Syllabus

Applied Thermodynamics
MIE210H1S
Lecturer:

Textbook:

Prof. Nasser Ashgriz Mech. Eng. Building, Room 229,

Email: ashgriz@mie.utoronto.ca
Office hours: Mondays and Wednesday 2-3pm. Other times by appointment
Class notes as posted on the portal. No other text is required.
Recommended text: Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
By Moran and Shapiro, 7th Edition, Wiley

Marking:
Quizzes
Lab Reports
Mid-Term Test
Final Exam

20%
15%
25%
40%

The course materials are available on University of Toronto portal.

Quizzes on Tutorial: There are weekly tutorials. Quizzes will be taken on every tutorial. Each
week a set of problems will be assigned, and one of them will be given as the quiz. TAs will
review the material and go over problems.
Homework problems will be assigned every week. Homework problems will not be collected.
One of the assigned problems will be given as the quiz problem.
Laboratory Experiments and Lab. Reports:
There are five lab experiments as part of this course.
The groups and the specific date and time for each group is posted in the course website.
The lab location is at MC120. Each group will have 1.5 hours to perform an experiment. You
must be in the lab at the start of the assigned period. For example, for the labs scheduled for
the period from 9 am to 10:30 am you must be in the lab at 9 am sharp.
The lab reports must be prepared according to the format described by the Engineering Writing
Procedure (www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/lab.htm). Your lab report is due in two weeks after
the lab experiment was performed. The reports should be handed in the next lab session to your
lab TA. Late submission may not receive a grade.

Mid-Term Test: Room and date will be announced later.

The key to be successful in this course is to solve problems. In order to make sure you have
learned it, you need to do the problems independently. Once you can independently do some
randomly chosen problems at the end of each chapter, you know the material.

Quiz Problems
Week of
Jan 21

Chapter 1: 14, 17, 19, 21

Jan 28

Chapter 3: 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

Feb 4

Chapter 4: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15

Feb 11

Chapter 4: 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 35

Chapter 2: 1, 6, 7, 12, 15, 18

Feb 18 Midterm Break

Feb 25

Midterm time TBA

March 4

Chapter 5:

TBA. Chapter 6: TBA

March 11

Chapter 7:

TBA

March 18

Chapter 8:

TBA

March 25

Chapter 9:

TBA

Outline
Week of
Jan 7:
Chapter 1- Introduction
Jan 14:
Chapter 2: Ideal Gases
Jan 21
Chapter 3: Heat and Work
Jan 28
Chapter 4: First Law of Thermodynamics
Feb 4
Chapter 4: First Law
Feb 11
Chapter 5: Conservation of Mass
Feb 18 Midterm Break
Feb 25
Chapter 6: Steady Flow Processes
March 4
Chapter 7: Unsteady Control Volume Processes
March 11
Chapter 8: Second Law
March 18
Chapter 9: Entropy
March 25
Chapter 10: Availability
April 1
Chapter 11 and 12: Real and Phase Change Substances
April 8
Chapter 13: Applications and Reviews

Detailed Outline
1

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................
1.1 The Science of Thermodynamics ...........................................................................
1.2 Energy ....................................................................................................................
1.3 Application of Thermodynamics ............................................................................
1.3.1
Pumps..............................................................................................................
1.3.2
Turbines and Compressors ..............................................................................
1.3.3
Heat exchangers, Boilers and Condensers ......................................................
1.3.4
Automobile Engine .........................................................................................
1.3.5
Gas Turbine Engine ........................................................................................
1.3.6
Power Plant .....................................................................................................
1.4 Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics .............................................................
1.5 Units .......................................................................................................................
1.6 Physical Quantities .................................................................................................
1.7 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ............................................................................
1.8 Temperature ...........................................................................................................
1.8.1
Absolute Temperature .....................................................................................
1.8.2
Other Reference Temperatures .......................................................................
1.8.3
Thermometers .................................................................................................
1.9 Basic Thermodynamic Definitions .........................................................................
1.10
Dimensional Analysis .........................................................................................
1.11
Making Graphs ...................................................................................................
1.12
Example Problems ..............................................................................................
1.13
Tables of Units....................................................................................................
1.14 Problems

IDEAL GASES .............................................................................................................

2.1 The Molecular Nature of Ideal Gases .....................................................................
2.2 Ideal Gas Laws .......................................................................................................
2.2.1
Boyle's Law .....................................................................................................
2.2.2
Charles' Law....................................................................................................
2.2.3
Avogadro's Law ..............................................................................................
2.3 Equation of State for Ideal Gases ...........................................................................
2.4 The Gas Constant ...................................................................................................
2.5 The Ideal Gas Equation ..........................................................................................
2.6 Example Problems .................................................................................................
2.7 Problems .................................................................................................................

WORK AND HEAT ....................................................................................................

3.1 Definition of Work .................................................................................................
3.2 Direction of the Work ............................................................................................
3.3 Work of a Compression or Expansion ...................................................................
3.4 Quasistatic Work ....................................................................................................
3.5 The Free Expansion ................................................................................................
3.6 Dissipative Work ....................................................................................................
3.7 Other Forms of Work .............................................................................................
3.7.1
Elastic Work....................................................................................................
3.7.2
Surface Tension ..............................................................................................
3.7.3
Electrical Work ...............................................................................................
3.7.4
Reversible Electrolytic cell .............................................................................
3.7.5
Magnetisable Material.....................................................................................
3.8 Work for a Polytropic Process................................................................................
3.9 State of a Substance................................................................................................
3.10
Heat .....................................................................................................................
3.10.1 Conduction: .....................................................................................................
3.10.2 Heat Reservoir ................................................................................................
3.10.3 Heat must flow ................................................................................................
3.11
Power ..................................................................................................................
3.12
Example Problems ..............................................................................................
3.1 Problems .................................................................................................................

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: CLOSED SYSTEMS

4.1 Transformation of Work to Heat: Joule's Experiment ...........................................
4.2 Definition of Energy...............................................................................................
4.3 Thermodynamic Cycle ...........................................................................................
4.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics ........................................................................
4.5 Various Forms of Energy .......................................................................................
4.5.1
Kinetic Energy ................................................................................................
4.5.2
Potential Energy ..............................................................................................

4.5.3
Transformation of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy...................................
4.5.4
Internal Energy and Enthalpy: .........................................................................
4.6 Specific Heats .........................................................................................................
4.7 Specific Heats for Ideal Gases ................................................................................
4.7.1
Joule's Law ......................................................................................................
4.8 Specific Heat of Solids and Liquids .......................................................................
4.9 Statistical Model.....................................................................................................
4.10
Example Problems ..............................................................................................
4.11
Problems .............................................................................................................
5 CONSERVATION OF MASS.......................................................................................................
5.1 Mass Conservation Equation for a Closed System ............................................................
5.2 Mass Conservation for an Open System: ...........................................................................
5.3 Mass Flow Rate ..................................................................................................................
5.4 Steady State, Steady Flow Process (SSSF) ........................................................................
5.5 Uniform State Uniform Flow Process (USUF) ..................................................................
5.6 Continuity Equation ...........................................................................................................
5.7 Example Problems .............................................................................................................
5.8 Problems .............................................................................................................................
6. STEADY FLOW PROCESSES ...................................................................................................
6.1 Open System versus Closed System .......................................................................................
6.2 Control Volume ......................................................................................................................
6.3 Steady State .............................................................................................................................
6.4 Steady Flow.............................................................................................................................
6.5 Flow Work ..............................................................................................................................
6.6 Enthalpy ..................................................................................................................................
6.7 Adiabatic Nozzles and Diffusers ............................................................................................
6.8 Pumps and Compressors .........................................................................................................
6.9 Turbines ..................................................................................................................................
6.10 Adiabatic Quasistatic Processes ............................................................................................
6.11 Steady State Steady Flow for a Control Volume ..................................................................
6.12 The Joule-Thomson Experiment ...........................................................................................

Unsteady Control Volume Processes ...........................................................................

7.1 Three Types of Processes: Closed-Steady-Transient .............................................
7.2 Rate of Change of Energy for Transient Processes ................................................
7.2.1
One Inlet One Outlet and No Kinetic and Potential Energies ......................
7.2.2
One Inlet One Outlet with Kinetic and Potential Energies ..........................
7.2.3
Multiple Inlets and Outlets..............................................................................
7.3 Finite Change of Energy for Transient Processes ................................................
7.4 Uniform State Uniform Flow .................................................................................
7.5 Example Problems .................................................................................................
7.6 Problems .................................................................................................................

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.......................................................

8.1 General Nature of the Second Law ........................................................................
8.2 Clausius Statement of the Second Law ..................................................................
8.3 Cyclic Processes .....................................................................................................
8.4 Elements of an Heat Engine ...................................................................................
8.5 The Otto Cycle .......................................................................................................
8.6 Need for a Heat Sink in a Cyclic Engine ................................................................
8.7 Cycle Work, Thermal Efficiency, and Heat Rate ...................................................
8.8 The Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second Law..................................................
8.9 Equivalency of Kelvin and Clausius Statements ....................................................
8.10
Key Factors in the Definition of the Second Law...............................................
8.11
Irreversible Effects ..............................................................................................
8.12
Carnot Machines and Carnot Efficiency.............................................................
8.12.1 Reversible heat transfer...................................................................................
8.12.2 Carnot Engine .................................................................................................
8.12.3 First corollary of the 2nd law: ..........................................................................
8.12.4 Second corollary of the 2nd law: ......................................................................
8.13
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale ...................................................................
8.14
Heat Pumps .........................................................................................................
8.15
Refrigerators .......................................................................................................
8.16
Stirling and Ericsson Cycles ..............................................................................
8.17
Otto Cycle ...........................................................................................................
8.18
Diesel Cycle ........................................................................................................
8.19
Brayton Cycle .....................................................................................................
8.20
Example Problems: .............................................................................................
8.21
Problems .............................................................................................................

ENTROPY ....................................................................................................................
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................
9.2 The Clausius Inequality ..........................................................................................
9.3 Definition of Entropy ............................................................................................
9.4 The Principle of Increase in Entropy ......................................................................
9.5 Entropy-Temperature Diagrams .............................................................................
9.6 Tds Relations ..........................................................................................................
9.7 Entropy Change for a Closed System .....................................................................
9.8 Entropy Change for a Control Volume ..................................................................
9.9 Third Law of Thermodynamics ..............................................................................
9.10
Entropy of Ideal Gases ........................................................................................
9.11
Isentropic Process for Air ...................................................................................
9.12
Isentropic Efficiencies ........................................................................................
9.12.1 Turbine Efficiency ..........................................................................................
9.12.2 Compressor and Pump Efficiency...................................................................
9.13
Statistical Description of Entropy.......................................................................
9.13.1 The entropy change in a free expansion-microscopic approach

9.13.2 The entropy of an ideal gas-microscopic approach .........................................

9.14
Chapter Summary ...............................................................................................
9.15
Example Problems ..............................................................................................
9.16
Problems .............................................................................................................
10

AVAILABILITY or EXERGY ..................................................................................

10.1
The concept.........................................................................................................
10.2
Definition of the Availability..............................................................................
10.3
Availability and Irreversibility for a Closed System ..........................................
10.4
Availability for a Control Volume ......................................................................
10.5
Example Problems ..............................................................................................
10.6
Problems .............................................................................................................

11

REAL GASES .......................................................................................................................

11.1
Equation of state .............................................................................................................
11.2
Compressibility factor ....................................................................................................
11.3
Generalized compressibility chart ..................................................................................
11.4
Van der Waals Equation of state ....................................................................................
11.5
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State .............................................................................
11.6
Virial Equation of State ..................................................................................................
11.7
Example Problems ..........................................................................................................
11.8
Problems .........................................................................................................................

12 PROPERTIES OF PHASE CHANGING SUBSTANCES ......................................................

12.1
Introduction.....................................................................................................................
12.2
Phases of a Substance ....................................................................................................
12.3
Water and Steam Properties ...........................................................................................
12.3.1 Compressed liquid or subcooled liquid phase ............................................................
12.3.2 Saturated state .............................................................................................................
12.3.3 Quality.........................................................................................................................
12.3.4 Latent Heat ..................................................................................................................
12.3.5 Superheated State ........................................................................................................
12.3.6 Melting ........................................................................................................................
12.3.7 Influence of Pressure ...................................................................................................
12.3.8 The Triple Point ..........................................................................................................
12.3.9 Sublimation .................................................................................................................
12.3.10 Critical State ............................................................................................................
12.4
Using Thermodynamic Tables ........................................................................................
12.4.1 Whether the substance is saturated, superheated or subcooled ...................................
12.4.2 To Determine the properties of a real substance .........................................................
12.5
Example Problems ..........................................................................................................
12.7
Problems .........................................................................................................................