Lecture 10

Contents

Momentum and Fluid Flow

MOMENTUM AND FLUID FLOW

Analysis of fluid-flow phenomena fundamentally

depends upon application of Newtons laws of
motion, together with recognition of special
properties of fluids in motion.

Momentum equation relates sum of forces acting

on a fluid element to its acceleration or rate of
change of momentum in direction of resultant
force.

Will now introduce application of momentum

equation to a few very simple problems.

Will look at forces exerted upon and by a fluid

as a result of changes in direction and impact
upon surfaces.

Continued...

Definition of momentum M for object with mass

m and velocity v:

M mv

Consider streamtube for steady flow below...

D

A1
v1

A2

v2

2
C

Mass flow rate at entry (station 1): m1 1 A1 v1

Mass flow rate at exit (station 2): m 2 2 A2 v2

Mass conservation must hold, hence ...

m1 m 2 m (A)

Continued...

Since

momentum, M = m v, the momentum

flow rate at entry (1) and exit (2) are ...

m1 v1 1 A1 v1 v1

m 2 v2 2 A2 v2 v2

m1

m2

Thus,

rate of change of momentum across

control volume is ...

m 2 v2 m1 v1

2 A2 v2 v2 1 A1 v1 v1

m v2 v1 (B)

Continued...

Thus, the increase of momentum per unit time

(or Momentum flow rate) in direction of
motion is ...

M m v2 v1

(C)

= Mass flow per unit time x Change of velocity

According to Newtons second law Eq. (C) will

be caused by a force such that ...

F m v2 v1

(D)

This is the

One-Dimensional Momentum Equation

Continued...

Eq. (D) from previous slide,

F m v2 v1 ,

is force acting on fluid element ABCD in direction of

motion.

A1
v1

A2
v2

2
B

By Newtons third law, the fluid will exert

an equal and opposite reaction on its
surroundings.

Momentum Equation for Two- and

Three-Dimensional Flow Along a
Streamline

Consider

flow as sketched below to generalize

result of previous section ...

Angle

v2

vy2

vx 2

A
v1
Area A1

v y1

vx1

Angle

Similar to Eq. B/C/D from previous section write

down, the rate of change of momentum across
control volume but consider x, y component
separately...

 Write down velocity components

for use later ...

Angle

v2

vy2

vx 2

A
v1
Area A1

v y1

vx1

Angle

B
vx1 v1 cos

vx 2 v2 cos

v y1 v1 sin

v y 2 v2 sin

(1a-d)

Continued...

Eq.

B/C/D from previous section gave in

summary ...

F m v2 v1

Apply

strategy from previous section in xdirection. This yields ...

Fx = Rate of change of momentum in x-direction

= Mass flow per unit time x Change of velocity
in x-direction

Fx m vx2 vx1

(2)

Now substitute Eqs. 1a,b (i.e. flow components)

into Eq. (2) to get ...

Fx m v2 cos v1 cos

(3)

Continued...

Equivalent strategy for y-component yields ...

Fy m v2 sin v1 sin
NOW.

Force components Fx and Fy can be combined

to give total force ...

F Fx2 Fy2
Finally.

In three-dimensional flow additional component

Fz from considering velocities vz1 and vz2 in zdirection yielding ...

Fz m vz2 vz1

Continued...

In summary we have in general ...

Total force exerted
on fluid in CV in a
given direction

Rate of change of
momentum in given
direction of fluid
passing through CV

F m vout vin
Note
F is positive in the direction in
which v is assumed to be positive

QUESTION:
What are the forces which act
upon control volume?

Continued...

ANSWER:
For any control volume total force, F, which
acts upon it in a given direction will be made
up of three different components
Components are

F1 =

Force exerted in given direction on fluid in

CV by any solid body within CV or
coinciding with boundaries of CV.

F2 =

Force exerted in given direction on fluid in

CV by body forces such as gravity.

F3 =

Force exerted in given direction on fluid in

CV by fluid outside the CV (e.g. pressure
forces at exit and entry of stream tube).

F F1 F2 F3 m vout vin

Force, R, exerted by the fluid on solid body inside or

coinciding with CV in given direction will be equal and
opposite to F1 so that R=-F1.

Example 1:
Water flows through pipeline 60 m long at
velocity 1.8 m/s. Pressure difference between inlet
and outlet ends is 25 kN/m2.
Q: What increase of pressure difference is
required to accelerate water in pipe at rate
0.02 m/s2?

l 60 m
v 1.8 m/s

1000 kg/m 3

Use ...

Cross-sectional area of pipeline

Increase in pressure at inlet required
required to produce acceleration a.

Solution:

Note: THIS IS NOT A STEADY FLOW PROBLEM!

Use a control mass comprising whole of water in pipe.

Start from Newtons 2nd law:

Force due to p in
direction of motion

Rate of change of
momentum of water in whole pipe

=
A p

=
Mass of water in
pipe x Acceler.

A p A l a

kg
m
kN
p l a 1000 3 60 m 0.02 2 1200 2
m
m
s

Continued...

Note:

Here pressure difference is small because

acceleration is small, but very large pressures can
be developed by sudden acceleration or
decelerations, such as may occur when valves are
shut. The elasticity of the fluid and of the pipe must
then be taken in to account.

Example 2:
Force Exerted By A Jet Striking a Plate
(Four possible scenarios)

vn

v
u

In

EACH case the velocity component normal to

plate reduces to zero on impact, hence ...

vn (v u ) cos

Continued ...

Mass flow entering CV given by ...

m A vn A (v u ) cos

For stationary plate perpendicular to jet reduces to ...

m A vn A v

(A)

(B)

For Eq.(A) rate of change of momentum normal to plane

is...

dM
m v u A (v u ) v u cos (A2)
dt

For a stationary plate this becomes ...

dM
m v A v 2 cos
dt

(A3)

Continued...

If plate also perpendicular to jet [equivalent to Eq.(B)]

this becomes ...

dM
m v A v2
dt

(A4) or (B2)

There will be a force (normal) exerted on the plate equal

to the rate of momentum destroyed normal to the plate,
given in the general case by an expression of the form of
Eq. (A2)

Fnormal A (v u ) v u cos

(5)

There will be an equal an opposite force exerted on the

jet by the plate.

In direction parallel to plate, force exerted will depend

upon shear stress between fluid and surface. For an ideal
fluid there would be no shear stress and, hence, no force
parallel to plate.

Worked example for jet striking a plate...

A water jet from fixed nozzle has diameter of 25 mm and

strikes a flat plate. The velocity of the jet is v=5 m/s and
the surface of the plate is assumed frictionless. Calculate
the force normal to plate surface for the following cases
(for density of water use 1000 kg/m3):

(I)

u 0 , 0

(II)

u 0 , 30

(III) u 2m/s , 30

In each case we have to apply Eq. (5) from previous slide

with appropriate values.

Fnormal A (v u ) v u cos

First calculate area, A, of jet so we have it when we need

it later...

A r 2 0.0125 m 2 4.9 10 4 m 2

Continued ...

Eq. (5) was ...

Fnormal A (v u ) v u cos

And so we get for the three cases ...

(I): u 0 , 0
Fnormal 1000

kg
m

4
4
.
9
10
(5

m
m

0) 5 0 cos 0
s

12.25 N

(II): u 0 , 30

Fnormal 1000

kg
m

4
.
9
10
(5
3

m
m

0) 5 0 cos 30
s

10.61 N

(III): u 2m/s , 30

kg
Fnormal 1000 3 4.9 10 4
m
m m m m
(5 2 ) 5 2 cos 30
s
s s
s

20.79 N

Example 3:
A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an
angle of 60 degrees from its original direction by a
curved vane which it enters tangentially without shock
with a mean velocity of 30 m/s and leaves it with a mean
velocity of 25 m/s. Mass discharge from the nozzle is 0.8
kg/s.

Q: What is magnitude and direction of resultant

force on vane if vane is stationary?
Summary of given data:

m
v1 30
s

m 0.8

kg
s

m
v2 25
s

60

Chosen
Control
Volume (CV)

Solution:

Resultant force, R, exerted by fluid on vane found by

determining component forces Rx and Ry in x- and
y-directions.

With equation from just before Example 1 which

was ...

F F1 F2 F3 m vout vin

F1 =

Force exerted in given direction on fluid in

CV by any solid body within CV or
coinciding with boundaries of CV.

Rx F1 F2 F3 m vout vin x

Recall ...

F2 = Body Forces ...

F3 = Forces exerted by fluid outside CV ...

(A)

Continued ...

Eq. (A) from previous slide was ...

Rx F1 F2 F3 m vout vin x

NOW ...

Neglect body force, F2 , due to gravity and assume

that for free jet pressure is constant everywhere
such that F3 =0 . Then Eq. (A) becomes ...

Rx F1 m vout vin x

Rx m vin vout x

(B)

And similarly ...

R y m vin vout y

(C)

Continued ...

Need to plug appropriate values into (B) and (C) ...

Rx m vin vout x (B)

R y m vin vout y (C)

v1

m 0.8

60

kg
s

v2

x-Direction

vin v1 x 30

m
s

vout v2 x v2 cos
m
m
25 0.5 12.5
s
s
kg m
m
Rx 0.8 30 12.5
s s
s

14 N

y-Direction

vin v1 y 0

m
s

vout v2 y v2 sin
25

R y 0.8

m
m
0.866 21.65
s
s

kg m
m
0 21.65
s s
s

17.32 N

Continued ...

Combining the two results for Rx and Ry yields

R Rx2 Ry2

14 N 2 17.32 N 2 22.27 N

This resultant force, R, will be inclined to the x-direction

at an angle ...

Ry
1 17.32 N
51.3'
tan tan
Rx
14 N x
1

Rx

Ry

Next year we will,

apart from many other things,

revisit most of the topics

discussed in this module in
more depth and in a
mathematically more rigorous
form.
Hence, if you understand the
physical concepts this year
then all you have to worry
about next year is the more
complex mathematics
Auf wiedersehen