6 Nov.

2008

WCDMA Radio Network

Coverage Dimensioning
www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

HUAWEI Confidential

Coverage, Capacity, Quality

Capacity & Coverage
Cell Load Cell Coverage
Users Cell Load

Capacity

Capacity & Quality

Quality (BLER ) Capacity

COST
Quality

Coverage

Quality (GoS ) Capacity

Coverage & Quality

Quality (BLER ) Cell Coverage
Cell Breathing

Higher Cell Load

Smaller Coverage Radius
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Dimensioning Flow
start
Coverage Requirement

UL/DL Link Budget

Cell Radius=Min (RUL, RDL)
UL/DL Capacity
Dimensioning

Capacity Requirement

Satisfy Capacity Requirement?

No

Yes
CE/Iub Dimensioning
Output NodeB Amount/
NodeB Configuration/
CE/Iub
End

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Adjust Carrier/NodeB

Difference between GSM & WCDMA

Planning
GSM

WCDMA

Frequency planning to guarantee

11 frequency reuse

intra/inter-frequency interference

Capacity and coverage are closely related

Independent coverage and capacity

Supports multiple services with different

dimensioning

speed rate and QoS

Users supported can be calculated

from carriers and timeslots if the

Each service has different coverage

range

interference meets the requirements.

Provides a single voice service

Soft handover is adopted to support

continuous service

Hard handover is adopted to support

continuous service

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Scenarios analysis(1)
Morphology
Generally, planned areas are classified into five types:
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural Area
Highway

The main parameters that are contingent on morphology type

include:
Mean penetration loss
Standard deviation of slow fading
Path loss exponent and other factors in propagation model
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Scenarios analysis(2)
Morphology
Planning strategies need to be customized for different type
of area. It is necessary to configure following parameters
accordingly:

Channel model
Sectorization
Indoor coverage
Target service (seamless coverage)
TMA and Diversity mode
Cell loading
Average antenna height
Cable loss

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Scenarios analysis (3)

Channel model
The channel model defines the number of signal path,
relative path loss and delay variance to abstract the
wireless channel.
According to specifications of 3GPP R4(TR25.943 V4.0.0),
typical channel models are used as following:
Static: no multipath
TU3: typical urban area, pedestrian, 3km/h
TU50: typical urban area, vehicle, 50km/h
TU120: typical urban area, vehicle, 120km/h
RA120: rural area, vehicle, 120km/h
RA250: rural area, vehicle, 250km/h
HT120: high terrain, vehicle, 120km/h

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Continuous Coverage Service

PS 384K

PS 128K

VP 64K

AMR 12.2K

Cell Radius

Huawei Suggests:

CS64K as the continuous coverage service in the Urban

or Dense Urban
AMR 12.2K as the continuous coverage service in the
Suburban or Rural Area.

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Coverage Dimensioning Flow

uAim of coverage dimensioning
--- to obtain the cell radius
--- to estimate NodeB number for coverage
Coverage Dimensioning start

Link Budget
PL
Propagation model

Cell Radius

Area =

9
3R 2
8

Area =

3
3R 2
2

NodeB Coverage Area

NodeB number
=Total coverage area/NodeB coverage area

NodeB Number

Coverage Dimensioning End

R99
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Uplink: Radio Link Budget

MDC Gain
Slow fading margin
SHO Gain against Slow
fading
SHO Gain against fast
fading

AntennaGain
NodeB Antenna Gain

Fast fading margin

Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss

UE Antenna Gain

Pa

th

UE Transmit Power

Lo

Penetration Loss

ss

UPLINK BUDGET
CableLoss
NodeB
Sensitivity

Antenna Gain

Maximum
allowable path loss

SHO Gain

Penetration
Loss

Margin
Loss

NodeB reception sensitvity

R99
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Downlink: Radio Link Budget

MDC Gain
Slow fading margin
SHO Gain against Slow
fading
SHO Gain against fast
fading

AntennaGain
NodeB Antenna Gain

Fast fading margin

Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss

UE Antenna Gain

Pa

th

NodeB Transmit Power

Lo

Penetration Loss

ss

DOWNLINK BUDGET

CableLoss
NodeB
Sensitivity

Antenna Gain

Maximum
allowable path loss

SHO Gain

Penetration
Loss

Margin
Loss

UE reception sensitivity

R99
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Cable Loss in Link Budget

uCable Loss in Link Budget includes:
--- Cables loss b/w NodeB and antenna
--- Jumper Loss b/w NodeB and antenna

Cable Loss

--- Connectors loss b/w NodeB and antenna

7/8 inch cable: 6.29dB/100m@2100MHz

1/2 inch cable: 11dB/100m@2100MHz
7/8 inch cable: 3.63dB/100m@800MHz
1/2 inch cable: 6.46dB/100m@800MHz

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Path Loss and Fading

Path Loss fading due to propagation distance
Long term (slow) fading caused by shadowing
Short term (fast) fading caused by multipath propagation

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Slow Fading Margin

u Slow Fading --- Signal levels obey Log-Normal distribution
u Slow Fading Margin depends on:
--- Coverage Probability
--- The higher the coverage probability is, the more SFM is required
--- Standard Deviation

Probability Density

--- The higher the standard deviation is, the more SFM is required

SFM required

Coverage
CoverageProbability:
Probability:
PPCOVERAGE (x)
(x)==PP[[F(x)
F(x)>>FFthreshold ]]
COVERAGE

threshold

Without SFM
With SFM

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SHO Gain against Slow Fading

u Soft Handover --- handovers between NodeBs
u Softer Handover --- handovers between cells in a NodeB
Slow fading is partly uncorrelated between cells
SHO reduces slow fading compared to the single cell case
SHO gain against slow fading can improve the coverage probability
SHO Gain against slow fading= SFM without SHO SFM with SHO
SHO Gain Against SFM

(dB)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Standard deviation=11.7
Path loss slope=3.52

98%

95%

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90%

85%

Area coverage probability

R99
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.

92%

Page 15

Fast Fading Margin

uFast fading margin
--- Required to guarantee fast power control which will enhance weak
signal caused by fast fading
--- the factors affect FFM include channel model, service type, BLER
requirement
--- the margin is larger for lower speed
Fast Fading Margin = Eb/No without fast PC - Eb/No with fast PC

uSHO gain against FFM

-- In the scenario of SHO the additional gain against fast fading can
be obtained which is combined with FFM in Huawei link budget
R99
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Reception Sensitivity
uProcessing Gain
P G = 1 0 lo g ( 3 8 4 0 / R ( k b p s ))

Processing Gain
25 (dB)

PS64k

18 (dB)

PS384k

10 (dB)

Power density (W/Hz)

--- Related to bearer data rate

AMR12.2k

W
Signal after spreading

Frequency (Hz)

R e ce p tio n S en sitiv ity = N

th

+ NF + E b / N

N th :thermal noise (-108dBm/3.84MHz)

NF :Noise figure (1.6dB for NodeB, 7dB for UE)
R99

Eb / No :Bit energy divided by noise spectral density

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Signal after despreading

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Page 17

PG

Interference Margin in Uplink(1/2)

NoiseRise(dB)

u Interference Margin is equal to Noise Rise

Interference Curve in Uplink

50% UL Load 3dB

60% UL Load 4dB
75% UL Load 6dB
NoiseRise = 10 Log10 (1 UL )

UL Load

u Higher cell loading leads to heavier interference

u Interference margin affects cell coverage
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[dB ]

Case Study: R99 Link Budget

CS64k
Link Budget

R99

Uplink

Downlink

Receiving End

NodeB

UE

Thermal Noise Density(dBm/Hz)

-173.98

-173.98

Receiver Noise Figure(dB)

1.6

Receiver Noise Power(dBm)

-106.54

-101.14

c=(a+b)+10*log10(W)

Required Eb/N0(dB)

2.8

6.3

Processing Gain(dB)

17.78

17.78

e=10*log(W/R)

NodeB receiver Sensitivity(dB)

-121.52

-112.62

f=d-e+c

Cable Loss(dB)

0.5

0.5

Body Loss(dB)

Load Factor

0.5

0.9

Interference Margin(dB)

3.01

5.47

Antenna Gain Rx(dBi)

18

Fast Fading Margin(dB)

3.6

1.7

SHO gain against FFM(dB)

1.5

1.5

Transmitting End

UE

NodeB

Transmitting Power(dBm)

21

36

Body Loss(dB)

Antenna Gain TX(dBi)

18

EIRP(dBm)

21

51.31

r=n-o-p+q

Slow fading margin(dB)

8.19

8.19

Penetration Loss(dB)

21

21

Maximum Path Loss

125.72

128.57

PL=r-f-g-h-j+k-l+m-s-u

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Calculation Formula

Coverage Dimensioning Summary

R99

HSDPA

Uplink and downlink load influence

Link budget of HSDPA is to obtain

the available cell edge throughput

cell coverage radius

Interference margin and fast fading
margin should be included in link

Fast fading margin is not needed for

HSDPA
HSDPA does not have soft

budget
Soft handover gain against fading

handover gain
Available power for HSDPA would

improves cell coverage

Continuous coverage service would
impact achievable cell coverage

influence the available cell edge

throughput

radius

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HSDPA Link Budget Principle

uHSDPA link budget based on simulation result
--- Relationship between Ec/No and throughput

n Simulation Conditions
--- Channel model-TU3
--- 5 codes
HSDPA
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HSDPA Link Budget Principle (2/2)

uHSDPA link budget principle
Cell Radius/
HSDPA power

Ec/No at cell border

Simulation
Ec/No ===> Throughput

HSDPA
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Cell border
throughput

Thank you

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