LIN1063 Academic Reading and Writing

Ms. E. Mizzi

Aim of following lectures:

To learn the ground rules of
acknowledging sources that have
contributed to your own writing,

i.e. to learn citation practices

 Citation

of a piece of work means:

you have personally read the
work
that it has influenced your work
in some way

 Include

a citation to:

give a source of information

(statistics, diagram)
describe or discuss a theory/model
provide support for your own
arguments
provide counter-arguments
include quotations or definitions
paraphrase another persons work

[1]

 Non-compliance

with, inaccurate
or incomplete citation practices
may lead to plagiarism

Plagiarism
the practice of claiming credit for the
words, ideas, and concepts of others [2]
*See University Resource Pack on how to avoid plagiarism

 There

is no fixed rule about amount of

sources to use

Depends

on intent of work and material

available about your subject matter

Do

not include sources simply to make

reference list longer. BE SELECTIVE.
Loose guideline:
One or two of the most representative
sources for each key point

 Referencing

Style
a method used to format citations

Sources

documents

used and referred to in

your writing, e.g. books, journal
articles, online article

[3]

 In-text

citations
a method of signaling to the reader
ideas presented in your writing that are
not your own

References

an accurate and complete description of

a source used in your text.

Descriptive

Elements
the necessary parts of a reference, e.g.
author, title, date of publication etc.
[3]

Bibliography
Reference List

BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE LIST

 Bibliography

list of sources consulted but not

necessarily referred to directly in
your writing

Reference

List
a list of ALL sources you have
referred to in your writing.
[3]

 IEEE

Institute

of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers

IEEE

Referencing Style
Number style
In-text citations
Reference List

*Refer to IEEE Style Manual

In-Text
Citation

Reference List

Quotation

Books &
Essays

Paraphrasing

Periodicals

Electronic
Media

Quotation

direct,
word by word
reproduction
of material
from source

Paraphrase

presentation
of material
from source in
ones own
words

 Keep

to a MINIMUM

Example:
As Neville emphasises, you should cite all
sources and present full details of these in
your list of references [1].
Use

double quotation marks

Include a reference number within square
brackets after the quote, before the period
DO NOT include page numbers

[1]

 Quotes

that are 3 lines long or more

Example:
Although it is advisable to use paraphrasing
rather than quoting, Neville states that:
It can sometimes be difficult, if
not impossible, to avoid using
some of the authors original
words, particularly those that
describe or label phenomena. [1]
[1]

 Quotes

that are 3 lines long or more

DO

NOT use quotation marks

Indent the whole quote (indented
block)
Include a reference number in square
brackets after the quote, AFTER the
period
[1]

 Demonstrate

your understanding

Select

only relevant sections of the

original text

Use

your own style of writing, but

DO NOT change the meaning of the
original
[1]
*Look at examples of incorrect and correct paraphrasing in handout

PARAPHRASING

SUMMARISING

PARAPHRASE

Not necessarily
shorter than
original
May change
order of ideas to
use own words

SUMMARY

Shorter than
original

Follow same
order of ideas as
original

Use only the most important or

relevant parts
DO NOT change the meaning of the
original
[4]

 Include

a reference number in square

brackets immediately after each
paraphrase (which may not necessarily
be the end of the sentence)

This

can be done in a variety of ways.

Authors name may be included but
this is not necessary

According to Neville [1], when paraphrasing, it

is sometimes unavoidable to use a few words
that the author used in the original text.
Sometimes,
when
paraphrasing,
it
is
unavoidable to use a few words from the
original text [1].
Sometimes,
when
paraphrasing,
it
is
unavoidable to use a few words from the
original text [1], especially technical words
relating to the subject matter.

Example 1:
According to Neville [1], when paraphrasing, it
is sometimes unavoidable to use a few words
that the author used in the original text.

NOTE:
Authors name included
Reference number follows authors
name

Example 2:
Sometimes,
when
paraphrasing,
it
is
unavoidable to use a few words from the
original text [1].

NOTE:
Authors name not included
Reference number at the end of
citation

Example 3:
Sometimes,
when
paraphrasing,
it
is
unavoidable to use a few words from the
original text [1], especially technical words
relating to the subject matter.

NOTE:
Reference number is half-way
through sentence
Indicates that only the first part is
a citation

 You

may use more than one source to

support an argument

Group

sources into one citation

Examples
Sometimes, when paraphrasing, it is
unavoidable to use a few words from the
original source [1], [2] and [3].

NOTE:
Separate brackets for each reference
number, separated by commas
PREFERRED version for IEEE Style

ALTERNATIVE versions for IEEE Style

...original source [1, 2, 3].

Reference numbers within same

bracket, separated by commas

...original source [1]-[3].

...original source [1-3].

Use of hyphen to indicate a range of

sources.

 You

may use more than one source to

support an argument

Group

sources into one citation

IMPORTANT:
Be CONSISTENT in your choice

 It

you mention a source a second or

more times in your writing, repeat the
first reference number assigned to it
throughout

 What

IEEE

are secondary sources?

Ref style DOES NOT allow the use

of secondary sources
Locate the original source
If you cannot locate it, DO NOT cite it

Reference List

[1] W. K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA:

Wadsworth, 1993.
[2] J. Geralds (2001, Jan, 2), Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast
[Online]. Available: http://nl1.vnunet.com/news/1116995
[3] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by
means of transformations," in Control and Dynamic Systems,
Vol. 69, Multidimensional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San
Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.

[4] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn

networks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE
Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, Jun., 1997.

 It

is a COMPLETE and ACCURATE list of

all the sources referred to in your
writing

It

is compiled at the end of a piece of

writing

It

is a section of the writing and must

begin with the title Reference List

 Different

sources are referenced in

different ways.

The

correct placement of punctuation

and descriptive elements depends on
the type of reference cited.

These

conventions allow the reader to

distinguish between types of
references at a glance.

 Citations

in the reference list are

numbered and appear in the same
order as they appear in the text.

Numbers

are placed flush left;

References are indented.

 Authors

name and surname

Title of source (may include sub-title)
Publisher and location / online address
Year or full date of publication
Page numbers
Volume and issue numbers
Edition number
The

type of source determines which set of

descriptive elements should be given

Use the initials of the authors first

name and their full surname
E.g. J. Geralds
G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan
B. Mangion, and S. Camilleri

Books and
periodicals

Book chapters and

articles

Capitalise every
significant word

Capitalise only the

first word

Italicise

Enclose in double
quotation marks

Books and periodicals

Linear Networks and Systems
IEEE Trans. Comp.

NOTE: Periodical titles must be abbreviated

Book chapters and articles

"Techniques in array processing by means of

transformations,"
"TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and
shufflenets for optical communications,"

DO NOT include words like Publishers,

Publishing, Co., Inc.

If there are two publishers, use only

the first one listed

If there are two places of publication

use only the first one listed

Cite well known cities without

additional information
E.g. London, Paris

Include country names for less wellknown cities located

E.g. Valletta, Malta.
Clevedon, UK.

Opole, Poland.

Include US states in abbreviated form

E.g. Hoboken, NJ. (NJ = New Jersey)
Detroit, MI.
(MI = Michigan)

See Worksheet for next section

[1] J. K. Author. (year, month day). Title

(edition) [Type of medium]. Available:
http://www.(URL)

Example:
[1] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks
[Online]. Available: http://www.atm.com

Important notes:
Do

not insert a hyphen if you need to break a

URL across lines; break after punctuation

Do

not add a period after the URL

Check

and update URLs prior to handing in

assignment; eliminate or substitute sources
that are no longer available online

[1] C. Wiggins, Reference with Confidence: The

IEEE Style. York, UK: University of York, 2011.

[2]

APA. Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association. Washington, DC:
APA, 2010.

[3]

Murdoch University (2012, Jul. 16),

Referencing terms. IEEE Style [Online].
Available: http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/
content.php?pid=144623&sid=1229951

[4] AWHC, IEEE Standards Style. Ottawa,

Canada: University of Ottawa, 2009.