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Part I: Sample In-text Citations and List of References
Guidelines
In-text Citations (Examples)
List of References (Example)
2012-04-24; Updated 2015-01-19
Abstract
Articles
Audiobooks
Audio Recordings
Blogs
Books
Brochures
Conference Proceedings
Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
E-books
Email
Factsheets
Government & Public Documents
Interviews
Journal Articles
Lectures
Maps
Meetings
Magazine Articles
Newspaper Articles
Pamphlets
Papers Presented
Patents
Photographs
Podcasts
Prefaces & Forewords
Quoted in
Reports
Software
Speeches
Standards
Theses & Dissertations
Tweets
Unpublished Materials
Videos
Websites
Working Papers
Cases
Legislation (Bills, Acts, Legal
Notices)
Parliamentary Debates
(Hansard)
Treaties
In-text citations:
o
Reference lists:
o
For theses and dissertations, single spacing must be used within entries and double-spacing between entries.
In-text Citations
Example 1:
Recent literature has examined long-run price drifts following initial public offerings (Ritter 1991; Loughran and Ritter 1995),
stock splits (Ikenberry, Rankine, and Stice 1996), seasoned equity offerings (Loughran and Ritter 1995), and equity
repurchases (Ikenberry, Lakonishok, and Vermaelen 1995).
Example 2:
As Edward Tufte (2001, 139) points out, A graphical element may carry data information and also perform a design function
usually left to non-data-ink.
Example 3:
Complexion figures prominently in Morgans descriptions. When Jasper compliments his mothers choice of car (a twelvecylinder Mediterranean roadster with leather and wood-grained interior), his cheeks blotch indignantly, painted by jealousy
and rage (Chaston 2000, 47). On the other hand, his mothers mask never changes, her even-tanned good looks (56),
burnished visage (101), and air-brushed confidence (211) providing the foil to the drama in her midst.
REFERENCES
Athiyaman, Adee. 1984. Strategic Choices in the International Hospitality Industry. In The International Hospitality Industry:
Structure, Characteristics and Issues, edited by Bob Brotherton, 142-160. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Boxill, Ian, Claudia Chambers, and Eleanor Wint. 1997. Introduction to Social Research with Applications to the Caribbean.
Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.
Dewitt, Dave, and Mary Jane Wilan. 1993. Callaloo, Calypso and Carnival: The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago. Freedom, CA:
Crossing Press.
Erskine, James A. K., and George J. Georgiou. 2010. Effects of Thought Suppression on Eating Behaviour in Restrained and
Non-Restrained Eaters. Appetite 54 (3): 499-503. Accessed December 9, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.001.
Naipaul, V. S. 1995a. A House for Mr. Biswas. New York: Random House.
. 1995b. V. S. Naipaul Archive. Tulsa, OK: McFarlin Library.
Rittgen, Peter. 2006. Integrating Organizations in a Supply Chain with Electronic Contracts. In Managing Information in the
Digital Economy: Issues & Solutions - Proceedings of the 6th International Business Information Management Association
(IBIMA) Conference, 19-21 June, 2006, edited by Khalid S. Soliman, 176-183. Bonn, Germany: IBIMA.
Taitt, Ria. 2010. Senator: Govt Driving Economy to Ground. Trinidad Express, November 9.
UWI (The University of the West Indies). GSB (Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business). 2010. Practicum Resources.
Accessed November 10, 2010. http://www.lokjackgsb.org/library.php.
An abstract is treated like a journal article, but the word abstract must be added.
Reference
In-text citation
AUDIO RECORDINGS
AUDIOBOOKS, PODCASTS &
VIDEOCASTS
Audiobook
Reference
Schlosser, Eric. 2004. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the AllAmerican Meal. Read by Rick Adamson. New York: Random
House Audible. Audiobook, 8 compact discs, 9 hrs.
In-text citation
(Schlosser 2004)
AUDIO RECORDINGS
AUDIOBOOKS, PODCASTS &
VIDEOCASTS (CONTD.)
Podcasts
Video (Online)
The titles of the named podcasts that are mentioned should be italicized while the
title of the blog should be placed in quotation marks.
Reference
In-text citation
(Steinke 2007)
Reference
Harwood, John. 2008. The Pros and Cons of Biden. New York Times
video, 2:00. August 23. http://video.on.nytimes.com
/?fr_story+a425c92f51bd19f2a621fd93b5e266507191.
In-text citation
(Harwood 2008)
Reference
UWI (The University of the West Indies). 2013. UWI A Great West
Indian Tradition. YouTube video, 4:01, posted by
uwistaugustine, January 30, 2013. Accessed March 11, 2014.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u597jLXZrjA.
In-text citation
(UWI 2013)
BLOGS
Reference
In-text citation
(Girvan 2007)
BOOKS
For a book with more than one, invert the name of the first author only.
Reference
In-text citation
Two or more works by the same author in the same year must be differentiated by the
addition of an a, b, c and so forth and the works are listed alphabetically by title. The
text citation consists of author and year plus a letter.
Reference
In-text citation
BOOKS (CONTD.)
Book with Two Authors (Print)
Reference
Dewitt, Dave, and Mary Jane Wilan. 1993. Callaloo, Calypso and
Carnival: The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago. Freedom, CA:
Crossing Press.
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
BOOKS (CONTD.)
Chapter of an Edited Volume
Originally Published Elsewhere
(Print)
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
(Antokoletz 2008, 2)
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BOOKS (CONTD.)
Paper Published in Conference
Proceedings
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Factsheet (Online)
11
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
(Sim 2002)
Reference
In-text citation
DICTIONARIES &
ENCYCLOPEDIAS
12
Email and text messages must provide details pertaining to the person
interviewed and dates.
Reference
In-text citation
INTERVIEWS
Reference
In-text citation
In-text citation
(Girvan 2010)
13
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Citations to journal articles include the volume & issue number, year of
publication and page numbers. The digital object identifier (DOI) is preferred to a
uniform resource locator (URL), but is not essential.
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
Greenidge, Kevin, and Tiffany Grosvenor. 2010. Forecasting NonPerforming Loans in Barbados. Journal of Business, Finance
and Economics in Emerging Economies 5 (1): 79-108. Accessed
December 5, 2010. http://www.ccmf-uwi.org
/files/publications/journal/2010_1_5/79_108.pdf.
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
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LECTURES, PAPERS
PRESENTED & SPEECHES,
(UNPUBLISHED)
Paper Presented (Print)
Speech (Online)
Reference
In-text citation
(Fernandez-Aballi 2007)
Reference
In-text citation
(Sankat 2013, 3)
Reference
Times Books. 2008. The Times Map of the World. Map. London: Times
Books.
In-text citation
MAPS
Map (Print)
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MAPS (CONTD)
Map (Online)
MEETINGS
Place on map. Year. Latitude and Longitude. Google Earth. Date posted on map. Date
you accessed the image.
Reference
In-text citation
Refer to the entries for Conference Proceedings; Lectures, Papers Presented &
Speeches (Unpublished); Working Papers.
Reference
In-text citation
(Taitt 2010, 4)
Reference
In-text citation
(Smedley 2010)
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PATENTS
Reference
In-text citation
Cite patents and other documents that include more than one date as follows;
note that the year of issue is repeated to avoid ambiguity.
Reference
List, Stephen, and Ronald Hurst. 1989. Process for Producing Carbon
Black. US Patent 4,879,104, filed June 16, 1987 and issued
November 7, 1989.
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph (Print)
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PHOTOGRAPHS (CONTD.)
Photograph (Online)
QUOTED IN
Surname, First Name or Initial. Title of work. Format. Name of Website. Accessed date.
http://...
Reference
In-text citation
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
REPORTS
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SOFTWARE
Please cite standard, commonly known software, in the text, by name. E.g. In
Microsoft Excel 2010 No reference list entry should be provided.
For those software programmes that are specialised, in-text citations and reference
list entries are required.
Reference
In-text citation
(Harzing 2013)
Reference
In-text citation
(BSI 1985)
STANDARDS
Here are the formats for theses used hard copy or found in a commercial database.
For theses found only on the open web, add and access date and a URL.
Thesis
Reference
In-text citation
19
Here are the formats for theses used hard copy or found in a commercial database.
For theses found only on the open web, add and access date and a URL.
Dissertation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
Kiely, Garrett. 2011. Twitter post, September 14, 2011, 8:50 a.m.,
http://twitter.com/gkiely.
In-text citation
(Kiely 2011)
TWEETS
UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Refer to entries for Blogs; Brochures, Factsheets & Pamphlets; Lectures, Papers
Presented at Meetings & Speeches; Theses & Dissertations; Working Papers;
Websites.
WEBSITE CONTENT
UWI (The University of the West Indies). GSB (Arthur Lok Jack
Graduate School of Business). 2010. Practicum Resources.
Accessed November 10, 2010. http://www.lokjackgsb.org
/library.php.
In-text citation
20
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
WORKING PAPERS
21
In-text citation
In the case R v. Pyrah [2003] 1 A.C. 903 (appeal taken from Trinidad
and Tobago).
Subsequent in-text references to the same case can be shortened to R
v. Pyrah.
Unreported Case
In-text citation
LEGISLATION
Bill
Reference
In-text citation
22
LEGISLATION (CONTD.)
Act (Online)
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
In-text citation
Reference
Trinidad and Tobago. 2009. Children Act, Chap. 46:01. In The Laws
of Trinidad and Tobago, prepared by the Law Revision
Commission. Rev. ed. Loose-leaf. Updated December 31, 2009.
[Port-of-Spain?]: Government of the Republic of Trinidad and
Tobago.
In-text citation
23
PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES
Hansard (Online)
Reference
In-text citation
TREATIES
Treaty (Print)
In-text citation
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PLEASE DIRECT REQUESTS FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR ASSISTANCE TO THE FOLLOWING PERSONS:
ALMA JORDAN LIBRARY
NAME
PHONE CONTACT
Engineering
mariella.pilgrim@sta.uwi.edu
shamin.renwick@sta.uwi.edu
Law
jolie.rajah@sta.uwi.edu
Social Sciences
hannah.francis@sta.uwi.edu
NAME
PHONE CONTACT
cherill.farrell@sta.uwi.edu
library@lokjackgsb.edu.tt
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