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Abstract
In this paper we present a new multiwell reservoir solution
and an associated analysis methodology to analyze single well
performance data in a multiwell reservoir system. The key to
this approach is the use of field cumulative production data
and individual well flow rate and pressure data. Our new
solution and analysis methodology couples the single well and
multiwell reservoir modelsand enables the estimation of
total reservoir volume and flow properties within the drainage
area of an individual wellwith the analysis performed using
a single well reservoir model (type curve). This multiwell
analysis using a single well model is made possible by a
coupling of the single well and multiwell solutions based on a
total material balance of the system. The data required for this
approach are readily available in practice: basic reservoir
properties, fluid properties, well completion data, and well rate
(and pressure) data and cumulative production data for the
entire field.
Currently, all existing decline type curve analyses assume a
single well in closed system (or single well with constant
pressure or prescribed influx at the outer boundary). In many
cases a well produces in association with other wells in the
same reservoirand unless all wells are produced at the same
constant rate or the same constant bottomhole flowing
pressure, nonuniform drainage systems will form during
boundary-dominated flow conditions.
Furthermore, it is well established that new wells steal
reserves from older wells, and this behavior is commonly
observed in the production behavior. Our new approach
accounts for the entire production history of the well and the
SPE 71517
i=1
tDA
q D,i()
0
d pD,cr(t DA )
d
d
k,i
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
1
q k(t)
t n well
0 i=1
N p,tot
qk(t)
141.2 B
ln reD/ D 1 ............ (5)
2
kh ( pi pwf ,k(t))
2
0.00633 k ttot
.............................. (6)
ct A
ln reD/ D 1
2
This result states that the performance of an individual well in
a multiwell system behaves as a single well in a closed
tDde =
z
pp = p
ta = ct
pbase
p
z dp ...................................................... (7)
1 d ................................................... (8)
0 ct pavg
ct
qg
t qg,tot
d .............................................. (9)
0 ct p
avg
The well performance data for all wells are plotted on a loglog scale in Fig. 9. Note that all the data trends from the nine
wells (each with a different production schedule) overlie one
another. The behavior at early time (all trends overlie)
confirms the homogeneous nature of the reservoir, whereas the
alignment of all the data at late time confirms our total
material balance on the entire reservoir system. An important
note is that we have not modified any data or data trend shown
in Fig. 9the excellent agreement of these data is solely due
to the accuracy of the new solution.
The value of this example is the confirmation that the performance of a single well can be used to establish the reservoir
volume. It appears that the early time (tran-sient flow) data
can be used to estimate the permeability in the local drainage
area for each well. We con-firm this hypothesis using the
locally homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoir cases
considered in the fol-lowing sections.
Another advantage of using our multiwell approach (i.e., the
total material balance time function) over the single well
approach (i.e., the material balance time function for a single
well) can be observed in Fig. 10. This figure shows the performance of well [3,2] the data are plotted on a log-log
scale using both the single and multiwell approaches. The data
for the multiwell approach (denoted by open symbols) clearly
best match the type curve model for all flow regimes
(transient, transition, and boundary-dominated).
The data for the single well approach (denoted by solid
symbols) deviate systematically from the decline type curve
model. The deviation is significant during boundarydominated flow. Any analyses based on this match of the data
could easily yield erroneous results.
To extend this approach for the analysis of gas well
performance, we must extend the concept of our material
balance time function to include the total gas production. This
requires modification of the pseudotime formulation for the
gas reservoir case and combination with the material balance
time concept. This is relatively straightforward (see Eq. 9).
The remainder of this section is devoted to the validation of
the gas well performance case.
SPE 71517
The well performance data for all wells are shown on log-log
scale in Fig. 22. Again, all well responses con-verge to a
single material balance trend at late time, which again
corresponds to a unique reservoir volume. As we noted for the
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
Well C-II-01
Well C-II-03
Well C-II-04
Well C-II-16
Well C-III-02
Well C-III-03
(A-037)
(A-032)
(A-024)
(A-029)
(A-015)
(A-034)
z
z
z
z
z
Well C-III-04
Well C-III-05
Well C-III-06
Well C-III-09
Well C-III-15
(A-016)
(A-035)
(A-017)
(A-028)
(A-041)
Nomenclature
A
B
ct
Gp
h
k
N
Np
nwell
p
pi
pp
pwf
q
qg
qg,tot
qtot
re
rw
s
t
ta
ta,tot
ttot
x
y
xe
ye
xw
yw
z
= area, ft2
= formation volume factor, RB/STB
= total compressibility, psi1
= cumulative gas production, MMscf
= net pay thickness, ft
= permeability, md
= original oil-in-place, STB
= cumulative oil production, STB
= number of wells
= pressure, psia
= initial pressure, psia
= pseudopressure function, psia
= well flowing pressure, psia
= flow rate, STB/D
= gas flow rate, MSCF/D
= total gas flow rate (all wells), Mscf/D
= total flow rate (all wells), STB/D
= reservoir radius, ft
= wellbore radius, ft
= near-well skin factor, dimensionless
= time, day
= pseudotime, day
= total material balance pseudotime, day
= total material balance time, day
= x coordinate from origin, ft
= y coordinate from origin, ft
= reservoir size in the x direction, ft
= reservoir size in the y direction, ft
= x coordinate of well from origin, ft
= y coordinate of well from origin, ft
= gas z-factor
= multiwell interaction coeeficient, dimensionless
= small step, dimensionless
= fluid viscosity, cp
= dummy variable
= porosity, fraction
Subscripts
A
avg
bar
base
cr
D
k,i
MP
mw
ref
SPE 71517
= dimensionless
= well index
= match point
= multiwell
= reference
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the former Mobil E&P Technology Co.
(MEPTEC, now ExxonMobil) in Dallas, Texas, for financial
and computing services support provided during this work.
The first author also thanks Ms. Kathy Hartman, Mr. Norman
Kaczorowski, and Mr. Ravi Vaidya of ExxonMobil for
virtually unlimited access to data and specifically for the
personnel support.
References
1. Hurst, W.: Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Oil Reservoirs, Physics
(Jan. 1934) 5, 20.
2. Arps, J.J.: Analysis of Decline Curves, Trans., AIME (Dec.
1945) 160, 228247.
3. Fetkovich, M.J.: Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves
JPT (June 1980) 10651077.
4. McCray, T.L.: Reservoir Analysis Using Production Decline
Data and Adjusted Time, MS thesis, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX (1990).
5. Blasingame, T.A., McCray, T.C. and Lee, W.J.: Decline Curve
Analysis for Variable Pressure Drop/Variable Flowrate
Systems, paper SPE 21513 presented at the 1991 SPE Gas
Technology Symposium, Houston, Jan. 2324.
6. Palacio, J.C. and Blasingame, T.A.: Decline Curve Analysis
Using Type Curves: Analysis of Gas Well Production Data,
paper SPE 25909 presented at the 1993 SPE Rocky Mountain
Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver,
April 1214.
7. Rodriguez, F. and Cinco-Ley, H.: A New Model for Production
Decline, paper SPE 25480 presented at the 1993 Production
Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, March 2123.
8. Camacho-V, R., Rodriguez, F., Galindo-N, A. and Prats, M.:
Optimum Position for Wells Producing at Constant Wellbore
Pressure, SPEJ (June 1996) 155168.
9. Valko, P.P., Doublet, L.E. and Blasingame, T.A.: Development
and Application of the Multiwell Productivity Index (MPI),
SPEJ (Mar. 2000) 21.
10. Syah, I.: Modeling of Well Interference Effects on The Well
Production Performance in A Gas-Condensate Reservoir: A
Case Study of Arun Field, PhD dissertation, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX, 1999.
11. Marhaendrajana, T.: Modeling and Analysis of Flow Behavior
in Single and Multiwell Bounded Reservoir, PhD dissertation,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 2000.
12. Marhaendrajana, T. and Blasingame, T.A.: Rigorous and SemiRigorous Approaches for the Evaluation of Average Reservoir
Pressure from Pressure Transient Tests, paper SPE 38725
presented at the 1997 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 58.
13. Fraim, M.L. and Wattenbarger, R.A.: Gas Reservoir Decline
Analysis Using Type Curves with Real Gas Pseudopressure and
Normalized Time, SPEFE (Dec. 1987) 620.
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
well
ct p
qi(t)B
2 p 2 p
(x xw,i, y yw,i) =
(A-1)
+
2
2
k t
x
y
i = 1 Ah(k/ )
Eq. A-1 can be written in terms of the traditional dimensionless variables as follows:
nwell
pD pD
pD
+
+ 2
q D,i(t DA) (xD xwD,i, yD ywD,i) =
t
x2D
yD2
i=1
DA
2
tDA
nwell
q D,i()
d
pD,cr (xD, yD,t DA ,xwD,i, ywD,i)
t DA
i=1
0
.................................................................................... (A-7)
If all wells are produced at individual (constant) flow rates,
Eq. A-7 can be simplified to yield
nwell
i=1
Using Eq. A-7, the pressure solution for well k is given by:
pD([xwD,k + ],[ywD,k + ],t DA) =
..................................................................................... (A-2)
nwell
where
2kh ( pi p(x, y,t))
; t DA = kt
pD =
qref B
ct A
(Darcy units)
q(t)
y
q D(t DA) = q ; xD = x ; yD =
ref
A
A
In field units, the dimensionless variables are defined as
kh ( pi p(x, y,t))
; t DA = 0.00633 kt
pD =
141.2qref B
c t A
tDA
i=1 0
i=1
pD,cr(xD,yD,tDA) = 2
tDA
nwell
i=1
tDA
qD,i()
d pD,cr(tDA )
d
d
k,i
The constant rate solution for an arbitrary location in a bounded rectangular reservoir is given by11,12
pD,cr(xD, yD,t DA) = 2t DA
+ 4
n=1
+ 4
n=1
d ............ (A-9)
k,i
d pD,cr(tDA )
d
2 2
1 exp n 2 tDA
xeD
cos xn xD cos xn xwD
eD
eD
n 2 2
2
xeD
1 exp n 2 tDA
yeD
cos yn yD cos yn ywD
eD
eD
n 2 2
2
yeD
2 2
pD,cr(xD,yD,tDA) = 2
qD,i()
..................................................................................... (A-3)
where (xD,yDt DA,xwD, ywD) is an instantaneous line source
solution with unit strength located at (xw,yw). From Eq. A-3,
we can write the constant rate solution for a single well as
tDA
+ 8
m=1 n=1
2 2
2 2
1 exp n 2 + m 2 tDA
xeD
yeD
n 2 2 + m 2 2
2
2
xeD
yeD
m
cos xn xD cos xn xwD cos m
yeD yD cos yeD ywD
eD
eD
.................................................................................. (A-11)
From ref. 10 we note that Eq. A-11 can also be written in the
form of an exponential integral series:
pD,cr(xD, yD,t DA) =
+ E1
+ E1
nwell
+2
n=1
2 2
1 exp n 2 tDA
xeD
cos xn (xwD + ) cos xn xwD
eD
eD
n 2 2
2
xeD
1 exp n 2 tDA
yeD
cos yn ( ywD + ) cos yn ywD
2
2
eD
eD
n
2
yeD
2 2
+ 4
n=1
+ 8
m=1 n=1
2 2
2 2
1 exp n 2 + m 2 tDA
xeD
yeD
n 2 2 + m 2 2
2
2
xeD
yeD
tDA
i=1 0
+ 4
SPE 71517
2 2
n=1
2
eD
2 2
n=1
2
eD
+2
+2
exp nx (t
DA )
exp
n 2 2 + m 2 2 (t )
DA
2
2
xeD
yeD
+ E1
+ E1
( + 2nxeD) + ( + 2m yeD)
........ (A-14)
4tDA
DA )
exp ny (t
m=1 n=1
+ E1
q Di()d
where
i=1 0
+4
m
cos m
yeD ( ywD + ) cos yeD ywD .......... (A-13)
tDA
m
cos m
yeD ( ywD,k + ) cos yeD ywD,i .......... (B-2)
t nwell
q ()d
0 i=1
+ 2 0.00633 k
c t A
1
q k(t)
t n well
q() F([x
0 i=1
+ s ............................................................................... (B-3)
We immediately recognize that
t n well
N p,tot =
0 i=1
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
1
q k(t)
t n well
0
N p,tot
.............................. (B-5)
q i()d =
q k (t)
i=1
Substituting Eq. B-5 into Eq. B-3 and multiplying both sides
by 141.2B/(kh), we obtain
( pi pwf ,k(t))
= 1 ttot
Nct
qk(t)
+ 1 1
Nc t q k(t)
t n well
q() F([x
0 i=1
141.2 B
s ................................................................ (B-6)
kh
For simplicity, we can write Eq. B-6 as
( pi pwf ,k(t))
= 1 ttot + f (t) ....................................... (B-7)
Nct
qk(t)
+
B 1 4 A
2
kh 2 e CArwa
................................... (B-10)
B 1 4 A/ D
.................................. (B-12)
2
kh 2 e CArwa
10
Reservoir Properties:
= 5,000 psia
Initial Pressure, pi
Reservoir Thickness, h
= 500 ft
Total Reservoir Area, A
= 6525.7 acres
Original-Oil-In-Place, OOIP = 4,278 MMSTB
Permeability, k
= 5 md
Wellbore radius, rw
= 0.5 ft
= 0.2 (fraction)
Porosity,
Fluid Properties:
Total Compressibility, ct
= 3 106 psia1
Oil Viscosity,
= 0.8 cp
Oil Formation Volume Factor, B = 1.184 RB/STB
Table 2
Reservoir Properties:
Initial Pressure, pi
=
Reservoir Thickness, h
=
Total Reservoir Area, A
=
Original-Gas-In-Place, OGIP=
Permeability, k
=
Well radius, rw
=
Porosity,
=
Fluid Properties:
Pressure
(psia)
15
259
503
748
992
1236
1480
1725
2213
2702
3191
3679
4168
4656
5023
z-Factor
0.999316
0.988224
0.978366
0.969839
0.962745
0.957165
0.953160
0.950759
0.950758
0.956868
0.968472
0.984786
1.005009
1.028410
1.047668
Gas FVF
(bbl/scf)
0.260185
0.014556
0.007415
0.004949
0.003702
0.002953
0.002456
0.002103
0.001638
0.001351
0.001158
0.001021
0.000920
0.000842
0.000796
5,000 psia
500 ft
6525.7 acres
6.34 Tscf
5 md
0.25 ft
0.2 (fraction)
Viscosity
(cp)
0.014063
0.014216
0.014490
0.014836
0.015052
0.015377
0.015796
0.016253
0.017123
0.017946
0.018934
0.019922
0.020937
0.022007
0.022809
Table 3
SPE 71517
Well
Permeability, k (md)
Absolute
(calculated) (input) Relative Error (%)
[1,1]
22.70
25
9.2
[1,2]
5.15
5
3.0
[1,3]
10.10
10
1.0
[2,1]
5.15
5
3.0
[2,2]
9.77
10
2.3
[2,3]
13.80
15
8.0
[3,1]
9.94
10
0.6
[3,2]
14.20
15
5.3
[3,3]
18.90
20
5.5
Original Oil-In-Place (input)
: 4,278 MMSTB
Original Oil-In-Place (calculated) : 4,278 MMSTB
Table 4
Compressibility
(1/psi)
6.825951E-02
3.905187E-03
2.025620E-03
1.370734E-03
1.035210E-03
8.294915E-04
6.892390E-04
5.866594E-04
4.450539E-04
3.508966E-04
2.836388E-04
2.335652E-04
1.952878E-04
1.654585E-04
1.472588E-04
Table 5
Well
[t/tDde]MP
Name
C-II-01 18,404
C-II-03 18,404
C-II-04 21,855
C-II-16 20,569
C-III-02 19,433
C-III-03 15,979
C-III-04 15,894
C-III-05 19,427
C-III-06
9,202
C-III-09 15,204
C-III-15 13,449
[q/p]/
[qDde]MP
95
95
80
85
90
105
110
90
190
115
130
r eD/ D
10,000
80
800
28
10,000
10,000
800
28
10,000
10,000
18
OGIP
kh
(Tcf) (md-ft)
19.8 2,946
19.8 1,313
19.8 1,762
19.8
857
19.8 2,791
19.8 3,256
19.8 2,422
19.8
908
19.8 5,893
19.8 3,567
19.8 1,106
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
11
(0,0)
yw,i
ye
xw,i
xe
Figure 1 Typical p/z plot for a well in Arun field (Well A-015).
Figure 2 Decline type curve match using single well approach (Well A-015).
Figure 5 Bottomhole flowing pressure profiles (homogeneous reservoir example).
16000
[3,1]
[3,2]
[3,3]
[2,1]
[2,2]
[2,3]
[1,1]
[1,2]
[1,3]
Y-Direction, ft
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
X-Direction, ft
12
SPE 71517
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
13
14
SPE 71517
SPE 71517
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type CurvesEvaluation of Well Performance Behavior in a Multiwell Reservoir System
15