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In this exercise you will explore the major elements of interest in soil water balance during a
fallow - soil water storage, drainage, runoff, and evaporation. Changes will be examined over a
one year period in the Bhola district of southern Bangladesh. The examples assume you have
read and walked through the document: Introduction to APSIM UI
It is suggested that you first create a custom worshop directory: c:\Apsim_workshop for saving
the simulations generated from these exercises.
12. Select the outputfile's Variables subcomponent. Choose these variables to report:
Component
Variable name
Clock
dd/mm/yyyy as Date
Year
Day
Met
Silt
Rain
ESW - Extractable soil water (mm)
ES Evaporation
Runoff
Surface organic
matter
DRAIN Drainage
NO3 - summed over profile (Do this
by putting () next to the name in the
"Variable name" column) eg. no3()
(click "?" button next to variable list for
more info)
DLT_N_MIN - N mineralised summed over profile
SURFACEOM_WT - Weight of all
surface organic materials.
SURFACEOM_COVER - Fraction of
ground covered by all surface organic
materials.
13. Select the "Outputfile" Reporting Frequency subcomponent. Delete "daily". Choose end_day
reporting frequency for the output file. This can be found under the Clock component filter
14. Rename the simulation to something more meaningful: Silt Fallow
15. Save the simulation file as "c:\Apsim_workshop\Fallow water balance.apsim"
16. Run the simulation by pressing the "Run" button at the top of the ApsimUI.
17. Create a graph of Date vs ESW.
Hint: To do this, click on the Graph Toolbox at the bottom of the window to open the toolbox.
Then drag in an XY component onto the output file in your simulation. Click on the "+" symbol
next to XY component to expand the node. Click on the Plot component. In the Plot window click
on the X variables square to make sure the background of the square is pink. Now click on the
"Date" column heading. It should appear in the list in the square. Now click on the Y variables
square to make its background pink. Click on the esw column heading. It will be added to the Y
variables square. To have a clean line plotted with no points, under "Point type", choose "None".
Now click on the XY component to view the graph.
18. Once you have created a chart it is possible to make modifications by adding new variables. It is
also possible to mix the type of plots used on a graph. As an example, we will add rain as a bar
chart on the Y2 axis. To do this, drag plot onto the XY node to create a duplicate, plot1. At
plot1, remove esw and add rain as the y variable. To make the "rain" appear on the right hand
axis, click rain in the square to highlight it, then "right" mouse click on it again. In the popup menu
click on "Right Hand Axis". Select bar chart from "type" drop_down menu. Select XY node to
see the line and bar chart combination.
19. Rename the XY graph node to Soil_water_storage
The graph should show the ESW (in mm) increasing with day of year. The sudden increases are
due to rainfall events and the declines to evaporation and drainage loss. The distribution of daily
rainfall amounts helps see this more clearly.
Note: You can also examine other components of the simulated soil water balance.
20. Drag Soil_water_storage to the outputfile node to make a copy of this graphics node. Rename
the copy to Runoff_drainage
21. At the Plot1 node underneath the Runoff_drainage graph, remove rain from the Y variables box.
Add runoff and drain to the Y variable box. Put both on the right hand axis (right click on the
variable) to create a plot similar to the below figure.
Runoff occurs from the start of the monsoon season early in May-June, continuing through the
wet season till Nov-Dec. Drainage begins sometime after the first runoff, once the soil profile is
near full. (Remember, PAWC for wheat in this soil is 138.5 mm, so the profile is mostly in a
saturated state whenever esw is above this limit).
Additional exercise: You could also make a plot of soil evaporation. See if you can do this for
yourself.
This second simulation can then be modified to add the characteristics of a second silt soil with
higher water holding capacity.
1. From Soils toolbox, find and drag the Bangladesh -> Southern Bangladesh -> Patuakhali district > "Silt (Shially-09 No783)" soil onto the paddock in the simulation tree and then remove the old
soil (Hint: highligh the soil to delete and press the "Delete" key. It is important you drag in a new
soil BEFORE you delete the old one, otherwise the simulation will lose all your soil reporting
variables. Also remember to rename your soil to something shorter eg Silt_2
2. Since now we have a new soil we will need to go and set the initial soil water (InitWater) to 100%
filled from top and initial soil nitrogen (Initial nitrogen) to NO3 to 10 kg/ha and NH4 to 5 kg/ha, as
before. When you delete soils you also delete the initial soil water conditions and initial soil
nitrogen conditions so these will need to be set similar to the conditions of the "Silt" soil.
3. Rename the simulation to "Silt2 Fallow".
4. Save the simulations. (C:\Apsim_workshop\)
5. Run APSIM for the Silt2 soil simulation.
6. Graph both the output files by dragging an XY graph onto the top node Simulations in the
simulation tree. By placing the XY graph under the "Simulations node", all output files in the
simulation area will be available for plotting in this case, the Silt and Silt2 outputs.
7. Create a graph of date vs esw and runoff(cumulative, right hand axis). To make the runoff
cumulative, it is the same procedure as to make the rain appear on the right hand axis. Only
select "Cumulative" from the popup menu instead of "Right Hand Axis". Set "Point Type" to
None.
The figure below includes a plot of drainage for the 2 soils. See if you can also add drain as
shown above to your esw-runoff plot. (Hint: create a plot1, do cumulative and right hand axis and
choose "circles" under Point Type)
The silt2 soil has only slightly higher runoff than the silt soil for all simulated events. Cumulative
runoff for both is similar at over 1800mm. Is this what you might expect, given the PAWC of
33mm and the same rainfall and 100% full profiles as starting conditions? What can be seen
from the accumulated drainage? Would runoff and drainage be the same if the initial PAWC for
silt2 at the start had been different? (ie. Silt2 InitWater = 50%)
Notes:
Notes:
Additional exercise: explore the effect of changing curve number on the water balance. eg. for
the silt2 soil, keep previous initial Plant Available Water Content (PAWC) settings at 50% (Silt2)
and change curve number from 94 to 84 in the Soilwat node. What is the effect on accumulated
runoff and drainage?
Variable name
Depth
0-15
15-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
KS
1.0
1.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
Variable name
Met
Rain
Soil
DUL(1)
sw(1)
no3()
Drain
Runoff
5. Drag Irrigation on to the paddock field node in the "Silt Fallow Ponding" simulation from
"Standard Toolbox" -> "Water Components (Irrigation)"
6. Run APSIM for the Silt Fallow Ponding simulation.
7. Create a graph of date vs DUL(1) and SW(1) (on Y axis) after deleting previous graphs. Rename
this new graph to Ponding.
8. Create a second graph by dragging Ponding onto your outputfile. Select runoff and drain
(Cumulative) on the Y axis. Rename this graph Drainage-Runoff.
The Ponding graph shows the drained upper limit (DUL) of the first soil layer and volumetric soil
water (sw(1)) in mm/mm for the first soil layer. Values above the DUL line indicate soil water over
the drained upper limit and represent ponded water to a level as defined by "max_pond". The
Drainage-Runoff graph presents simulated values for cumulative runoff (in excess of water
stored by "max_pond") and cumulative drainage from the bottom of the profile as effected by
"KS" input values.
Additional exercise: Explore the effect of changing 'KS' rates (mm/day) on the level of
cumulative runoff and drainage.
It can be seen that periods of high decomposition rate match with higher rainfall and low
decomposition with dry periods.
Nitrogen cycling
In this exercise you will observe the fate of fertiliser nitrogen in a fallow situation: Urea to
ammonium to nitrate and the loss of soil nitrate via denitrification.
This simulation will introduce us to editing a simple Manager rule and to more advanced features
of graphing simulation results. Firstly we need to set up our weather and soil data. The simulation
is on silt soil in the Bhola region in Southern Bangladesh.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Variable name
Clock
dd/mm/yyyy as Date
Year
Day
Met
Soil (Silt)
Rain
dlayer
The thickness (in mm) of each soil
layer
esw
Extractable Soil Water (mm)
drain
Drainage (mm)
NO3() as NO3_Total
Nitrate Nitrogen, summed over profile,
aliased to NO3Total. (the as keyword
creates an alias)
NH4() as NH4_Total
Ammonium Nitrogen, summed over
profile, aliased to NH4Total
UREA()
DNIT()
NO3
Nitrate Nitrogen, layered
NH4
Ammonium Nitrogen, layered
Question: Why does the above graph look the way it does?
From this chart you can see that some nitrogen is lost via denitrification when large amounts of
nitrate is available in saturated soil conditions. But why do you think the level of denitrification is
so low (0.1 kgN/ha/day) in this case?
From this chart you can see the change (on the X axis) in the distribution of nitrate (NO3) in the
soil profile (Y axis) over time in response to the addition of urea fertiliser and leaching processes
at the start of the wet season. (The default title "Depth" can be changed to something more
suitable ie. Change in soil NO3 over time
Question: Why is there little change before the 15th of May?
Repeat the steps above and create another graph this time selecting NH4.
Notes:
Question: What has happened to the NH4? Try changing the dates to look at NH4 at 1, 5 and 10
days after fertiliser has been applied.
From this chart you can see the change in the distribution of NH4 in the profile occurs very
rapidly over the course of a few days. NH4 is converted to NO3.
Additional exercise: Try creating another simulation with clock set between 14/01/2001 and
31/01/2001. Create a time series graph of urea(), NO3_total and NH4_total in the profile over a
period of 15 days after fertiliser is applied. Would the simulated process be the same if the
fertiliser was applied in the middle of the wet season (August)?
Variable name
Clock
Soil (Silt)
dd/mm/yyyy as Date
Biom_n() as biom_n_Tot
Fom_n() as fom_n_Tot
NO3() as no3_Tot
9. Create a copy of the Silt wheat residue incorp simulation and call it Sand cowpea residue incorp.
10. Change the initial surface residue parameters to 2000 kg/ha of Cowpea (type) residue. Set the
C:N ratio to 20. (Remember you may want to change the Organic Matter pool name to cowpea
as well. Remember to reflect this change in Tillage on a fixed date - Module used to apply tillage)
11. Run the two simulations for residue incorporation.
12. Graph both residue incorporation simulations with fom_n_tot (left hand axis), no3_tot and
biom_n_tot (right hand axis), and fom_n_tot. (Drag an XY graph onto the top node (simulations),
open the ApsimReader node and point to the 2 output files)
Variable name
Clock
dd/mm/yyyy as Date
Year
Day
Soil (Silt)
Rice
ESW
NO3() as no3_tot
cropsta as crop_stage
Dae
wagt as total_biomass
wso as storage_organs
wrr as rice_yield (Variable not in
drop down)
tnsoil as N_avail
This simulation demonstrates a local rice variety (direct seeded) grown under rainfed conditions
during the monsoon. Simulated rough rice yield and biomass indicate a favourable season for
rainfall. Investigate the rainfall during the growing season by reporting additional variables.
Variable name
Met
Rain
Soil (Silt)
DUL(1)
sw(1)
no3()
nh4()
Drain
Irrigation
Irrigation
This graph shows volumetric soil water levels (sw(1) in mm/mm) in the top layer compared with
the drained upper limit(DUL)in layer 1. Soil water in the surface layer is effected by soil
evaporation (decline in SW(1) during the drier winter months of January to March) while surface
water occurs only during the high rainfall period of the monsoon.
Variable name
Depth
0-15
15-30
30-60
60-90
90-120
120-150
KS
24
24
24
24
24
1
7. Drag Rice-Transplant Aman on to the Manager Folder (from "Rice Management Toolbox" ->
Rice-> "Manager (Rice-Transplant Aman)"
8. Change properties to:
Enter sowing window START date: 1-Jul
Enter sowing window END date: 1-Jul
Duration of seedbed: 25
Number of plants on hills: 2
Fertiliser type: urea_N
Amount of fertiliser at transplant: 30
9. Save the file
10. Drag Fertilise on growth stage on to the Manager Folder (from "Rice Management Toolbox" ->
Rice-> "Manager (Fertilise on growth stage)"
11. Change properties to:
Amount of fertiliser to apply: 40
Fertiliser type: urea_N
12. Drag a Rice residue on to the Manager Folder (from "Rice Management Toolbox" -> Rice->
"Manager (Rice residue)
The graph shows daily biomass development from seedling establishment until day (25) of
transplant (specified by "Duration of seedbed" in manager rules for sowing). Biomass is reduced
due to transplant shock before developing total biomass at maturity. Grain fill starts in the second
week in September and reaches full grain yield at physiological maturity in the last week of
October.
Create a second XY graph using Plot by dragging it onto your 'Outputfile'. Graph dul(1) and sw(1)
on the left axis with rainfall and drainage (Cumulative) on the right hand axis.
In the above simulation two rice varieties have been selected for their duration to maturity
(Medium: BR23 ~119 DAE and Medium short: BR3 ~100 DAE) which enabled two rice crops to
be planted during the wetter months of the local monsoon season. Selecting the appropriate
variety (duration to maturity) is an important factor in constructing any crop rotation or cropping
sequence and can effect the outcome of any long-term cropping sequence scenario. The
previous simulations have only considered fixed sowing dates. Under dryland conditions the
opportunity to sow a crop may rely on a rainfall event due to the unavailability of irrigation. A
planting window (window of opportunity) can be defined in the manager with sowing triggered on
meeting a specific condition such as rainfall (ie. 20mm over 3 days) or level of soil water (ie.
ESW > 100mm).
biomass as wheat_biom
yield as wheat_yield
14. Make a copy of Fertilise and Irrigate rabi crop by dragging it onto the Manager folder node.
15. Select Manager folder -> Fertilise and Irrigate rabi crop1 to edit:
Change DAS to apply fertiliser: 40.
Change amount of fertiliser to apply: 30.
Fertiliser type: urea_N.
Amount of irrigation to apply: 60
16. From the "Standard Toolbox" select "management" -> "Manager(common tasks)(Irrigate at
sowing)" and drag onto the manager folder in your paddock.
17. Select Manager folder -> Irrigate at sowing to edit:
The module the event come from: wheat.
. Which event should irrigation be applied: sowing.
Module used to apply irrigation: Irrigation.
Amount of irrigation to apply: 60.
18. From the "Rice Management Toolbox" select "Rice" -> "Manager (Rabi residue)" and drag onto
the manager folder in your "paddock".
19. Select "Manager folder" -> "Rabi residue" to edit:
The module the event come from: wheat.
On which event should tillage be done: harvesting.
Module used to apply the tillage: Surface Organic Matter.
Tillage type: user_defined.
User_defined depth of seedbed preparation: 0.
User_defined fraction of surface residue to incorporate: 0.8.
20. Run the Rice-wheat simulation.
Graph date (X axis) vs total_biomass, rice_yield, wheat_yield and wheat_biom (Y axis). ( Hint:
Use your XY Chart from the previous simulation and add the reporting variables selected for
wheat)
Change the 'title' of your graph by renaming your 'Chart' to a more siutable name. (Hint: TAman
rice-wheat rotation)
The above examples introduced a crop rotation or cropping sequence where two crops (rice and
wheat) are grown in series over a single season. The previous exercises have only considered a
12 month period. In the next exercise you will evaluate a long-term scenario based on the ricewheat simulation that you have created. Long-term simulations require a much longer climate
record. The Bhola_1998-07.met file contains daily records from 1998 to 2007 and enables
simulation of this cropping sequence over 9 years.
The above graph is an example of a simple "rice-wheat" rotation where crops are sown on fixed
planting dates. In the following example you will evaluate the introduction of an opportunity crop
into this long-term rotation. Opportunity crops rely on a particular event occuring that would
enable a crop to be planted. A simple example of an event is "rainfall". (ie. During a specified
window of opportunity, did we get sufficient rainfall to enable a particular crop to be planted?)
Variable name
Wheat
biomass
yield
Question: How many years do you get a planting opportunity to sow mungbean?
The previous examples have demonstrated the process for constructing a simple cropping
sequence or rotation (Rice-wheat) based on fixed sowing dates. The rice seedling nursery was
sown on the 15th of July with transplanting occuring after 25 days. The wheat was sown on the
8th of December allowing time for the TAman rice harvest and well within the optimal planting
window for wheat at "Bhola". Mungbean was included in this simulation as an example of an
opportunity crop. The sowing criteria required 20mm of rainfall to occur over a 3 day period if the
crop was to be sown. As the graph shows, these conditions only occurred in 5 of the 9 years.
Additional exercise: Explore the effects of changing the "Sowing criteria" for mungbeans on the
frequency of a successful mungbean crop.
2. Select the outputfile -> Variables subcomponent. Add additional variables to report:
Component
Variable name
Fertiliser
fertiliser
Silt
NH4()
Rice
rlai as LAI(rice)
Wheat
wheat.lai as LAI(wheat)
TAman rice-wheat rotation: Simulated biomass and grain yield for a transplanted "Aman" rice wheat cropping sequence.
Nitrogen: Simulated soil nitrogen dynamics for a TAman rice - wheat cropping sequence.
Water: Simulated period of ponding during the monsoon rice crop. Rainfall and irrigation events
occuring over the rice - wheat cropping season.
7. Create a graph of Leaf Area Index (LAI) for the rice and wheat crops. Plot LAI(rice) and
LAI(wheat) on the Y axis. Add a second 'Plot' component (Hint: See documentation above for
the water graph on adding a plot component) with Y variables: total_biomass and wheat_biom
(right axis). Rename this graph to LAI.
Notes:
LAI: Simulated Leaf Area Index (LAI) for rice and wheat. Plant biomass is also included.
Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global
scale. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture,
including temperature, carbon dioxide, glacial run-off, precipitation and the interaction of these
elements (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture).
This exercise aims to explore the effects of climate change using a simple wheat cropping
system. Firstly, the response of wheat to elevated CO2 is examined. For this simulation a climate
control component needs to be included.
In this analysis, you will look at seasonal changes in rainfall, evaporation, transpiration and crop
yields.
1. Construct a long term wheat simulation at 'Dinajpur'- use the Rice-wheat simulation in your
'Rotations.apsim' file as a guide. (Hint: Make a copy of Rotations .apsim and rename it to
Climate change.apsim.) Delete all the simulations except for the Rice-wheat simulation as this
will become the template for the following exercises.
2. Rename the Rice-wheat simulation to Wheat-350ppm.
3. Select a new met file. Use the browse button to select the Dinajpur.met file from
c:\APSIM_workshop\met_files\.
4. Select clock for editing:
Select the start date: 1/01/1959
Select the end date: 31/12/2009
5. Drag a ClimateControl component on to the Wheat-350ppm simulation (from "Standard Toolbox"
-> "Meteorological (ClimateControl").
6. Select ClimateControl for editing:
Enter window to START: 1-jan.
Enter window END: 31-dec.
Change in maximum temperature: 0.
Change in minimum temperature: 0.
Relative change in daily rainfall: 0.
Relative change in daily radiation: 0.
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration: 350.
(Hint: you may want to move 'ClimateControl' to below the 'met' component. Use Ctrl + up arrow)
7. Remove all the manager logic used for the previous rice simulation. (Hint: Delete RiceTransplant Aman, Pond_depth, Fertilise on growth stage, Rice residue.)
8. Drag a tracker component on to the Manager Folder (from "Standard Toolbox" -> "Management
(tracker)").
9. Add the following lines to the tracker component:
Tracker variables
sum of rain on start_of_day from sowing to now as
RainSinceSowing
sum of ep on end_of_day from sowing to now as Transp
sum of es on end_of_day from sowing to now as SoilEvap
10. Choose these variables to report: (under Output node)
Component
Variable name
Clock
dd/mm/yyyy as Date
Year
wheat
Soil (Silt)
wheat
met
tracker
Day
wheat.yield as wheat_yield
wheat.biomass as wheat_biom
ESW
NO3()
wheat.yield as wheat_yield
wheat.biomass as wheat_biom
rain
RainSinceSowing
Transp
SoilEvap
11. Change 'Reporting Frequency' to harvesting. (Hint: Select question mark to display examples
for reporting frequency)
In the above example a 'Probability of Exceedence' chart was selected to compare the probability
of grain yields under different background concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppm and 450
ppm) using 50 years of daily climate data from Dinajpur in northern Bangladesh. The graph
highlights a yield response by APSIM to an elevated CO2 level of 450 ppm. However, increasing
levels of CO2 are only one aspect to be considered in any climate change scenario with the
IPCC (2007) predicting significant increases in global temperatures over the next 50 to 100
years.
The next exercise builds on the previous example by creating two additional simulations. The first
will consider current levels of CO2 at 350 ppm but with an increase in minimum temperature of
1.5 oC. The second will maintain an increase in minimum temperature in conjunction with an
increase in CO2 to 450ppm.
The Wheat response under climate change scenario graph now includes the results of this latest
simulation. Create an additional simulation based on 'Wheat-450ppm' using the steps above.
Rename this new simulation to 'Wheat-450ppm+2degC'.
5. Run new simulation.
Question: How has increasing minimum temperature affected grain yield in relation to an
increase in the level of CO2?
Additional exercise: Explore the effects of increasing maximum temperature under this
scenario.
Changes in biomass and grain yield will have a direct effect on transpiration and soil evaporation.
Create an additional graph from the 'Graph' toolbox or by copying 'Wheat response under climate
change scenario'. Selecting both SoilEvap and Transp on the X axis for graphing.
Notes:
9. Create a box plot graph showing the results of each treatment. To do this, click on the Graph
Toolbox at the bottom of the window to open the toolbox. Then drag a 'Box Plot' component
(from "Graph" -> "Graphs (Box Plot)") and drop onto the Scenario node.
Hint: To change the Y axis right click on the chart and select Format Graph. Select Axes. For
the 'Left Axis' untick Minimum and change value to 0. Close 'TeeChart editor.
The "box plots" used in the above graph represent median wheat yield (dotted line) in response
to applied treatments (based on 50 years of simulation). The solid section (25th and 75th
percentiles) with whiskers representing the 10th and 90th percentiles.
Additional exercise: In the above scenario, decreasing rainfall (at CO2 levels of 450ppm) had
only a small influence on median wheat yields due to available irrigation. In this example wheat is
a dry season (Rabi) crop sown into high levels of soil water at the end of the monsoon with
additional irrigation applied during the growing season. Access to available surface or ground
water for irrigation under a declining rainfall climate change scenario may present a challenge for
future agriculture. What would the effect of reducing the amount of applied irrigation or reducing
starting soil moisture have on potential grain yield?