PYLON MODEL

600P
PASSIVE LUCAS TYPE CELL DETECTOR MANUAL
MANUAL NUMBER: 7940003
Revision 1 Draft 9

Copyright 2011 Pylon Electronics Inc.

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

Registered Trademark Canada and U.S.A.

CAUTION
1)

DO NOT attempt to thread the Model 600P Lucas type cell onto older Pylon products such
as the AB-5, AB-5R, and AB-4. The threads are incompatible. Forcing the 600P Lucas type
cell onto any of these older products will damage the threads on the cell and as well as on the
PMT assembly on those products.

2)

Do not force the Model 600P Lucas type cell onto the AB6A PMT assembly since this may
damage the cell and / or AB6A PMT assembly threads. A small amount of lubricating grease
may be applied to the threads to assist with installation. This may be renewed when
necessary.

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IMPORTANT
1)

The 600P detectors are designed for use with a number of other devices. Consult the
instruction manuals which accompanied the devices for important operational and safety
instructions.

2)

If maximum measurement accuracy is required, it is recommended that the 600P detectors be

calibrated with the monitor that it will be used.

3)

Many of the terms and abbreviations used in this manual are described in Pylon manual
number 7940018 - Glossary of Selected Pylon Terms.

4)

The following symbols may be used throughout this manual:

WARNING

The Warning symbol is use to identify notes that are used to warn
of potential hazards that could cause injury or death to personnel
as well as damage to the equipment.

CAUTION

The Caution symbol is use to identify notes that are used to warn
of potential hazards that could damage the equipment.

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WARRANTY
PYLON ELECTRONICS INC. products are warranted against defects in material and workmanship
for a period of one year from the date of shipment. Our warranty obligation is limited to the repair of
products or parts thereof which, on our examination, prove to be defective during the warranty
period. The warranty shall not apply to any equipment which has been subject to accident, incorrect
wiring not of our own or operation not in accordance with manufacturer's written instructions.
PYLON ELECTRONICS INC. repairs are warranted against defects in material and workmanship
for a period of 90 days from the date of shipment. Our warranty obligation is limited to the repair of
the unit returned prepaid, to our factory and which, on our examination, prove to be defective during
the warranty period. Equipment which has work performed under Warranty will be returned to the
Distributor freight prepaid. The warranty shall not apply to any equipment which has been subject to
accident, incorrect wiring not of our own, or operation not in accordance with manufacturer's written
instructions.
This warranty is given by PYLON in lieu of all other warranties arising in law or otherwise in
respect of the goods, and this Company shall not be liable under any circumstances for consequential
damage.
Note: All product(s) must be returned prepaid, to our factory.
All warranty claims shall be addressed to:
Pylon Electronics Inc.
147 Colonnade Road,
Ottawa, ON K2E 7L9
CANADA
Phone: 613-226-7920
Fax: 613-226-8195
Email: instrument@pylonelectronics.com

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DISCLAIMER
Pylon Electronics Inc. has attempted to ensure that this manual is complete and accurate.
However, Pylon will not be held responsible for any errors and omissions in this manual
including consequential damage due to the information contained herein.
Please forward all comments and suggestions for improvements on the product or this manual to:
Pylon Electronics Inc.
147 Colonnade Road,
Ottawa, ON K2E 7L9
CANADA
Phone: (613) 226-7920
Fax: (613) 226-8195
Email: instrument@pylonelectronics.com
For technical support, please contact us at the above address.
Please visit us on our website at www.pylonelectronics.com. Click on the Products icon.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CAUTION ....................................................................................................................................................................2
IMPORTANT ..............................................................................................................................................................3
WARRANTY................................................................................................................................................................4
DISCLAIMER ..............................................................................................................................................................5
1.0

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................8

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.0

PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................8
SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................................8
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................8
THEORY OF OPERATION......................................................................................................................................9
SPECIFICATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................11
RADON GAS DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................12
THORON GAS DESCRIPTION ..............................................................................................................................12

OPERATING PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................................13

2.1 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................................................13

2.2 CONSTRAINTS ..................................................................................................................................................14
2.3 MEASUREMENTS ..............................................................................................................................................16
2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................16
2.3.2 Preparation ............................................................................................................................................16
2.3.3 Continuous Sample Measurements ..........................................................................................................17
2.3.3.1
2.3.3.2
2.3.3.3

2.3.4

Initial AB6A Setup ............................................................................................................................................ 17

System Background Determination .................................................................................................................... 18
Continuous Sample Measurements .................................................................................................................... 20

Cell Flushing ..........................................................................................................................................21

2.3.4.1
2.3.4.2

Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Flushing Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 21

2.4 CALCULATION AND DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................22

2.4.1 Calculations............................................................................................................................................22
2.4.2 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................................24
2.5 OTHER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................26
2.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................26
2.5.2 Multiple Approximate Readings ..............................................................................................................26
2.6 RADON MEASUREMENTS IN BUILDINGS GUIDELINES .........................................................................................28
2.6.1 Quality Assurance Program Guidelines...................................................................................................28
2.6.2 Building Measurement Guidelines ...........................................................................................................29
2.6.3 Information To Be Recorded ...................................................................................................................29
2.6.4 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................................30
2.7 THORON GAS MEASUREMENTS .........................................................................................................................30
3.0

CALIBRATION ................................................................................................................................................30

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4.0

CELL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR .........................................................................................................30

5.0

FURTHER INFORMATION ...........................................................................................................................32

5.1 SUGGESTED READINGS .....................................................................................................................................32

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 - 600P LUCAS TYPE CELL ............................................................................................................................8
FIGURE 2 - 600P / AB6A INTERNAL PMT CONNECTION ..........................................................................................18

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 - RADIUM DECAY CHAIN .............................................................................................................................10
TABLE 2 - 600P SPECIFICATIONS ...............................................................................................................................11
TABLE 3 - RADIOTHORIUM DECAY CHAIN ................................................................................................................13

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1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Purpose
The purpose of this manual is to describe the Pylon Model 600P passive Lucas type cells
and their use.

1.2

Scope
This manual covers the description, use, and calibration of the Pylon Model 600P passive
Lucas type cells (hereinafter referred to as the 600P).
Although the cells may be used with a variety of radon monitors provided that the
appropriate light-tight connections can be made, this manual concentrates on the use of
the cells with the Pylon Model AB6A monitor (hereinafter referred to as the AB6A). A
detailed description of the AB6A and its operation is beyond the scope of this manual.
Please refer to Pylon manual number 7940010 for more information on the AB6A.

1.3

General Description
The 600P are passive scintillation cells detectors which are used to measure radon gas.
Please refer to Figure 1 - 600P Lucas Type Cell. It is considered to be passive because
the gas sample passively diffuses into the cell. The open end is threaded to screw directly
onto the AB6A PMT mount.

Figure 1 - 600P Lucas Type Cell

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Lucas type Scintillation cells are sensitive to three radioactive isotopes. These are radon
gas (Rn-222), thoron gas (Rn-220), and actinon gas (Rn-219). These gases are the decay
products (progeny) of the Uranium 238, Thorium 232, and Uranium 235 series
respectively.
This manual primarily considers radon as it is the most commonly encountered of the
three gases. Radon gas is described in more detail in the following paragraphs. Thoron
gas is less prevalent than radon gas and, because it has a short half-life, its presence tends
to be more unpredictable than radon. Thoron gas is also described in more detail in the
following paragraphs. Actinon, because it has a very short half-life (3 to 9 seconds) and
an uncommon parent material, is rarely encountered. Therefore, Actinon is not covered in
this manual.
Pylon manufactures the 600P through a special process which gives them very high
efficiencies.
1.4

Theory of Operation
Pylon passive scintillation cells, such as the 600P, are open, light tight metal cylinders
which allow a gas sample to passively diffuse through a light-proof polyurethane foam
barrier into the cell. The foam barrier also prevents airborne alpha particles and radon
progeny from entering the 600P. It takes approximately one half-hour for the 600P to
achieve the same radon gas level as is present in the surrounding environment. Once inside
the cell, radon gas decays into its daughter products (progeny) as shown in Table 1 Radium Decay Chain. Some of these daughters are alpha particle emitters. Radon gas,
RaA, and RaC' emit alpha particles during normal measurement period lengths.

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Isotope

Half Life (T1/2)

Decay Constant () *

Alpha Energy

Ra-226 (Radium)

1622 years

0.000427 year-1

4.77 MeV

Rn-222 (Radon Gas)

3.825 days

0.0001258 minute-1

5.48 MeV

Po-218 (RaA)

3.05 minute

0.227 minute-1

6.00 MeV

Pb-214 (RaB)

26.8 minute

0.0259 minute-1

Bi-214 (RaC)

19.7 minute

0.0352 minute-1

Po-214 (RaC')

1.6 x 10-4 second

4332 second-1

7.69 MeV

Pb-210 (RaD)

22.3 year

0.031 year-1

Bi-210 (RaE)

5.0 days

0.139 day-1

Po-210 (RaF)

138.4 days

0.005 day-1

5.31 MeV

ln 2 0.69315

T1/ 2
T1/ 2
Table 1 - Radium Decay Chain

Like all scintillation cells, the 600P has an alpha sensitive scintillator lining the interior
of the cell. This scintillator, which is silver activated zinc sulphide, produces light pulses
when it is struck by alpha particles of the appropriate energy levels. When an alpha
particle strikes the activated sulphide, the alpha particle becomes a helium atom and the
sulphide de-excites by emitting photons (i.e., light pulses).
The 600P is not a stand-alone product. It only produces light pulses in the presence of
alpha particles that are within the appropriate energy level range. It must be used with a
monitor that converts and counts the light pulses.
The 600P is designed to screw directly onto the AB6A PMT mount in such a manner that
the open end of the 600P is mounted against the end of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) of
the AB6A. The PMT detects the light pulses, converts them to electrical pulses, and
amplifies the electrical pulses. The AB6A electronics further amplify the electrical
pulses, discriminates noise pulses out, and counts the remaining pulses. The AB6A
displays the counts on a touchscreen LCD. The AB6A also stores the data in files which
can be accessed on the monitor itself or transferred to a PC for further analysis. In
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addition, the AB6A can perform some automated calculations if the appropriate
information is entered into the memory.
Not all the alpha particles result in light pulses nor do all of the light pulses that are
generated reach the PMT. In order to measure radon gas, the measuring system's response
to radon gas must be known. There is a direct relationship between the number of light
pulses counted by the AB6A and the concentration (or activity) of the radon gas in the
cell. The relationship between the counts recorded and the activity of the sample is
referred to as sensitivity (S) for continuous sampling. Counting sensitivity must be
known before measurements can be made. Please refer to Paragraph 3.0 for information
on how to determine these parameters.
1.5

Specifications

Table 2 - 600P Specifications below provides the specifications for the 600P.

1
2
3

4
5
6

Radiation Detected:
Scintillator:
Alpha Energy Ranges:
LAD 1 :
Sensitivity (S):
Accuracy 2 :
Active Volume:
Detector Background:
Calibration 3 :
Primary Construction Material:
Operating Temperature Range:
Storage Temperature Range:
Relative Humidity Range 4 :
Diameter:
Height:
Weight:

Alpha
ZnS(Ag)
4.5 to 9
48.1 (1.30)
0.021 (0.76)
4
272 (5.2)
< 1.0
Single Point
Aluminum
0 to +50 (+32 to +122)
-20 to +75 (-4 to +167)
0 to 90
6 (2.38)
15.6 (6.13)
167 (0.4)

MeV
Bq/m3 (pCi/l)
cpm/Bq/m3 (cpm/pCi/l)
%
ml (oz (US Liq))
cpm
C (F)
C (F)
%
cm (in)
cm (in)
g (lb)

Lowest Activity Detectable.

At a 1 Confidence Level.
Passive cells are provided with a single point calibrations. Custom calibrations are available. Custom
calibrations include multi-point calibrations and calibrations at non standard activity levels.
Non-Condensing.
All values are nominal.
Specifications are based on new units which have been appropriately calibrated.

Table 2 - 600P Specifications

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1.6

Radon Gas Description

Radon gas is a colourless, odourless, and chemically inert radioactive gas which occurs at
various concentrations almost everywhere. Like all radioactive substances, radon gas
decays into other elements. In the decay process radon gas emits radiation, primarily in
the form of alpha particles. The alpha-emitting radon daughter products produced
through the decay process can adhere to surfaces, including airborne dust and smoke.
It is now widely believed that radon gas, because of its daughter products, is responsible
for much of the lung cancer risk to the nonsmoking segment of the general public. Radon
daughter products breathed into the lungs can result in considerable damage to
respiratory cells. When dissolved in water and ingested, radon can affect cells in the
stomach wall and may cause further problems. In buildings, radon gas and its progeny
can reach concentrations high enough to be a serious health risk. Radon gas can enter
buildings as part of the construction materials or through seepage from the surrounding
soil or ground water. Researchers have found houses which have radon gas levels greatly
exceeding the occupational safety standards for uranium mines.
1.7

Thoron Gas Description

Thoron gas (Rn-220) is a short lived isotope of radon. It is part of the thorium (Th-232)
decay series having a half life of 54.5 seconds as shown in Table 3 - Radiothorium
Decay Chain. The general information provided in the previous paragraph is also
applicable to Thoron gas.

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Isotope

Half Life (T1/2)

Decay Constant () *

Alpha Energy

Th-228 (Radiothorium)

698 days

0.000993 day-1

5.41 MeV

Ra-224 (Thorium-X)

3.64 days

0.190 day -1

5.68 MeV

Rn-220 (Thoron gas)

54.5 second

0.763 minute-1

6.28 MeV

Po-216 (ThA)

0.158 second

4.387 second-1

6.775 MeV

Pb-212 (ThB)

638.4 minute

0.001086 minute-1

Bi-212 (ThC)

60.5 minute

0.011457 second-1

6.04, 6.08 MeV

Po-212 (ThC')

3 x 10-7 seconds

2.31 x 106 second-1

8.78 MeV

Tl-208 (ThC'')

3.1 minute

0.224 minute-1

ln 2 0.69315

T1/ 2
T1/ 2
Table 3 - Radiothorium Decay Chain

2.0

OPERATING PROCEDURES

2.1

Equipment Requirements

The following lists the necessary equipment 1 required to use the 600P:
Item
1
2
1
2

Mfr
Pylon
-

Model
AB6A
-

Description
Radiation Monitor
Compressed Nitrogen Gas, Aged Air, or Filtered
Air 2

Qty
1
A/R

Equivalent equipment is permitted.

For flushing the cells.

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The following lists the optional equipment 1 that would assist in the use of the 600P:
Item
1
1

Mfr
-

Model
-

Description
Personal Computer (PC) c/w a Spreadsheet
Program

Qty
1

Equivalent equipment is permitted.

NOTE
The User must be familiar with the operation of the monitor
before the cells can be used. If using an AB6A, please refer to
the AB6A Instruction Manual (Manual Number 7940010) for
information on the use and operation of the AB6A.
2.2

Constraints

A number of factors can affect performance and accuracy when using the 600P. Some of
these factors are described below. Observance of the instructions and recommendations
presented in this manual will help the User achieve maximum performance and accuracy.
Monitor Setup:
Monitors must be set up in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions to optimize
measurement efficiencies and sensitivities.
For the AB6A, this involves setting up the High Voltage (HV) and Discriminator (DISC)
parameters. These settings, which are programmed into the AB6A, determine how the
cell's light pulses which are detected by the AB6A will be counted. If the HV is set too
high or the DISC is set too low, the AB6A will be overly responsive to low level
electrical noise, resulting in counts that contain too much background. If the HV is set
too low or the DISC is set too high, the AB6A will not be responsive enough to the alpha
decay pulses. The optimal combination of HV and DISC settings is known as the AB6A
Operating Point. The operating point will depend on the accessory being used with the
AB6A. The method to set the AB6A Operating Point for the 600P is provided in Section
3.0 of this manual.
Humidity:
If water condensation forms in the cell, accuracy may be affected. Water condensation
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can also damage the cell.

When using a 600P where the relative humidity is condensing, a chamber should be used
for the measurements and a drying column should be used to dry the gas sample before it
is drawn into the chamber.
Short-Lived Radon Daughters:
RaA, RaB, and RaC remain within the cell even after flushing. The cell must be left for
several hours (preferably overnight) so that most of these short-lived radon daughters will
decay away.
Thoron Daughters:
If thoron gas was present in the sample, ThB and ThC will plate out on the cell wall.
Thoron daughter activity is regulated by a half-life of 10.6 hours and will remain attached
to the cell wall despite being flushed. It may take more than 24 hours for the background
count rate to decay to an acceptable level.
Long-Lived Radon Daughters:
As shown in Table 1 - Radium Decay Chain, radon gas eventually decays into Pb-210
and Po-210. Very small amounts of these long-lived isotopes accumulate on the inside
walls of the cell from each measurement. This results in an unavoidable and gradual
buildup in the background count rate, usually over several years. The amount of buildup
is proportional to the number of measurements, the length of time that samples are in the
cell, and the activity of the samples.
It is possible to minimize the effects of Pb-210 buildup by flushing the cells with
nitrogen, aged air, or filtered air after counting, especially if the sample has a high radon
content. (See Section 2.3.4.)
Cells to be used for high and low radon levels can be segregated so that cells which have
developed a high background level can be reserved for samples where high radon levels
may be expected to occur (such as for studies of buildings with known high radon levels).
If and when the background level gets too high to take meaningful measurements, the cell
should be replaced or refurbished.

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Radon Gas Absorption:

Small traces of radon gas can be absorbed by the scintillator binding material. This is
usually only noticeable when low level measurements follow very high measurements.
The radon gas can be removed by flushing the cell. (See Section 2.3.4.)
Other Long-Lived Radioisotopes:
Contamination from materials such as Ra-226, Am-241, and Th-230 can occur. This is
more likely to happen with measurements in industrial locations than in residential
measurements. This type of contamination is usually associated with visible dirt or dust
inside the cell. Such contamination can sometimes be removed by flushing the cell with
nitrogen, aged air, or filtered air. (See Section 2.3.4.)
Insufficient Allowance For Ingrowth:
When radon gas is removed from a stable environment, it takes 3.5 hours for it to decay
into its daughter products and for the daughter products to ingrow to the level determined
by the radioactive process. This decay and ingrowth process is known as reaching
equilibrium. For precise measurements, it is advisable to wait until equilibrium is reached
before conducting radon measurements.
For continuous monitoring of surrounding air, measurements should begin 3.5 hours after
placing the monitor and 600P in the measurement location. Correction factors are not
needed because the diffusion into the cell will keep the concentration constant. Where
radon gas levels are constantly changing, a lag will be introduced in the short term
response. The average radon level count will only be marginally affected by this lag.
2.3

Measurements

2.3.1

Overview
The 600P is designed to primarily perform continuous sample measurements. This
manual describes the most common continuous sample measurement method using the
AB6A. Other methods are beyond the scope of this manual.

2.3.2

Preparation
The User should be familiar with the operation and use of the AB6A before setting up or
using the equipment.
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Before conducting any type of measurements:

2.3.3

Ensure that the cell has been flushed in accordance with Section 2.3.4 after the
last measurement.
Ensure that the cell's sensitivity is known.

Continuous Sample Measurements

2.3.3.1 Initial AB6A Setup

The following steps should be performed to setup the measurement system (AB6A
monitor and cell):
1)

Attach the 600P to the AB6A by removing the protective caps from both the
AB6A PMT mount and the cell and threading the cell onto the AB6A PMT
mount.
CAUTION
DO NOT FORCE THE CELLS ONTO THE PMT ASSEMBLY
SINCE THIS MAY DAMAGE THE CELL AND / OR PMT
ASSEMBLY THREADS. A SMALL AMOUNT OF
LUBRICATING GREASE MAY BE APPLIED TO THE
THREADS TO ASSIST WITH INSTALLATION. THIS MAY
BE RENEWED WHEN NECESSARY.
NOTE
The top cover of the AB6A may be removed to assist with the
handling of the monitor and reduce the footprint of the
monitor while in operation.

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Figure 2 - 600P / AB6A Internal PMT Connection

2)

Turn on the AB6A.

NOTE
If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 4 hours, it is highly
recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

3)

Verify that the appropriate and desired cell parameters (Model, serial number,
current sensitivity, etc.) have been entered into the AB6A. Update, as appropriate.

4)

Perform a system background determination in accordance with Section 2.3.3.2.

2.3.3.2 System Background Determination

NOTE
If the System Background (SBg) is not determined and saved
prior to the measurement, the AB6A program will use the SBg
value that is stored in memory from the last time that the System
Background method was run and the results saved.

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The following steps should be performed to determine the current system background:
1)

Program the System Background method in the AB6A for the desired parameters.
The recommended parameter settings are:
Interval Length:
# of Intervals:
# Intervals to Discard:

2 minutes
5
0
NOTE

If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 4 hours, it is highly

recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

2)

Place the measurement system (600P and AB6A) in an environment with low
levels of radon (e.g., Filtered outside air, nitrogen, or aged air.)

3)

Allow the measurement system to remain in the low level radon environment for
a minimum of 30 minutes.
NOTE
It takes approximately 30 minutes for the interior of the cell to
achieve the same low radon environment as the exterior of the
cell.

4)

Run the System Background method on the AB6A. Save the results.
NOTE
The AB6A can be programmed with a delayed start or to start
at a specific time. If this is set up appropriately, the system can
be placed in the low radon environment and the measurement
will automatically start at the appropriate time.
NOTE
If manual calculations will be performed, record this value as
SBg.

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CAUTION
THE HV IS ONLY APPLIED TO THE AB6A PMT WHEN A
METHOD IS BEING RUN. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT NO
METHOD BE STARTED OR RUN UNLESS THE AB6A PMT
IS COVERED WITH THE PROTECTIVE CAP, A
DETECTOR, OR A CHECK SOURCE. OTHERWISE AN
ACTIVE PMT WILL BE EXPOSED TO LIGHT WHICH CAN
CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE PMT.

5)

Proceed to Section 2.3.3.3.

2.3.3.3 Continuous Sample Measurements

The following steps should be performed to perform the continuous sample
measurements:
1)

Program the Continuous method in the AB6A for the desired parameters. Typical
parameter settings are:
Interval Length:
# of Intervals:
# Intervals to Discard:

1 hour

This setting means that the AB6A will count until it is stopped by the User.
Of course, the # of intervals can be set to a specific value such as 24 or 72. The run will
automatically stop at the end of the specified interval.
2

2)

Place the measurement system (AB6A monitor and cell) in the location where the
measurements are to be made.
NOTE
If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 4 hours, it is highly
recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

3)

Start the method and allow it to run for the desired number of intervals.

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CAUTION
THE HV IS ONLY APPLIED TO THE AB6A PMT WHEN A
METHOD IS BEING RUN. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT NO
METHOD BE STARTED OR RUN UNLESS THE AB6A PMT
IS COVERED WITH THE PROTECTIVE CAP, A
DETECTOR, OR A CHECK SOURCE. OTHERWISE AN
ACTIVE PMT WILL BE EXPOSED TO LIGHT WHICH CAN
CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE PMT.

2.3.4

4)

Stop the method.

5)

Transfer the file from the AB6A to the PC and analyze the data in accordance
with Section 2.4.

6)

Remove the cell from the AB6A and flush it in accordance with Section 2.3.4.

Cell Flushing

2.3.4.1 Overview
Flushing is the process by which traces of the gas samples obtained during measurement are
removed from the cell after the measurement has been completed. If trace gas samples
containing radon and thoron remain inside the cell, the background levels in the cell will
increase.
Cells should be flushed after each measurement in order to keep background levels low.
Flushing is especially important when higher levels of radon are measured.
2.3.4.2 Flushing Procedure
The simplest method of flushing the cell is to:
1)
2)
3)

Remove the protective cap from the cell.

Place the uncovered cell in a dark environment.
Expose the cell to filtered outside air that contains normally low radon levels for a
minimum of 24 hours.

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The preferred method of flushing the cell is to perform the above steps except that the
exposure shall be in an aged air or nitrogen environment.
2.4

Calculation and Data Analysis

The file produced by the measurement run can be printed on the PC printer or it can be
imported into a spreadsheet program for further data manipulation and analysis.
The following points should be noted:
1)

If the appropriate cell parameters have been entered and the cell selected for the
measurement run, the radon concentration will be automatically calculated and
provided in the file as long as the run is set up to automatically stop. If the run is
manually stopped, calculations will not be performed.

2)

The radon concentration is calculated by the AB6A as indicated in Section 2.4.1. The
User may manually calculate the radon concentration using the same formulae or set
up a spreadsheet to perform the same calculations.
NOTE
If the System Background (SBg) was not determined and saved
prior to the measurement, the AB6A program will use the SBg
value that is stored in memory from the last time that the System
Background method was run and the results saved.

3)

It is recommended that the counts and results in the intervals covered by the first 3.5
hours of measurement be ignored to ensure that the gas sample in the cell has
reached equilibrium.
NOTE
If the radon concentration is changing over the course of the
measurement period, there will be a lag between the actual radon
concentration and the measurement results due to the slow
diffusion of the gas sample into the cell.

2.4.1

Calculations
The following steps provide general instructions for performing the radon concentration
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calculations. Most of the calculations may be performed automatically by the AB6A if the
appropriate cell parameters have been entered into the AB6A, the cell has been selected, and
the run has been set up to automatically stop.
NOTE
The User may automate the calculations by setting up a
spreadsheet with cells to enter the raw data and the formulae.

1)

Calculate and record the Total Counts Per Minute for each interval as follows:
TCPM

TC X
IntLen

TCPM
TCX
IntLen

=
=
=

Total Counts Per Minute.

Total Counts counted by the monitor for the interval.
Interval Length converted to minutes.

Where:

NOTE
The counts in the intervals that cover the first 3.5 hours of
measurement should be ignored for these calculations.

2)

Calculate and record the Net Counts Per Minute for each interval as follows:
NCPM

TCPM SBg

NCPM
TCPM
SBg

=
=
=

Net Counts Per Minute

Total Counts Per Minute calculated in step 1.
System Background determined in Section 2.3.3.2 in
counts per minute.

Where:

3)

Determine the radon concentration for each interval as follows:

Conc

NCPM
S

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Where:
Conc

NCPM
S

=
=

Radon concentration in Bq/m3 or pCi/l depending on

the Sensitivity Unit of Measure.
Net Counts Per Minute calculated in step 2.
Sensitivity of the cell in cpm/Bq/m3 or cpm/pCi/l
depending on the desired Unit of Measure that was
determined during calibration.
NOTE

The following provides an example of the calculations:

Interval Length
SBg
Interval Count
Sensitivity

=
=
=
=

30 minutes
0.6 cpm
528
1.50 cpm/Bq/m3

TCPM

=
=
=
=
=
=

528 / 30
17.6 cpm
17.6 - 0.6
17 cpm
17 / 1.50
11.3 Bq/m3

NCPM
Concentration

9)

If desired, the average radon concentration for a selected period can be calculated as
follows:
ConcAvg

10)
2.4.2

Conc , Conc ,...Conc

1

Record the value and all calculations.

Data Analysis
The data analysis should be performed to determine if the results indicate that there is cause
for concern. The data analysis needs to be tailored to the reason that the measurements were
performed.
For example, the radon concentrations for each interval can be plotted on a graph to show

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variations and peaks over the course of time. The average radon concentration over a period
of time (See step 9 of Section 2.4.1 above) can be used to provide a single result.
It should be noted that other factors may be required and included in the data analysis.
For example, for very precise work it may be advantageous to take the effect of air
pressure on the sample into account due to the attenuation of the alpha energy as it passes
through the air in the cell. This is particularly important if samples are taken at different
altitudes. The necessary calculations are beyond the scope of this manual.
In general, the higher the concentration of radon gas, the higher the risk to health. For
example, in home measurements, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
provides guidelines for radon gas risk levels and corresponding mitigation action. The
following is adapted from "Radon Reduction Techniques for Detached Homes" (EPA
document EPA/625/5-87/019 Page 9):
Concentration below 4 pCi/l (148 Bq/m3):

At or below EPA guidelines. Reduction efforts discretional.

4 to 20 pCi/l (148 Bq/m3 to 740 Bq/m3):

EPA recommends action to reduce level to 4 pCi/l within a few years. Sooner for
levels at the upper end of range.

20 to 200 pCi/l (740 Bq/m3 to 7400 Bq/m3):

EPA recommends action to reduce level within a few months. Sooner for levels at
the upper end of range.

Above 200 pCi/l (7400 Bq/m3):

EPA recommends action to reduce level within a few weeks.

In Canada, Health Canada's guidelines are:

Remedial measures should be undertaken in a dwelling whenever the average

annual radon concentration exceeds 200 Bq/m (5.4 pCi/l) in the normal
occupancy area.

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The higher the radon concentration, the sooner remedial measures should be
undertaken.

When remedial action is taken, the radon level should be reduced to a value as
low as practicable.

The aim is to remediate and reduce the radon concentration to less than 200 Bq/m (5.4
pCi/l).

If the radon concentration is found to be greater than 600 Bq/m (16.2 pCi/l), the
remedial actions are recommended to be completed in less than a year.

If the radon concentration is found to be between 200 Bq/m (5.4 pCi/l) and 600
Bq/m (16.2 pCi/l), the remedial actions should be completed in less than two
years.

2.5

Other Measurement Techniques

2.5.1

Overview
The following measurement technique provides an example of alternative measurement
techniques. Other measurement techniques are also possible.

2.5.2

Multiple Approximate Readings

This measurement technique provides a method to obtain multiple radon gas readings in a
small area such as a building. It uses several cells and allows for an approximate
representation of the radon gas levels at various spots at a location.
Due to the short counting time, this method is suited only for radon levels above
approximately 1850 Bq/m3 (50 pCi/l). As equilibrium is not reached and no counting
efficiency factor is applied, the result is only approximate.
In preparation for the measurement, the AB6A should be programmed as follows:

As a minimum, the following cell parameters:

Cell model.
Cell serial number.
Cell sensitivity.
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Cell system background (cpm).

As a minimum, the following Continuous method parameters:

Interval Length:
# of Intervals:
# Intervals to Discard:

1 minute
12
9

At the first measurement location:

1)

Remove the protective cap from the cell and allow the cell to sit in the
measurement location for 5 minutes.

2)

Turn on the AB6A and after the boot up sequence:

Edit the Continuous method Notes tab to indicate the location of the
measurement.
Edit the Detector tab to select the cell that is being used for the
measurement.

3)

Attach the cell to the AB6A PMT.

4)

Allow the cell to recover from the light exposure for 3 minutes.

5)

Start the measurement. It will stop automatically after 12 minutes.

CAUTION
THE HV IS ONLY APPLIED TO THE AB6A PMT WHEN A
METHOD IS BEING RUN. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT NO
METHOD BE STARTED OR RUN UNLESS THE AB6A PMT
IS COVERED WITH THE PROTECTIVE CAP, A
DETECTOR, OR A CHECK SOURCE. OTHERWISE AN
ACTIVE PMT WILL BE EXPOSED TO LIGHT WHICH CAN
CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE PMT.

6)

Repeat steps 1 to 5 for the remaining locations.

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NOTE
A "clean" cell (i.e., A cell that has been flushed and that has not
been used in the past 24 hours) should be used for each location.

7)

Transfer the files to the PC for analysis. There will be one file for each location.

8)

Average the readings within each file to obtain an approximate reading for each
location.

For radon levels above approximately 7400 Bq/m3 (200 pCi/l), the procedure can be
shortened by using only the counts in the eleventh and twelfth intervals or by using eight
rather than twelve intervals. There will be some decrease in accuracy.
2.6

Radon Measurements in Buildings Guidelines

The measurement procedure described in Section 2.3 can be used for measuring radon gas
concentrations in houses and other buildings.
The following sections provide guidelines for radon measurements in buildings.
2.6.1

Quality Assurance Program Guidelines

It is recommended that the User establish a quality assurance (QA) program to help
ensure that measurement data are scientifically sound and are of known precision and
accuracy. The QA plan should provide for controlled calibrations, replicate
measurements, background measurements, routine sensitivity checks, and documentation.
By introducing regular alignment and calibration of equipment, duplicate sampling, and
participation in an intercomparison program, the QA plan can improve measurement
validity. Duplicate samples should be collected to determine the precision of the
sampling procedures used. Where a large number of samples are being taken, the number
of duplicates can be reduced but should be at least 10% of the radon samples collected.
For intercomparison and reproducibility of measurement results, consistent measurement
procedures should be followed. The guidelines recommended by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provide useful procedures for measuring radon
gas levels in homes.

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2.6.2

Building Measurement Guidelines

The following guidelines have been adopted from the "Interim Indoor Radon and Radon
Decay Product Measuring Protocols" issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
in April 1986:

2.6.3

Building measurements should be made with the building closed as much as

possible.
Windows and doors should be kept shut for 12 hours before measurement begins and
while measurements are being taken.
Opening and closing of windows and external doors should be kept to a minimum.
Air exchange systems (other than a furnace) should be switched off.
Measurements should not be conducted during severe storms or strong winds.
Avoid taking measurements in or near drafts caused by heating, ventilation, or air
conditioning vents, doors, windows, or fireplaces.
The measurement location should be well away from outside walls.
The cell should be located at least 50 cm (20") above the floor.
It is recommended that the sampling period be at least 24 hours, not including the
four hours required for the system to reach equilibrium. The longer the measurement
period the better.

Information To Be Recorded
The following information should be recorded, as appropriate, when making measurements
in buildings:
Sampling:

Method information.

Interval length and number of intervals.

Location of building and of sample location within building.

Degree to which closed conditions exist.

Date and start/stop times of measurement.

Concentration(s) and calculations.

Equipment:

Monitor model and serial number.

Detector (cell) model and serial number.

Monitor HV setting.

Monitor DISC setting.

Monitor date of last calibration.

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Detector date of last calibration.

Sensitivity of detector at last calibration.
Pre-measurement system background.
Post-measurement system background.

Additional information:

House construction type.

Type of heating and cooling system(s).

Habits of occupants. E.g., Smoking habits, use of air conditioning, humidifiers, air
filters, heat exchangers, and clothes dryers.
2.6.4

Data Analysis
Once the measurement data have been obtained, it is recommended that the user divide them
into time periods (e.g., In windows of, say, 4 hours, 6 hours, etc.) and calculate an average
for each window in order to observe trends. This may be performed automatically by the
AB6A if the interval lengths are selected to be 4 hours or 6 hours. The User may also take
the raw counts and perform the calculations manually or in a spreadsheet in accordance with
Section 2.4.1.
In the absence of local risk assessment guidelines, the guidelines that are provided in Section
2.4.2 may be used to determine the health risk to the occupants.

2.7

Thoron Gas Measurement

Because thoron decays rapidly and it is difficult to achieve quantitative measurements,

passive cells are not normally used to try to measure thoron.
3.0

CALIBRATION

Please refer to Pylon manual 7940015 - 600P Passive Lucas Type Cell Detector
Calibration Instructions for information and instructions to calibrate the 600P cells.
4.0

CELL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

The cells require little physical maintenance. The following tips should be heeded:
1)

Keep the cell threads clear of dust or dirt.

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2)

Do not force the cells onto the AB6A PMT assembly since this may damage the cell
and / or PMT assembly threads.
NOTE
A small amount of lubricating grease may be applied to the
threads to assist with installation. This may be renewed when
necessary.
CAUTION
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO THREAD THE MODEL 600P
LUCAS TYPE CELL ONTO OLDER PYLON PRODUCTS
SUCH AS THE AB-5, AB-5R, AND AB-4. THE THREADS ARE
INCOMPATIBLE. FORCING THE 600P LUCAS TYPE CELL
ONTO ANY OF THESE OLDER PRODUCTS WILL
DAMAGE THE CELL AND PMT ASSEMBLY THREADS ON
THOSE PRODUCTS.

3)

When in operation, the cell should be positioned to eliminate the possibility of water
entry.

4)

Cells should be flushed with filtered outside air, aged air or nitrogen prior to storing
them.

5)

When not in use, the mouth of the cell should be covered to protect the scintillation
material from light.

6)

When not in use, the cell should be kept in an air-tight bag to reduce the possible
exposure to radon gas.

7)

The outside of the cells may be cleaned with a soft cloth with a mild cleanser. Do
not use isopropyl alcohol to clean the cells and do not allow any cleanser, etc. to
come in contact with the ZnS coating on the inside of the cell.

8)

The cell should be handled with care.

9)

The cell should be returned to Pylon for any repairs.

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5.0

FURTHER INFORMATION

5.1

Suggested Readings

American National Standards Institute, 1983, "American National Standard for Radiation
Protection in Uranium Mines", ANSI N13.8-1973.
Beckman, R.T., "Calibration Procedures for Radon and Radon Daughter Measurement
Equipment", U.S. Department of Interior, Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
Information Report 1005.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, "Interim Guidelines and Specifications for
Preparing Quality Assurance Project Plans", Washington, D.C., QAMS-005/80.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, "Interim Indoor Radon and Radon Decay
Product Measurement Protocols", Washington, D.C., EPA 520/1-86-04.
George, A.C., 1976, "Scintillation Flasks for Determination of Low Level Concentrations of
Radon", in Proceedings of Ninth Midyear Health Physics Symposium, Denver, Colorado.
George, A.C. and Breslin, A.J., 1980, "The Distribution of Ambient Radon and Radon
Daughters in Residential Buildings in the New Jersey-New York Area", Natural Radiation
Environment III, Vol. 2, p. 1272, CONF-780442.
George, A.C., 1980, "Radon and Radon Daughter Field Measurements", Paper presented at
the National Bureau of Standards Seminar on Traceability for Ionizing Radiation
Measurements", May 8-9, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
Lucas, H.F., 1957, "Improved Low-Level Alpha Scintillation Counter for Radon, Review of
Scientific Instruments", Vol. 28, p. 680.
Public Health Service, 1957, "Control of Radon and Daughters in Uranium Mines and
Calculations on Biological Effects", PHS Report 494, U.S. Department of Health Education
and Welfare, Washington, D.C., pp. 41-42.
Rosenstein, M. and Goldin, A.S., 1965, "Statistical Techniques for Quality Control of
Environmental Radioassay", Science, volume 2, pp. 93-102.

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