PrinciplesofSociology

Chapter1
Sociology
Studyofpeopleingroups
Studyofhumansocialinteraction
Studyofsociety
Studyofthewebofsocialrelationships
Scientificstudyofthecausesandconsequencesofhumansocial
interaction

GeneralCharacteristicsofSociology
Categoricalratherthannormative
Concernedwithwhatisnotwhatoughttobe

Purenotanappliedsocialscience
Getinformationandletothersuseit

Abstractratherthanconcretesocialscience
Looksforformsandpatternsofbehavior

Generalnotaspecialsocialscience
Looksforinteractionsthataremoreuniversal

SociologistsAreNot

 Notnecessarilysomeonewholikestoworkwithorhelppeople
criminologists,socialworkers,statisticiansortotallydetached
ConcernedwithSocialFactsfeelingsandwaysofbehaving
outsidetheindividual
ExampleistheremovaloffacialandbodyhairbyfemalesinUS
society

Sociological
Imagination
FromclassicalarticlewrittenbyC.WrightMills
Understandingthatsocialsituationsmaybeaproductofsociety
andnotfullyinthecontroloftheindividuality
Abilitytoseeourownlifeandthatofothersaspartofalarger
humandrama

Sociological
Consciousness
Institutionsstableandpredicablearrangementsamongpeople
Makesusawareoffactsoftruth
Helpsustoseethedifferencebetweentherealandideal
Whydopeoplegetmarried,valueofeducation,whatdemocracyreally
means
Makesusawareofmarginalpeoplehomeless

TroublevsIssues
Troublesareprivatematters
Likepersonalmotivation
Lossofajob
Familyproblems

Issuesarepublicmatters
Thingsbeyondanindividualscontrol
Unemployment

Seetheconnectionbetweenthetwo

StructureofOpportunities
Chancesavailableinsocietytoachieveavaluedgoal
Whatsocietyhasofferaperson
Whetheronelivesinwarorpeace
Familyandsocietalopportunities

IndustrialRevolution
Whensociologyorginated
AugusteComteusedthewordsociologyin1838
Heobservedchangeinsociety
Saweventschangingdailylives

Industrialchange
Movementofpeoplefromvillagestocities

 Workinginfactoriesawayfromfamilies

IndustrialRevolution
Familiesgofromextendedtonuclear
Citylifetransformedworkandfamilylife
Moresocialproblemswereseen
Natureofworkchangedwithmachines
Mechanizationuseofexternalsourcesofpowerandpeopledid
notcreatealltheirowngoods

IndustrialRevolution
Rapidsocialchangeoccurswhensocietyspeedsup
Societybeginstodevelopfaster
Travelbecomesmorecommon
Newformsofsocialinteractionoccur
Paceistoofastforsomepeopleandtheyfalloffbyembracingsocial
movementsorgettinginvolvedindrugsand/orcrime

IndustrialRevolution
Natureofworkchanges
Peoplenowworkedinfactories
Standardizationofwork

Onesinteractionisinfluencedbywork
Natureofinteractionchanges

 Peoplecommunicatewithabroaderspectrumofpeoplerailways,planes,
internet

SociologyGrewwithnewideasaboutthenatureof
society
KarlMarx18181883
BorninGermanybutspenthislifeinEngland
WasthereduringthemajordevelopmentoftheIndustrialRevolution
WrotetheCommunistManifestoin1848withFriedrichEngel's&Das
Kapital
Hewasappalledattheplightoftheworkers
Concernedwiththemeansofproduction

SociologicalPerspectivesonIndustrialization
Concernwithnewindustrialclasses
Bourgeoisieownmeansofproductionfactory

Peoplewhoexploitotherstoworkintheirindustry

Paythemlittlewages

Concernedonlywithprofit

Proletariatworkersinthefactoryselllabor

Havenorightsorbenefits

Havenochoiceintheirwork

Makeverylittleandlesspurchasingpower

SociologicalPerspectivesonIndustrialization

 Marxconcernedwith
Conflictforcesthatdrivessocialchange
Meansofproductiontheresourcesessentialtothedistributionofgoods

Theworkersoftheworldhavenothingtolosebuttheirchains;
theyhaveaworldtogain.Workersoftheworldunite.(Marx)

ContemporaryMarxist
Capitalistslookforprofitasasignofsuccess
Itmayignorehumanneedsandpeoplemaynotbeabletobuy
products
Capitalismsurvivedandflourishedbysuckingthebloodofliving
labor

SociologicalPerspectivesonIndustrialization
EmileDurkheim18581918
GlobalVillageconcept

Populationdensityincreasesneedforresourcesandcreatesanewneedformoreefficient
means

Divisionoflaborchanges

Premodernsocietymechanicalsolidaritysimpleandsimilardivisionoflabor

Modernindustrialsocietyorganicsolidaritypartshavetoworktogether

Durkheim
WrotethebookSuicidetolookatcircumstancesthatcausepeople
tokillthemselves

 Found4types
Egoisticlackgroupties
Altuisticstronggroupties
Anomicnormlessnessduetochanges
Fatalisticnohopeforchange

MaxWeber
MaxWeber(18641920)focusedontheIndustrialRevolution
concernedwithsocialaction

Goalofsociologyistoattachmeaningtosocialactions

RationalizationPeoplewoulduselogicalassessmenttofindthemostefficientmeanstogetaparticular
goal

Peopleinrationalenvironmentrarelyconsiderwaysofachieving
thatgoal

MaxWeber
Fourtypesofsocialaction
Traditionalgoalpursuedasinthepast
Affectionalgoalisemotion
Valuerationalgoalpursuedbecauseofitsvaluewithoutconsiderationof
appropriateness
Instrumentalgoaliscarefullythoughtoutinrelationshiptoothergoals

SociologyEvolves
HarrietMartineauwroteSocietyinAmerica

 Shesawthecountryinallitsdiversity
Likedtohearcasualconversations

Herthreemethodsofanalysis
Communicatedobservationswithoutjudgement
Compareprinciplestorealityinsociety
Letthereaderdecidethebelieve

SociologyEvolves
W.E.B.DuBois18681963doubleconsciousnessofblacksalways
lookingatoneselfthroughtheeyesofothers
strangemeaningofbeingblack

Showedhowtherecanexistadoublefeelingwhilelivinginasinglesociety
BelievedWesternnationsexploitedAfricansandblackstakingtheirwealth
leavingthempoliticallypowerlessandimpoverished

SociologyintheUnitedStates
Firstperiod19051918
Pioneersinteachingsociologyincolleges
Manyearlysociologistswerethesonsofsmalltownministers
Theylookedatsocialproblems
Urbanismwasseenasasourceofproblems
Wereconservativeandsoughtsocialreform
AmericanSociologicalAssociationest.1905

SociologyintheUnitedStates

 Secondera19181935
PeriodafterWorldWarIleftpeopledisillusioned
Sociologistsbegantousethescientificmethod
Wantedsociologytobevaluefreestudywhatistherewithoutbeing
judgmental

SociologyintheUnitedStates
Thirdperiod193554
Sociologistsbegantointegratetheory,research,andapplication
Sociologistsbecamemoreprofessionalized
Encouragedtheuseofbasicresearch

SociologyintheUnitedStates
PeriodfourComingoftheAgeofSociology1954on
SupremecourtcaseofBrownvBoardofEducationofTopekaKansas
initiatedacallforracialintegration
BegannumerousrightsmovementsVietnamWar,Women,Gaysand
Elderly
Sociologyexplodedinearlypartofthisperiod

ImportanceofGlobalPerspective
EarlyEuropeansociologicaltheoristssupportedtheglobalunderstandingby
studyingpeoplefrommanycultures

Livesofpeoplearenowintertwined
Eventsoftheworldeffectusall

 U.S.hasthemostpowerfulanddiverseeconomyintheworld
U.S.militarypresenceisin130countriesintheworld

ImportanceofGlobalPerspective
Otherareasabouttheworld
Goodsandservicesmoveallovertheworld
Multinationalcorporationschangesocialrelationships
Globalizationfromaboveconnectspeoplewhilefrombelowmeansan
attempttoprotectpeople,theirenvironmentandlives
WhatdoesMadeintheUSAmean

ImportanceofGlobalPerspective
Globalthemeshelpustoappreciatehowanactioninonepartof
theworldaffectpeopleinanother
AmericancanrefertopeopleinBrazilorCanada
Sociologyhelpsusunderstandglobalinterdependence

WhyStudySociology
Therearemanyjobopportunities
Socialservices,corrections,business,health,publishing,
journalism,publicrelations,governmentjobsandteaching
Theconceptsandsociologicalperspectiveareimportanttopeople
inallkindsoffields