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GPS stands for Global Positioning System and is a highly accurate navigation system

using signals from satellites to determine a location on the Earth's surface,


irrespective of weather conditions.

How is GPS Used in Surveying?


Surveying and mapping was one of the first commercial adaptations of GPS, as it provides a
latitude and longitude position directly without the need to measure angles and distances
between points.
However, it hasnt entirely replaced surveying field instruments such as the theodolite, Electronic
Distance Meter, or the more modern Total Station, due to the cost of the technology and the need
for GPS to be able to see the satellites therefore restricting its use near trees and tall buildings.
In practice, GPS technology is often incorporated into a Total Station to produce complete survey
data. GPS receivers used for base line measurements are generally more complex and expensive
than those in common use, requiring a high quality antenna.
There are three methods of GPS measurement that are utilised by surveyors.
o Static GPS Baseline. Static GPS is used for determining accurate coordinates for
survey points by simultaneously recording GPS observations over a known and
unknown survey point for at least 20 minutes. The data is then processed in the
office to provide coordinates with an accuracy of better than 5mm depending on
the duration of the observations and satellite availability at the time of the
measurements.
o Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Observations. This is where one receiver remains
in one position over a known point the Base Station and another receiver
moves between positions the Rover Station. The position of the Rover can be
computed and stored within a few seconds, using a radio link to provide a
coordinate correction. This method gives similar accuracy to baseline
measurements within 10km of the base station.

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). This where a survey quality GPS
receiver is permanently installed in a location as a starting point for any GPS
measurements in the district. Common users of CORS are mining sites, major
engineering projects and local governments. Surveyors GPS receivers can then collect
field data and combine it with the CORS data to calculate positions. Many countries have
a CORS network that are used by many industries. Australias CORS network is the
Australian Regional GPS Network, and uses an online processing system to deliver data
over the internet within 24 hours, and give positions within an accuracy of a few
centimetres. Local CORS networks are also used to provide instant positions similar to
the RTK method by using a mobile phone data link to provide a coordinate correction to
the surveyor and their rover.

Planing Process
1. The Survey Strata subdivision requires planning approval from the Western Australian
Planning Commission (WAPC). Therefore, we will need to carry out a site survey and
prepare and submit an application to the WAPC, which takes approximately three months
to be determined. This survey will locate all existing dwellings and improvements on the
property and enable us to create a subdivision design which will maximise the full
potential of the property.
2. The WAPC refers the application out to various authorities for comment, eg. Local
authority, Water Corporation, Western Power (hence the three month time frame).
3. If there are no difficulties or objections, then the WAPC will issue a subdivision approval
which will be subject to certain conditions.

Survey Process
1. Following receipt of the WAPC approval, we can carry out the field survey to subdivide
the lot.
2. The next step is office calculations, Field Book preparation and drafting of the Survey
Strata Plan to show the new lots and common property.
3. We will then arrange for a Licensed Valuer to determine the Unit Entitlement for each
Strata lot.
4. Attend to clearance requests for the various WAPC conditions. At this point, you will
need to pay the various costs involved and carry out the works required to fulfil the
conditions.
5. Following collection of the clearances, we will arrange for the Survey Strata Plan to
receive final endorsement from the WAPC.
6. Once the Survey Strata Plan has been signed off by the WAPC, we will lodge the Plan
with Landgate.
7. Shortly thereafter, you will be able to apply for new titles. We advise that you engage a
solicitor or settlement agent to attend to this aspect.
Positioning
Mode
Static

Typical Horizontal Accuracy (5


SVs, PDOP<4)

Maximum Operating Range

Horizontal: 5mm + 1 ppm Vertical: Several 100 km depending on


10 mm + 1 ppm
satellite geometry

Recommended: <10 km
Real-time
Kinematic

Horizontal 1 cm + 2 ppm
Vertical: 2 cm + 2 ppm

Maximum: 40 km
Usually dependent on
communication link

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