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LEVEL MEASUREMENT
1. Direct Methods (
(Visual Methods)
)
The
Direct
Direct
& Dip-Rods
2.Weighted
g
g
gauge
g tape
p
3.Sight
Gauges, and
4 Floats.
4.
Floats
1.1)
) Dip-Sticks
p
& Dip-Rods
p
1.2)
) Weighted
g
g
gauge
g tape
p
Another variation is the weighted gauge tape. This is used in a
similar fashion to the dipstick
dipstick, but on deep vessels and tanks
where a solid rod would be inappropriate.
1.3)
) Sight
g
Gauges
g
There
glass; flat,
flat tubular and reflex
2.Magnetic
g
sight
g g
gauges.
g
Tubular Sight
g
Glasses
They
h
are used
d mainly
l for
f
non-corrosive, non-toxic inert liquids
l
d
at moderate temperatures and pressures.
visual
indicator,
consisting
of
triangular
wafer
elements.
l
t
Glass
l
h
has the
h obvious
b
disadvantage
d d
off being
b
fragile
f
l and
d easily
l
damaged or broken. Therefore, this type should not be used
for measuring hazardous liquids
liquids. On safe applications,
applications tubular
gauge glasses can be used.
1.4) Floats
P
Pressure Methods
M th d
2. Displacement
3. Capacitance
devices
Level Instrumentation
4. Radiation
Radiation-Based
Based
Level Gages
2.1)
) Hydrostatic
y
Pressure Methods
Where,
P = Hydrostatic pressure
= Mass density of fluid in kilograms per cubic meter
g = Acceleration of gravity
= Weight
g density
y of fluid in newtons per
p cubic meter
h = Height of vertical fluid column above point of pressure
measurement
The level of liquid inside a tank can be determined from the
pressure reading if the weight density of the liquid is constant.
Pressure sensor / transmitter can make use of this principle for liquid
level measurement. The PSE can be connected to the bottom the
vessel so that it's
it s input is related the hydrostatic pressure within the
tank.
2.1.2) Differential
Differential-Pressure
Pressure Level Meters
Wh
When
a DP transmitter
t
itt
i used
is
d for
f
th purpose off
the
measuring
transmitter.
level,
it
will
be
called
level
P High
g = P atm + S . H
P Low = P atm
pressure P = P High
g P Low = S . H
Differential p
The level transmitter can be calibrated to output 4 mA when the tank is
at 0% level and 20 mA when the tank is at 100% level.
Dry leg system usually used where the gas phase is noncondensable.
At the top of the low pressure impulse line is a small catch tank. The
gas phase or vapour will condense in the wet leg and the catch tank.
The catch tank,
tank with the inclined interconnecting line,
line maintains a
constant hydrostatic pressure on the low-pressure side of the level
transmitter. This pressure, being a constant, can easily be
compensated for by calibration.
2.1.3)
) Bubbler Level Measurement System
y
Consider that the tank is empty, the gas will escape freely at
the end of the tube and therefore the gas pressure inside the
bubbler tube (called back pressure) will be at atmospheric
pressure.
When the weight of an object is heavier than an equal volume of the fluid
into which it is submerged, full immersion results and the object never
floats. Although the object (displacer) never floats on the liquid surface, it
does assume a relative position in the liquid. As the liquid level moves up
and down along
g the length
g
of the displacer,
p
, the displacer
p
undergoes
g
a
change in its weight caused by the buoyancy of the liquid. Buoyancy is
explained by Archimedes' principle, which states that: "The resultant
pressure of a fluid on a body immersed in it acts vertically upward
through the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid and is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced".
The upward pressure acting on the area of the displacer creates the force
called buoyancy.
When a b
Wh
body
d iis ffully
ll or partially
ti ll immersed
i
d in
i any liquid,
li id it iis reduced
d
d iin
weight by an amount equal to the weight of the volume of liquid
displaced.
Ws =Wd [(0.0361)(V)(Sg)]
Torque
q
tube
Displacement
p
Devices Applications
pp
The p
piping
p g arrangement
g
should be designed
g
to p
prevent the
formation of sediment on the bottom of the cage as eventually this
can build up and affect the displacer movement. Coating build-up or
dirt that clings to the displacer may affect the elements buoyancy
resulting in the accuracy of the measurement.
Theory of Operation
A capacitor consists of two conductors (plates) that are electrically isolated
from one another by a nonconductor (dielectric).
When
Wh
the
h two conductors
d
are at different
diff
potentials
i l (voltages),
( l
) the
h system is
i
capable of storing an electric charge. The storage capability of a capacitor is
measured in farads.
The capacitor plates have an area (A) and are separated by a gap (D) filled
with
i h a nonconducting
d
i
material
i l off dielectric
di l
i constant (K).
(K)
Capacitance
p
Probe as a Level Switch:
The probe is connected to the level sensor via the conductive threads of
the housing.
Sonic sensors
o in sonic sensors, the unit uses the echo principle with a frequency in the
audible range.
g
o After each pulse, the sensor detects the reflected echo.
o Note this will only work if the surface of the liquid is a good reflector and
that the centre line of the transmitted beam is vertical.
Level Switches
a)
They
h
can be
b made
d out off stainless
l
steel,
l Teflon,
fl
Hastelloy,
ll
Monel,
l and
d
various plastic materials.
Displacer
p
Switches