1

George Washington
1789-1797
No party?
Judiciary Act of 1789- fed. court in each state that operated to local procedures
Hamilton (federalist, strong gov, North)- excise tax on whiskey, national bank
Whiskey rebellion- hurt western Pennsylvania farmers/brewers. Attacked tax collectors, burned towns
Farewell address warned against foreign entanglements/political parties

John Adams
1797-1801
Federalist
Alien and Sedition vs. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
XYZ affair and resulting Quasi-WarFrance mad about ban of trade with west Indies, seized American ships

Thomas Jefferson
1801-1809
Democratic-Republican
Jefferson/Burr deadlocked in Electoral College, House voted and picked
Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts regulated relations/land sales between Natives and colonists
Marbury v. Madison voided act of Congress (judicial review)
Britains Orders in Council and Frances Continental System blockaded each other, seized ships

James Madison
1809-1817
Democratic-Republican
Embargo Act of 1807- Ban vessels for leaving America for foreign areas to pressure others to accept
American neutrality. Non-Intercourse Act banned trade with just Britain/France, Macons Bill No. 2 opened trade
War of 1812/Treaty of Ghent between Britain/America: impressment, violations of neutral rights
Federalist reign ended after Hartford Convention
America System by Henry Clay made America self-sufficient

James Monroe
1817-1825
Democratic-Republican
Era of Good Feelingsno war, no controversy
Marshall Courts: Dartmouth v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland
Missouri Compromise- Maine=free state, Missouri isnt. Ban slavery in Louisiana Ter. N of 36 30 except Missouri
Monroe Doctrine- stay out of foreign wars, no more colonies in America, no European colonies in New World

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829
Democratic-Republican
Corrupt bargain election- Clay supported Adams, so Clay got Sec. of State
Federal aid for internal improvements

Andrew Jackson
1829-1837
Democrat
1st Democratic party. Rotation in Office replaced all government workers with supporters (spoils system)
Indian Removal Act pushed Native Americans in the east further west
Passed Tariff of Abominations that favored the North
Calhoun wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest said tariff was unconstitutional
Nullification crisis: SC nullified tariffs, so Jackson used Olive Branch and the Sword (Olive Branch=reduction of
tariffs, Sword=Force Bill, let president use arms to collect duties)
Vetoed National Bank led to panic of 1837

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841
Democrat
Panic of 1837; Van Buren made Independent Treasury Bill that let government keep revenues away from banks

William Henry Harrison

1841-1841 (Died)
Whig
Seen as war hero (Tippecanoe), but died very early on

10

John Tyler
1841-1845
Whig
Vetoed attempts to recreate the bank, didnt like tariffs, federal internal improvements
Webster-Ashburton Treaty- fix Maine/Canada border, reaffirmed American borders (Lake of the Woods)
Preemption Act- let squatters get first dibs to buy government lands

11

James K. Polk
1845-1849
Democrat
Strong Jacksonian, liked expansion (Fifty-four forty or fightoccupy all of Oregon country, up to 54 40)
Mexican-American War: didnt pay $2 mil debt, Alamo, annexed Texas, made border Rio Grande/Not Nueces
We got Texas, New Mexico, California for $15 mil and assumption of Mexican citizens (Guadalupe Hidalgo)

Wilmot Proviso- Slavery should be banned in lands gotten from Mexican War (pass through House, not Senate)

12

Zachary Taylor
1849-1850
Whig
Gold Rush; opposed spread of slavery (pop. sov.)
Died in 1850 from gastroenteritis

13

Millard Fillmore
1850-1853
Whig
Compromise of 1850: Texas lose land in New Mexico border dispute, federal assumption of Texas debt, New
Mexico/Utah territories have pop. sov., slave trade ban in DC, California is free state, stricter fugitive slave law

14

Franklin Pierce
1853-1857
Democrat
Was expansionist: Gadsgen Purchase from New Mexico for railroad, wanted Cuba (Ostend Manifesto said we
should militarily take over Cuba ASAP)
Kansas-Nebraska Act- gave new territories pop. sov. (Kansas would be free, Nebraska slave)
Bleeding Kansas- competing Kansas govs. (Lecompton=slave, Topeka=free)
Browns Pottawatomie Massacre killed proslavery officials in Lecompton

15

James Buchanan
1857-1861
Democrat
Dred Scott v. Sanford- blacks arent citizens and cant sue; temporary residence in free state cant make slave free;
repealed Missouri Compromise by saying Congress cant prohibit slavery
Lincoln-Douglas debates: free soil vs. pop. sov. Douglass Freeport Doctrine said people can exclude slavery by
refusing to pass laws that protected it
John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry- seized weapons, tried to incite slave uprising
The Impending Crisis of the South said slavery hurt average yeomen farmers while enriching large planters

16

Abraham Lincoln
1861-1865
Republican
Was originally a free soiler; States seceded and created ConfederacyLincoln sent supplies to Ft. Sumner,
Confederates attacked. Lincoln called it an insurrection, causing several more states to secede.
Civil War: Enrollment Act forced men to fight; Legal Tender Act printed millions of greenbacks that were legal;
Confiscation Acts seized Confederate property/all slaves who escaped were free; Emancipation Proc. freed slaves
1st Bull Run
Shiloh

Leaders
McDowell vs.
Beauregard
Grant/Sherman vs.
Johnston/Beauregard

2nd Bull Run

Pope vs. Lee/Jackson

Antietam

McClellan vs. Lee

Fredericksburg

Burnside vs. Lee

Chancellorsvill
e

Hooker vs. Lee/Jackson

Vicksburg

Grant vs. Pemberton

Gettysburg

Meade vs. Lee

Chickamauga

Rosecrans vs. Bragg

Shenandoah
Valley

Sheridan vs. Early

Five Forks

Grant vs. Lee

Appomattox
Court House

Grant/Sheridan vs. Lee

When
July
1861
April
1862
August
1862
Sept.
1862
Dec.
1862
May
1863
May
1863
July
1863
Sept.
1863
Sept.
1864
April
1865
April
1865

Where?
Virginia
Mississippi
Virginia
Maryland
Virginia
Virginia
Mississippi
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia

Results
South
won
North
won
South
won
North
won
North
won
South
won
North
won
North
won
North
won
North
won
North
won
North
won

Other
Replace McDowell w/
McClellan
South crossed Potomac,
invade MD
Caused Emancipation Proc,
McClellan fired for Burnside
Huge casualties
S. was outnumbered, still
won, Jackson accidentally
killed

1/3 of Lees army was killed

Confederates fled Richmond,

Union took over
Caused Confederate
surrender

Lincoln came up with reconstruction plan, pocket vetoed Radicals plan (Wade-Davis), and got assassinated

17

Andrew Johnson
1865-1869
Democrat / National Union
Congress overrode vetoes on Freedmen Bureau Bill and Civil Rights Act
Reconstruction put south into 5 military districts, voters would make new constitution with black suffrage
14th Amendment- people born/naturalized in America were citizens (Nullified Dred Scott)
Tenure of Office said president couldnt fire without Senate consent. Johnson fired sec/war (Stanton)
Tried to impeach, and ran one vote short: he served the remainder of his term

18

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

1869-1877
Republican
15th Amendment- states cant deny suffrage to men of any race or previous servitude
Southern Republicans: Carpetbaggers (North who came for power), Scalawags (poor, Southern whites. MOST
POLITICAL POSITIONS), and Freedmen (uneducated black slaves who constituted 8/10 republican votes)
Was lots of corruption and controversyGrantism:
o Black Friday Scandal- Fisk/Gould tried to corner gold market: Grant stopped gov. gold sales to allow
o Credit Mobilier- skimmed government subsidies from railroad building and bribed Congress
o Salary Grab Act- congress gave huge pay raises to president and Congress
o Whiskey Ring- defrauded government from excise tax on whiskey
o Belknap bribing- Sec. of War Belknap got bribes from people involved in Native American lands

19

Rutherford B. Hayes
1877-1881
Republican
Reconstruction ended with Compromise of 1877: gave Hayes presidency for end of Southern military occupation
Railroad Strike of 1877 was ended with federal troops
Bland-Allison Act- mint between $2-4 mil. silver coins a month to expand money in circulation

20

James A. Garfield
1881 (Died)
Republican (Half-Breed)
Pendleton Civil Service Act- standards of merit for gov. jobs. Stalwarts=spoils system, Half-Breeds=reform
Killed by Charles Guiteau

21

Chester A. Arthur
1881-1885
Republican (Stalwart)
Edmunds-Tucker Act- dissolved Mormon church company, illegalized polygamy
Chinese Exclusion Act- limited Chinese immigrants (not ended until 1943!)

22

Grover Cleveland
1885-1889
Democrat
Interstate Commerce Act- commission would control interstate commerce, fair railway rates, end discrimination
Dawes Act- incorporate Native Americans into everyday society (land, rights, citizenship)
Vetoed bill that would give out more military pensions

23

Benjamin Harrison
1889-1893
Republican
McKinley Tariff- protective tariff to protect manufacturing (all-time high rates)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act- monopolies that controlled whole industries and restrained trade were illegal
Sherman Silver Purchase Act- buy silver each month at market prices, issue treasury notes redeemable in specie
Homestead Strike- at Carnegie Steel about salaries

24

Grover Cleveland
1893-1897
Democrat
Repealed Sherman Silver Act
Depression of 1893-1897: Coxeys Army marched on Washington for gov. job creation through public works
Pullman Strike was ended with federal troops
Wilson-Gorman tariff lowered duties and increased income tax: ruled unconstitutional by court
Plessy vs. Ferguson said segregation was legal if separate but equal facilities were supplied

25

William McKinley
1897-1901
Republican
Annexed Hawaii after aiding the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani during the Hawaiian Rev in 1893
Dingley tariff increased rates to counteract Wilson-Gorman tariff
Spanish-American War: Yellow Journalism (over exaggerating problems in Cuba), USS Maine sunk in Havana,
was the splendid little war, and ended with Treaty of Paris (Cuban independence, Philippines, Puerto Rico,
Guam, pay Spain $20 mil).
Currency Act of 1900 put America on gold standard
Open Door Notes- guarantee equal opportunity of trade with China
Platt Amendment- Cuba is a protectorate, couldnt 1) make treaties that compromise its independence, 2) Get
excessive debt. Had to allow American influence, and let America have a military base at Guantanamo Bay

26

Theodore Roosevelt
1901-1909
Republican
Ended United Mine Workers strike
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine- intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs in Latin America
After The Jungle, TR passed Pure Food/Drug &Meat Inspection Act to ban unclean food and create fed inspections
Was a Conservationist: National Reclamation Act, Antiquities Act. Jingoist, and a trust-buster
Panama Canal- recognized Panama as independent from Columbia and paid $10 mil. for canal zone

27

William Howard Taft

1909-1913
Republican
Mann-Elkins Act strengthened the ICC and trust-busting
Promised he would lower tariffs, but passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which made him unpopular
Dollar Diplomacy- protect American economic interests (Nicaragua and Andolfo Diaz)
Sixteenth Amendment- graduated income tax (major Progressivist goal)
Mann Act- cant transport women across state lines for immoral purposes (prostitution)

28

Woodrow Wilson
1913-1921
Democrat
Underwood-Simmons Tariff lowered taxes
Federal Reserve Act- divide America into 12 sections, each with a Fed. Reserve bank
Racist-showed birth of a nation in white house (Glorified KKK)
Clayton Antitrust Act- making certain business practices illegal (price discrimination, busted sugar monopolies)
World War One (Lusitania, Zimmerman telegraph, u-boats, shape the peace of democratic nations)
19th Amendment- Gave women the vote
18th Amendment- Illegalized alcohol BECAUSE BEER IS GERMAN!!! EEK!
Versailles- BASHED GERMANY (reperations, disarming, blame, loses colonies), lands become free (Poland)
14 Points- Self-determination, free navigation/trade, reduced weapons, open treaties, League of Nations

29

Warren G. Harding

1921-1923 (Died)

Republican

Fordney-McCumber Tariff- raised protective tariffs (shows American isolationism and want for self-sufficiency)
Teapot Dome Scandal- Sec/Interior gave oil reserves in Wyoming to oil companies for bribe
Washington Naval Arms Conference- end Japan/America/England arms race
Revenue Act of 1921- tax cuts to the wealthy to encourage investments (Mellons trickle down theory)

30

Calvin Coolidge
1923-1929
Republican
National Origins Act- restricted immigration to 2% of amount of Americans
Bonus Bill- promised military pensions to WW1 veterans- vetoed, but passed (Would later cause Bonus March)
Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian anarchists blamed on robbery/murder: biased trial, convicted, got death sentence
Kellogg Briand Pact- renounce aggression, outlawed war

31

Herbert Hoover
1929-1933
Republican
American Individualism believed in volunteering, cooperation, welfare capitalism
Encouraged continued employments; Reconstruction Finance Corporation- make loans to banks to deter depression
Bonus March- Veterans marched on Washington to get immediate payment of pensions (army sent to end it)
Smoot-Hawley Tariff- GRANDE tariffraised 50%-75%!

32

Franklin D. Roosevelt
1933-1945
Democrat
Used relief (gov. jobs), recovery (of economy), and reform (regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation)
Fireside chats on radio addressed criticisms, informed average citizens
Hundred Days:
Emergency Banking
Unemployment Relief
Agricultural Adjustment
Federal Emergency Relief
Tennessee Valley Authority
Federal Securities
Home owners Refinancing
Farm Credit
Banking Act/1933
National Industrial Recovery

Managed failed banks, tightened policies, more government oversight

Created Civilian Conservation Corps to create public works jobs
Created Agricultural Adjustment Admin. to raise income by cutting production
Set aside $500 mil. for state/local relief agencies by F.E.R.A (led by Harry Hopkins)
Created TVA to make dams on Tennessee River for power, flood control, recreation
Investors must get information related to their stocks, register trading with FTC
Gave $200 mil. to Homeowners Loan Corp. to refinance mortgages for nonfarmers
Allowed farmers to refinance mortgages and get loans
Fed. Deposit Insuranceensured bank deposits up to $5000
Created NRA to promote recovery (fair competition); gave money for public works (led by Ickes)

21st Amendment- Ended 18th Amendment ban on alcohol

Huey Long of Louisiana advocated tax increases for the wealthy to benefit everyones lives
2nd New Deal:

Civilian Works Admin.

Civil Works Emergency Relief
Securities Exchange Act
National Housing Act
Indian Reorganization Act
Emergency Relief Appropriations
National Labor Relations aka Wagner
National Youth Admin
Revenue Act/Wealth Tax Act
Social Security Act
Public Utilities Holding Co. Act
Rural Electrification Act
Farm Tenancy Act
Fair Labor Standards Act

33

Relief program that made public works jobs

Temporary public works program, replaced by WPA
Regulated stock trading activities
Insured loans from private lenders for upgrading businesses/farms
Halted sale of tribal lands; let tribes regain unsold lands
Created Works Progress Admin. to make public works jobs
Guaranteed unions collective bargaining, outlawed anti-union practices
Job training for young people and part time jobs for them
Raised taxes on corporations and the wealthy
Federal-state program of pensions, unemployment insurance, welfare for elderly
Restricted gas/electric companies to one geographic location
Loans to utility companies to spread power to rural areas
Aided small/tenant farmers
Banned child labor, set minimum wage

Court packing scandal- FDR wanted to pick another member for every justice older than 70
Good Neighbor Policy- renounced any nations right to intervene in affairs of another
Neutrality Acts- outlawed arms sales, banned loans/travel on ships of nations at war
Destroyers for bases with England; lend-lease program gave supplies to American allies
Yalta Conference: USSR would declare war on Japan after German surrender, would give free elections to Eastern
Europe, founded United Nations

Harry S. Truman
1945-1953
Democrat
GI Bill- veterans got hiring priority, college education, unemployment benefits
Truman Doctrine- contain communism, aid any nation fighting communist rule (Turkey/Greece)
Bretton Woods Agreement (International Monetary Fund/World Bank)/Marshall Plan (rebuild Europe) after war

Tried to help Nationalists (Jiang Jieshi and Chiang Kai Shek=same person) but Mao Zedong (Commie) took over
Korean War- Democratic South (Sigmund Rhee) vs. Communist North (Kim Il Sung). Left divided at 38 th parallel
Taft-Hartley Act- ban closed shop, union leaders sign loyalty oaths, president can make cooling-off period
Fair Deal- raise minimum wage, increase social security, improve urban areas, allow people to immigrate after war
Alger Hiss/Ethyl and Julius Rosenburg convicted of aiding USSR during war
Recognized creation of Israel (safe haven for Jews after World War Two)

34

Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953-1961
Republican
Most Important: Highway, Social Security/Continuing New Deal, Depts. Health, Education, Welfare
Interstate Highway Act of 1957- biggest public works, made in case of war (landing planes, transporting easily)
Eisenhower Doctrine- would give economic/military aid and to stop the spread of communism in the Middle East
Vietnam War- Communist North (Ho Chi Minh) and Free South (Ngo Dinh Diem)
Brown v. Board and desegregation of Little Rock Schools
Alaska/Hawaii gain statehood

35

John F. Kennedy
1961-1963 (Died)
Democrat
Bay of Pigs- America got exiles to invade Cuba to overthrow Castro (failed, America removed all air support)
Cuban Missile Crisis- Soviets built missiles in Cuba. We started a blockade, agreed to remove missiles in Turkey
In Vietnam, he authorized napalm, crop-killers, increased troops (South leader Diem killed in 1963)
USSR war threats/US military increase led to Berlin Wall separating Communist East Germany and Free Western
New Frontier- education funding, Medicare, end racism. Many programs didnt pass until after his death
Protected SNCCs Freedom Riders and created the Peace Corps to volunteer internationally

36

Lyndon B. Johnson
1963-1969
Democrat
Great Society wanted to end poverty/racism:
o Civil Rights Act: end racism in fed programs, let feds fight school segregation, ban job discrimination
o Voting Rights Act: Invalidated test to deny the vote
o Economic Oportunity Act: job training, VISTA volunteers (American peace corp), public works
o Medicare/Medicaid: Medical insurance for the elderly, disabled, and poor
o Elementary/Secondary Education Act: school funding and special education programs
o Housing/Urban Development Act: Urban beautification and housing projects
Escalated Vietnam War; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave permission to do anything to repel attacks or aggression
Operation Rolling Thunder used continuous bombing. Hawks wanted total victory, Doves wanted negotiation

37

Richard M. Nixon
1969-1974
Republican
Represented silent majority of conservative taxpayers and good American citizens
Believed in realpolitik (practical, natl. interests) and Nixon Doctrine- America was a helpful partner, not a protector
My Lai Massacre- American trios killed civilians, gang-raped: turned people against the war
Vietnamization- replace Americans with South Vietnamese. But he increased bombing of North/Cambodia/Laos?!
Paris Accords- ended major American involvement in Vietnam. Released POWs
Trip to China and recognition of PRC created dtente
SALT froze missile construction for 5 years
Yom Kippur War- Egypt attacked Israel, America gave Israel weapons that allowed them to win
Led to OPEC Oil Crisis in 1973- raised prices of oil a lot because America supported Israel
Wiretapped Democrats headquarters, got caught. Watergate Scandal led to his resignation, leaving Ford in control

38

Gerald R. Ford
1974-1977
Republican
Pardoned Nixon so he could avoid criminal punishment
Wanted to WIN (WHIP INFLATION NOW!)

39

Jimmy Carter
1977-1981
Democrat
Torrijos-Carter treaties gave Panama Canal back to Panama
SALT 2- banned new missile programs
Camp David Accords- Israel & Egypt: let Gaza/West Bank self-govern and tried to end violence
Iran Hostage Crisis- Muslims took over US Embassy and held people captive for 444 days to support revolution

GOOD LUCK
ON THE
AP EXAM!
STUDY HARD
AND EAT A GOOD BREAKFAST!
and walk with Molly Simeur and Nikita Nambiar to Donatos after the exam!