Академический Документы
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DOI 10.1617/s11527-010-9580-1
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Received: 5 June 2009 / Accepted: 5 January 2010 / Published online: 21 January 2010
RILEM 2010
S. Hatanaka N. Mishima
Division of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering,
Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie,
Japan
e-mail: hatanaka@arch.mie-u.ac.jp
distribution of strength and density, based on consolidation theory. In an experiment, pore water pressure
distribution in concrete is measured by means of an
original measuring system. The results of the experiment confirm that the consolidation theory is quite
effective in explaining the internal properties of
vacuum-dewatered concrete as well as those of
press-dewatered concrete. A prediction method for
the strength improvement of concrete by vacuum
dewatering is also discussed. It was considered likely
that pore water pressure distribution generated by
vacuum dewatering could be attributable to the
influences of capillary tension and viscous resistance.
This mechanism was verified by model experiment.
Keywords Vacuum dewatering method
Press dewatering Consolidation theory
Pore water pressure distribution Concrete
N. Mishima
e-mail: mishima@arch.mie-u.ac.jp
1 Introduction
H. Hattori (&)
Department of Design for Contemporary Life, Gifu City
Womens College, 7-1 Hitoichibakitamachi, Gifu, Gifu,
Japan
e-mail: h-hattori@gifu-cwc.ac.jp
E. Sakamoto
Mie Prefectural Center of Constructional Technology,
3-50-5 Sakurabashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
e-mail: e-sakamoto@mie-kengi.or.jp
1284
distribution in concrete induced by vacuum dewatering, by applying the consolidation theory used in the
field of soil engineering, and proposes a technique of
estimating improvement of concrete compressive
strength by vacuum dewatering.
Layer 4
Layer 3
2 Consolidation theory
2.1 Consolidation phenomenon
Layer 2
No processing
Vacuum dewatering
Layer 1
10
20
30
40
50
Fig. 2 Concept of
consolidation phenomenon.
a Before loading (subscript
i), b after loading (subscript:
f). Notes: V volume (cm3),
M mass (g), h height (cm),
S amount of compaction
(cm), f volume ratio,
p consolidation pressure
(MPa)
Consolidation
Vi
Mi
hi
Vs
Ms
hs
Liquid phase
Solid phase
fi = Vi / Vs
(a)
S
Vf
Mf
hf
Vs
Ms
hs
Liquid phase
S olid phase
ff = Vf / Vs
(b)
Stress
1285
0
Stress
u0
u0
Depth
Depth
20
0+
Effective stress
Before loading
(self-weight consolidation)
End of dewatering
(a)
Depth
Depth
u0
Effective stress
Before processing
(self-weight consolidation)
60
80
100
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Stress
40
0+
End of dewatering
(b)
Fig. 3 Stresses at press dewatering and vacuum dewatering. a
Press dewatering, b vacuum dewatering. Notes: r effective stress
at the end of dewatering (MPa), r0 effective stress before loading
or processing (MPa), u0 pore water pressure before loading or
processing (MPa), Dr increase in effective stress (MPa)
cv t
h2
1286
cv
0:197 h2
t50
and
measurement
items
W/C Dewatering
(%) method
60
0.05
Weight
Displacement gauge
Drain pipe
Press dewatering
Discharged water
by bleeding
0.1
Dewatering amount
by processing
Relationship between
compaction and time
Vacuum dewatering
No processing
Density distribution
(/ 25 mm core)
Filter mat
Specimen
Scale
Frame
Displacement gauge
Vacuum
pump
60
50
327
546
1300
Drain trap
Specimen
Frame
266
Scale
1.4
1287
180 mm
50 mm
150 mm
25 mm
100 mm
120 mm
25 mm
25 mm
50 mm
50 mm
(a)
3.1.2 Experiment using concrete
Table 3 lists the experimental factors and measurement items, while Table 4 gives the mix proportions.
The experimental factors are the same as for mortar.
The consolidation pressure p by press dewatering was
set to two levels of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to atmospheric pressure) and 0.5 MPa, which is even greater.
For the press dewatering experiment, dewatering
from the top surface was assumed. A load plate was
placed on a permeable mat covering a specimen, and a
universal tester was used for loading. The setup for the
vacuum dewatering experiment is as shown in Fig. 6.
The measured degree of vacuum was about 85%.
Specimen size was u 150 9 180 mm for both the press
dewatering and vacuum dewatering experiments.
(b)
Processing was started when bleeding was near
completion (90 min after mixing). Bled water was
sampled by means of a syringe. The processing was
continued for 300 s.
Figure 7b shows a schematic of a core specimen.
Three concrete core specimens of u 50 9 50 mm
were sampled from each specimen. Density was
measured at the material age of about 3 weeks.
3.2 Experimental result and discussion
3.2.1 Relationship between compaction and time
Figure 8 shows the relationship between compaction S
and time t. As shown in the figure, higher consolidation
pressure during press dewatering produces a greater
Process
65
Press dewatering
Processing
time (s)
p (MPa)
Measurement item
300
0.10
1000
0.50
Vacuum dewatering
300
No processing
Press dewatering
1000
0.50
No processing
65
s/a (%)
56
185
285
993
801
SP/C (%)
SL (cm)
Air (%)
0.9
19.0
3.7
W*/C watercement ratio [W*(water ? superplasticizer)], s/a sand aggregate ratio, C cement, S sand (coarse grain ratio = 2.98),
G coarse aggregate, SP superplasticizer, SL slump, Air air volume
1288
amount of compaction and faster convergence. Vacuum dewatering (degree of vacuum: about 95%)
produces a smaller amount of compaction than press
dewatering. In Fig. 8, the white circle represents the
theoretical value of press dewatering. To calculate a
theoretical value, an experimental value is entered for
the initial amount of compaction (t = 0.1 s). Regarding the tendency of compaction to increase until the
final stage, the experimental and theoretical values
matched comparatively well at both 0.05 and 0.1 MPa.
Therefore, the consolidation theory is considered
applicable to the mortar dewatering process. The
experimental and theoretical values also matched
Amount of compaction S mm
Vacuum dewatering
1
2
6
0.1
10
100
1000
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
2.20
60
90
120
150
2.25
2.30
2.35
3
Density g/cm
(a)
2.40
180
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
Density g/cm3
(b)
2.40
1289
Pressure
Pressure
- pa
pa
Elapsed time
Pore water pressure
Depth
Depth
Elapsed time
Effective stress
4.2.1 Mortar
Figure 12 shows the time histories of the pore water
pressure and suction pressure of the mortar specimen.
In the figure, the negative pressures of both pore
water and suction are shown as positive.
According to Fig. 12a, the suction pressure in a
specimen subjected to vacuum dewatering immediately after casting increased quickly after the start of
processing and after 15 s became almost constant at
0.09 MPa. At the depth of 10 mm, the pore water
pressure decreased quickly after the start of processing, became 0.04 MPa after 10 s, and then decreased
gradually. At the depth of 50 mm, the pore water
pressure began to decrease gradually after 50 s of
processing and became about 0.02 MPa after 300 s.
According to Fig. 12b, the suction pressure and
pore water pressure of vacuum dewatering after
bleeding show similar tendencies to those of the
specimen that had been subjected to vacuum dewatering immediately after specimen casting. At the
depth of 50 mm, however, the pore water pressure
gradually increased immediately after the start of
processing. At this depth, the pore water pressure
increase start timing differs, probably because the
speed of reaching depth-wise pore water pressure
differs depending on the degree of specimen compaction before and after bleeding.
According to Fig. 12c, the pore water pressure of
the 180-mm-high specimen showed a similar small
increase at depths of 90 and 130 mm. This fact is
1290
Specimen
Experiment 2
Mortar concrete
105
180
Measurement item
Suction pressure
s/m (%)
468
1360
FL (mm)
Air (%)
212
2.6
(a) Mortar
60
W/C (%)
55
s/a (%)
281
3
185
285
993
801
SP/C (%)
SL (cm)
Air (%)
0.9
19.0
3.6
(b) Concrete
65
56
W*/C watercement ratio [W*(water ? superplasticizer)], s/a sand aggregate ratio, C cement, S sand (coarse grain ratio = 2.98),
G coarse aggregate, SP superplasticizer, SL slump, Air air volume
Fig. 11 Sample vessel.
a specimen height 105 mm,
b specimen height 180 mm
40 40 10
Dewatering mat
105
Pore water
pressure gauge
Acrylic vessel
(150 200 mm)
150
(a)
consistent with the findings from a past study that
indicated the dewatering effect reaches a depth of
about 15 cm [12].
4.2.2 Concrete
Figure 13 shows the time histories of concrete pore
water pressure and suction pressure.
According to Fig. 13a, b, the time history of
concrete tends to decrease gradually at the depth of
200
180
200
40 10
Specimen
[Unit : mm]
150
[Unit : mm]
(b)
10 mm, compared with that of mortar. This is mainly
because, when compared with mortar, concrete is
denser, having a smaller unit water content and a
greater aggregate ratio. These factors make the
conduction of pore water pressure difficult.
According to Fig. 13c, the 180-mm-high specimen
showed a quick decrease in pore water pressure at a
depth of 10 mm after about 120 s and at a depth of
50 mm after about 90 s. A possible reason is that the
air passage disturbing a decrease in pore water pressure
0.08
0.1
1291
0.02
0.04
0.06
Suction pressure
Depth: 10 mm
Depth: 50 mm
100
200
300
Time (sec)
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.02
0
(a)
100
200
300
Time (sec)
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Suction pressure
Depth: 10 mm
Depth: 50 mm
Depth: 90 mm
Depth: 130mm
(b)
100
200
300
Time (sec)
(c)
Fig. 12 Time histories of mortar pore water pressure (Experiment 2). a Immediately after casting (specimen height: 105
mm), b at the end of bleeding (specimen height: 105 mm), c at
the end of bleeding (Specimen height 180 mm)
0.1
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.06
Suction pressure
Depth : 10 mm
Depth : 50 mm
0.04
100
200
0.06
0.08
25
0.1
t=10 s
t=50 s
50
t=150 s
Elapsed time
t=300 s
(a)
300
Time (sec)
(a)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.04
0.06
0.08
25
0.02
0
0.02
75
1292
100
200
300
t=10 s
t=50 s
50
t=150 s
t=250 s
75
100
Elapsed time
400
125
Time (sec)
(b)
150
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.02
0
(b)
Fig. 14 Time histories of mortar pore water pressure distribution (at the end of bleeding). a Specimen height: 105 mm,
b Specimen height: 180 mm
Suction pressure
Depth : 10 mm
Depth : 50 mm
Depth : 90 mm
Depth : 130 mm
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
(c)
Fig. 13 Time histories of concrete pore water pressure (Experiment 2). a Immediately after casting (specimen height:
105 mm), b at the end of bleeding (specimen height: 105 mm),
c at the end of bleeding (specimen height 180 mm)
The influence of viscous resistance can be considered as follows. The liquid phase moves through
capillary voids surrounded by solid particles and
reaches the drain face. This may generate viscous
resistance between the capillary wall (solid phase)
and the liquid phase, consequently reducing the
suction pressure. With the advance of consolidation,
capillaries become more complicated. Therefore, the
contact area between the liquid and solid phases may
grow and increase the degree of influence of the
liquid-phase viscous resistance.
To confirm the influences of the above two factors,
the authors conducted a vacuum dewatering experiment using the following model materials.
1293
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
25
0.1
t=10 s
t=50 s
50
t=150 s
Elapsed time
75
t=300 s
(a)
Pore water pressure (MPa)
0.02
0.04
25
0.06
0.08
0.1
t=10 s
t=50 s
50
t=150 s
t=300 s
75
100
Elapsed time
125
150
(b)
Cement particles
(solid phase)
Air bubbles
(gas phase)
Water
(liquid phase)
Coarse aggregate
(solid phase)
Fine aggregate
(solid phase)
(a)
(b)
1294
Level
Characteristics
Solid phase
Silica sand
(No. 63)
Silica powder
Liquid phase
Water
Oil
0.10
Depth 90 mm
Depth 50 mm
Suction pressure
Depth 10 mm
Depth 130 mm
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
10
15
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
30
t=1
min
t=1m
in
60
t=2
min
t=2m
in
90
t=5 min
t=5m
in
120
t=10 min
t=10m
in
t=15 min
t=15m
in
150
t=20 min
t=20m
in
180
20
Time (min)
(i) Continuous time history
(a)
0.00
0
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
10
15
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
30
60
90
120
150
180
20
Time (min)
(i) Continuous time history
(b)
0.00
0
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
10
15
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
30
60
90
120
150
180
20
Time (min)
(i) Continuous time history
(c)
Pore water pressure (MPa)
0.00
0
0.10
0.08
1295
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
10
15
20
Time (min)
(i) Continuous time history
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
30
60
90
120
150
180
(d)
0.10
1296
Upper layer
Layer n
Upper layer
Lower layer
Division by layer
Depth
Fig. 18 Estimation of
density distribution and
compressive strength
distribution (no change in
pore water pressure with the
passage of time)
Layer n
Lower Layer
Time t = t + t
Start ( Time t = 0 )
Value of layer n
Pore water pressure [Logarithmic scale]
Calculation of air
volume
Density
distribution
Compressive strength
distribution
Amount of
compaction
Calculation of C/W
Layer n
4
5
1297
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
u = 0. 091e ( - 0. 45 z)
12
0.04
0.02
Experimental value
Estimated value [Equation(6)]
0.00
0.04
0.10
0.14
0.06
18
Sf =H = 0
8
c Up =1 Sf =H
9
nX
o
c
Up Sf =H w c1000 =1Sf =H =1000
c Uv
7
W=C w Uv =c Uv 100
w Uv w Up Sf =H w c 1000 =1 Sf =H
10
where W/C is the watercement ratio (%), c is the
density (g/cm3), wUp, wUv are the unit water contents
for no processing and vacuum dewatering (kg/m3),
cUp, cUv are the unit cement contents for no
processing and vacuum dewatering (kg/m3), RUp is
the total sum of non-processed unit contents (kg/m3),
and wc is the water density (= 1.0 g/cm3).
Figures 21 and 22 compare the measured and
estimated values of watercement ratio distribution
and density distribution. The measured density distributions are from the values of component analysis
where the air volume is not considered. In both figures,
the measured and estimated values match comparatively well at the upper, middle, and lower layers.
Therefore, this technique for estimating watercement
ratio distribution and density distribution by vacuum
dewatering seems rather appropriate. In the surface
layer, however, measured and estimated values differ
greatly. This is probably because of the great increase
of water content in the surface layer due to bleeding
(vacuum processing started at the final stage of
30
30
1298
60
90
No processing
120
Vacuum
(Measured)
150
60
90
No processing
120
Vacuum
(Measured)
150
Vacuum
Vacuum
(Estimated)
180
30
(Estimated)
40
50
60
70
180
30
40
50
60
70
Fc d C=W e
Specimen depth (mm)
30
60
90
No processing
120
Vacuum
(Measured)
150
Vacuum
(Estimated)
180
2.10
2.15
2.20
11
2.25
2.30
2.35
Density (g/cm3)
Fig. 22 Comparison of measured and estimated density
distributions (Mortar)
1299
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
No processing
(a)Estimated value (a=0.45)
(b)Estimated value (a=0.075)
(c)Estimated value (a=0.001)
0.1
(a) a=0.45
30
6
9
(b) a=0.075
12
15
(c) a=0.001
18
60
90
120
150
180
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
Density (g/cm3)
6 Conclusion
This paper reported the applicability of the onedimensional consolidation theory to the estimation of
density distribution in vacuum-dewatered concrete.
Based on a conjecture that pore water pressure
distribution in concrete generates concrete density
distribution at vacuum dewatering, the pore water
1300
5.
30
60
90
120
150
180
30
References
40
50
60
70
2.
3.
4.
1301
processed concrete based on the consolidation theory.
J Struct Constr Eng Archit Ins Jpn 596:18 (in Japanese)
19. Hattori H, Hatanaka S, Mishima N, Wato H (2003) Fundamental study on compaction mechanism of mortar based
on the consolidation theory. Proc Jpn Concr Inst 25(1):
881886 (in Japanese)