dispute appear to have left the bloc severely
divided.

The US has warned China not to "elbow aside" the countries it is in conflict with over the islands. The Philippines has upped the ante
in its territorial dispute with China by fighting fire with fire, or in this case, a map with a map. The Philippines has recently unveiled an exhibit in
Manila of 60 ancient maps of Asia that authorities say debunk Chinas claimed "historical ownership" over disputed areas of the South China Sea,
specifically the Scarborough Shoal, located west of the Philippines.

According to Filipino newspaper The Inquirer, Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio said in a public lecture that he hopes the
maps, the oldest dating from 1136 during Chinas Southern Song Dynasty, would finally settle the dispute in the South China Sea in the Philippines'
favor. The cartographic display is also viewable online at the Institute of Maritime and Ocean Affairs website.
We should respect historical facts, not historical lies, Carpio said. The collection of maps shows the island of Hainan, Chinas southernmost region,
as not including any maritime territories, particularly the hotly disputed Scarborough Shoal and Spratly Islands.

Chinas claim over the territory, which it calls Huangyan Island, re-emerged in April 2012, after the Philippines discovered Chinese fishermen
engaging in what Manila said was poaching at the shoal. The discovery eventually led to a tense confrontation between Chinese and Filipino
maritime forces and continues to be a geopolitical point of contention for the two countries. The Philippines is an ally of the U.S.

Chinas maritime claims extend beyond just the Scarborough Shoal, and even beyond the South China Sea. China is also embroiled in disputes with
Japan in the East China Sea over a cluster of islands called the Diaoyu in Chinese or Senkaku in Japanese. In the South China Sea, Brunei, Malaysia,
Vietnam and Taiwan all lay claim to different areas that China has also claimed as its own.

China has been known to use maps in the past as a form of cultural warfare. Earlier this summer, the Chinese government released a new official
vertical map which not only included the mainland, but also much of the South China Sea.

Casane, Grethel L.
HRM 322/ 1:30-3:30PM

June 16, 2015

History of Food and Beverage Industry

The ancient travelers were mainly pilgrims, traders and military men, but whenever there was a military movement they
used to carry accommodation and food with them. It was the traders and the pilgrims who wanted the provision of food
and accommodation. The first Inns had nothing more than a cot or a bench towards the corner of the room or the stable.
Here sanitation and privacy were non-existent. People used to share room with livestock. In the 3 rd century, Roman
Empire built roads in Europe to facilitate the traders. Soon a chain of roadside Inns was constructed from Spain to
Turkey. This continued to be same till the end of 17 th century for common men. The wealthy used to stay at their friends
place or with relatives, but soon they too realized the need for accommodation for their class. Thus the European castlelike structure sprung up. This had the provision of sanitation, privacy and all the luxury that they demanded. This
structure came to be known as Hotel, the French equivalent for Mansion. Colonial American Inns were modeled after
the Europeans and the practice of sharing was common.
Towards the end of the 17th century, the concept of Hotel with a living room and a bath attached for common men came
into existence. The American innkeepers improved the quality of service by providing comfort and sanitation at
affordable rates. A giant leap in this direction was the establishment of City Hotel in the year 1794.It was the largest
hotel in New York, exclusively used for lodging purpose and inspired the construction of other pioneer hotels. Another
milestone was the establishment of Tremont House in 1829 that was offering a private room with locking facility,
washbasin, water pitcher, soap in the bathroom and above all, a full time service staff. Palace Hotel established in 1874
had A.C, fire sprinklers, plumbing system and other luxurious facilities. This was followed by the transformation to
different forms of hotels like budget hotels, resorts, motels etc.
Today, food and beverage processing and manufacturing is one of the largest employment industries in the
United States, providing jobs for more than 1.4 million workers annually.

http://parikshitsharma.blogspot.com/2012/10/origin-of-food-beverage-serviceindustry.html
TODAY'S BEVERAGESERVICE INDUSTRY
Since 1990 alcohol consumption in the United States has gradually declined. Expert
observers relate the drop to lifestyle changes for many busy Americans, many of whom now
focus on fitness and preventive health care. Theyve stopped smoking, they exercise, they
watch their weight and their cholesterol count, and they keep their heads clear during working
hours. The three-Martini lunch is now a relic, replaced by bottled waters, flavored iced teas,
and, on rare occasions, perhaps a single glass of wine. These moderate drinkers limit their
consumption to one or two drinks a day. At the same time they are very much interested in
the quality of whatever drink they choose. When they do imbibe they tend to choose premium
or super-premium liquors and wines. Drinking less but drinking better has become the
norm.
Other versions of taverns all through out Europe:

Inns are establishments where travelers can procure food, drink and lodging.
Pubs are an establishment which serves alcoholic drinks especially beer for
consumption on the premises, usually in a homely setting. Pubs are commonly
found in English-speaking countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, Ireland,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Cabarets are restaurants or nightclubs with a stage for performances and the
audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the
performance. Today, cabaret is commonly known as a show, often can be seen in
entertainment centers or areas like Las Vegas.
American Taverns
Taverns in America were introduced by the British.
The distinction between the British and the American taverns was the inclusion
of accommodation and entertainment.
The entertainments in American taverns were in the forms of gambling and
prostitution.
The Philippine bars are patterned to American bars or taverns.
1643 the beginning of American Beverage Service Industry.
Coles Ordinary the 1st American tavern.
Taverns served as a place or rendezvous for revolutionaries before the war.

Todays Beverage Service Industry

Beverage-only Bar
Bar / Entertainment Combination
Disco bars
Nightclubs
Internet caf or cyber caf
Videoke bars
Sports bars/ pool bars
Comedy bars
KTV bars
Gay bars
Food and Beverage Combination
Bar and Restaurant
Tea houses / Tea Rooms
Taverns
Public House / Pubs
Brew pubs / Micro Breweries
Service Bars
Hotel Beverage Operation
Lobby Bar
Coffee Shop
Cocktail Lounge / Piano Bar
Restaurant Bar / Service Bar
Disco Bar / Night Club
Videoke Bar
Poolside Bar / Pool Bar
Pool / Sports Bar
Banquet Bar

Open Bar Set up

Limited Bar Set up
Mini Bar
Airline Beverage Service
Cruise and Passenger Ship Beverage Service
Rail Beverage Service
Coffee Shops / Coffee Houses / Caf
Beer Garden