GSM Advanced v1-0 Notes

The Cellular Academy
GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimisation

Coverage and Cell Structure Planning
Capacity and Frequency Planning
Network Optimisation
Advanced GSM Network Planning Topics
Ver. 1.0
Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005
TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005
Contents
2. Repeaters
Introduction
Link Budget
Feedback
Time Delay
RF over fibre
74. Health and Environment

Power density
Specific Absorption Rate
Health Issues
Safety Guidelines
38. Propagation Model Tuning

Measurements
Filtering
Tuning with standard clutter
Tuning with path clutter
Tuning with clutter height
91. GPRS / EDGE

Packet concepts
GPRS channels
Core network
PDP context activation
Coding and modulation
Coverage and capacity
58. Frequency Hopping

Capacity
Parameters
Planning
Repeaters
Repeaters
Introduction
Bi-directional linear amplifier
f1
f2
f1
f2
Notes:
Repeaters
Introduction
Feeder (donor) link via GSM Air Interface
No leased line or microwave link required
Cheaper, Smaller, Faster than BSs

Lower investment and running costs
Easy to install
In many cases no building permits required
Lower power consumption

100 Watts / 220 V (2 chans), 45 Watt / 24 V (1 chan)
Solar powering possible
Fewer handovers, less signalling

Notes:
Repeaters
Introduction
No increase in cell capacity
Increase of cell area, same number of TCHs
Decrease in capacity density (TCHs per area)
Increased network planning complexity

Feeder link
Decoupling between BS- and MS-side
Time delay problems
No RX diversity
O&M link has to be accomplished via GSM
Air Interface (no Abis)
Notes:
Repeaters
Applications
Closing small coverage gaps
Shadow areas (e.g. caused by buildings, hills)
Small towns in rural areas
Providing in-building coverage

Airports, railway stations, exhibition halls
Tunnels, underground parking etc.
Providing line coverage, area coverage

Roads through sparsely populated areas
Irregular terrain, low traffic
Fast interim solution for planned BTS

Notes:
Repeaters
Applications
Closing small coverage gaps
Some suburban
villages not covered
Coverage
dimensioned
for rural
Local repeaters
close the gaps
Notes:
Repeaters
Applications
Providing in-building coverage
Coverage
dimensioned
for outdoors
Notes:
Repeaters
Applications
Providing line coverage, area coverage
Notes:
Repeaters
Types of repeater
Band selective / channel selective
40 dBm
Band selective
0 dBm
Channel selective
905 MHz
915 MHz
10
Notes:
10
Repeaters
Types of repeater
Band selective
Easy frequency management: No change required if
Frequencies change at donor-BTS
New frequencies are added to donor-BTS
Additional interference due to amplification of

unwanted frequencies from other BTSs
Output power per channel depends on input
spectrum
11
Notes:
11
Repeaters
Types of repeater
Channel selective
Does not amplify signals from other nearby BSs
Need to be re-tuned with new frequency plans
Constant output per channel
12
Notes:
12
Repeaters
Characteristics
Passband gain Gmax 50 . . 80 dB (in 2dB steps)
Max. transmit power 35 dBm
Group delay < 6 s
Dimensions
650 x 600 x 400 mm (band-selective)
450 x 350 x 250 mm (channel-selective)
13
Notes:
13
Repeaters
Link budgets
Feeder link
Point to point style
No shadow fading
Nearly constant multipath
Repeater to Mobile
Conventional link budget
Low repeater antenna
14
Notes:
14
Repeaters
Link budgets
Uplink, MS to Repeater (900MHz class 4)
MS EIRP
Body loss
33 dBm
-2 dB
Repeater RX Antenna gain

Feeder cable loss
16 dBi
-3 dB
Repeater Rx Sensitivity
Max path loss (+fade margin)
-104 dBm
148 dB
15
Notes:
15
Repeaters
Link budgets
Downlink, Repeater to MS (900MHz class 4)
Max path loss
Body loss
Repeater TX Antenna gain
Feeder cable loss
MS Rx Sensitivity
Required repeater TX power
148 dB
-2 dB
16 dBi
-3 dB
-102 dBm
35 dB
16
Notes:
16
Repeaters
Link budgets
Complete budget: BS - Repeater - MS
Uplink
Downlink
EIRP MS
33
Body loss
-2
Max MS-side path loss +margin148
MS-side antenna gain
16
Repeater MS-side Cable loss
-3
(Sensitivity)
-104
Max Repeater gain
80
Repeater BS side cable loss
-3
Repeater BS side ant gain
18
107
Max Feeder link path loss
BS antenna gain
16
Cable and other losses
-4
(No diversity gain)
BS Rx sensitivity
-104
dBm
dB
dB
dBi
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dBi
dB
dBi
dB
dBm
level
33
31
-117
-101
-104
-104
-24
-27
-9
-116
-100
-104
EIRP BS
Cable loss
BS antenna gain
Max Feeder link path loss
Repeater BS side ant gain
Repeater BS side cable loss
34
-3
16
107
18
-3
Max Repeater gain

80
Repeater MS-side Cable loss
-3
MS-side antenna gain
16
Max MS-side path loss +margin 148
Body loss
-2
(No diversity gain)
MS Rx Sensitivity
-102
dBm
dB
dBi
dB
dBi
dB
dB
dB
dBi
dB
dB
level
34
31
47
-60
-42
-45
-45
35
32
48
-100
-102
dBm
17
Notes:
17
Repeaters
Decoupling
Separation between repeater transmit and
receive antennas necessary to avoid
oscillation (ringing, feedback)
f1
S ~ Gmax + 15 dB
Separation S
( Gmax : passband gain)
f1
18
Notes:
18
Repeaters
Decoupling
Required level difference, P0'-P1', between
amplifier input and output signal ~ 15 dB
f1
P0
P0 ' - P1 '
P1
S
f1
Gmax
f1
Measurement point: repeater input
19
Notes:
19
Repeaters
Decoupling
Level difference
P0'- P1'= S - Gmax + CBS + CMS - GBS-MS - GMS-BS
S : Separation (dB) between MS-side- and BS-side-antenna
Gmax : Repeater passband gain
CBS : Cable loss on BS-side (BS-side antenna)
CMS : Cable loss on MS-side (MS-side antenna)
GBS-MS : BS-side antenna gain in direction of MS-side antenna
GMS-BS : MS-side antenna gain in direction of BS-side antenna
20
Notes:
20
Repeaters
Decoupling
Antenna decoupling A
Def.: Includes cable losses
Rep.
A = S + CBS + CMS - GBS-MS - GMS-BS

= P0'- P1'+ Gmax
= Gmax + 15 dB
Measurement procedure
Repeater passband gain Gmax = A - 15 dB
21
Notes:
21
Repeaters
Decoupling
Vertical separation SV between 2 antennas
SV = A - CBS - CMS = 89 dB
( Gmax = 80 dB, CBS = CMS = 3 dB)
~ 47 + 40 log d (900 MHz)
Approximation must be
verified by measurement!
Assumes near field
d ~ 11 m
22
Notes:
22
Repeaters
Decoupling
Repeater gain must be reduced if
the achievable antenna decoupling is less than 15
dB above the max. repeater gain (e.g. due to
constructional constraints)
>>> Reduced coverage area
the donor signal level is higher than e.g. - 60 dBm

(the level required for maximum repeater transmit
power )
>>> Less decoupling required
23
Notes:
23
Repeaters
Time delay
Differential time delay
Direct signal BS to MS, and repeated signal have
similar levels but different propagation times
GSM equaliser corrects up to 15
s
Total time delay

Cascaded repeaters extend propagation time to
more than 63 bit periods
24
Notes:
24
Repeaters
Time delay
Excess path delay = (t1+td+tn) - tm
Problem if > 16
s
(and similar signal levels)
MS
tm
BTS
tn
t1
td
Rep.
25
Notes:
25
Repeaters
Time delay
Simple case
td 6
s
Problem if (t1+td+tn) - (t1-tn) > 16
s
i.e. if tn > 5
s
MS- repeater distance >1.5km
tn
tm
td
t1
t1-tn
tn
26
Notes:
26
Repeaters
Time delay
If BS,MS and repeater not all in line
t1 > 16 - td
t1 < 16 - td
1.5km
1.5km
tn - t m< max- t d - t 1
tn - t m < max- t d - t 1
BTS
BTS
Rep.
t1
Rep.
t1
2
2
max - t d
2
max - t d
2
27
Notes:
27
Repeaters
Time delay
Cascading repeaters
t1(1)
t1(3)
t1(2)
td
td
t1(3)
td
tn
t1(n)
td
td
td
ttot = t1(1) + t1(2) + t1(3) + ... + t1n + n td + tn
28
Notes:
28
Repeaters
Neighbour definitions
29
Notes:
29
Repeaters
Traffic issues
Repeaters do not increase the donor's capacity
Increase of cell area, same number of TCHs
Decrease in capacity
density (TCHs per area)
Rep.
Rep.
Rep.
BTS
Rep.
Rep.
A capacity check must be performed for the

donor BTS before considering repeaters
30
Notes:
30
Repeaters
Interference
Repeater extends:
Coverage- and interference-range of a BS
Interference between repeater'
s BS-side and other
BS (bi-directional)
f1
f1
BTS
f1
BTS
Rep.
Wanted signal
Interfering signal
31
31
Repeaters
Interference
Interference situation without repeaters
W/R=6 (12 cell re-use, omni)
f1
f1
50dBm
EIRP
-86dBm
-86dBm
C/I=24 dB
BTS
50dBm
EIRP
24 dB
BTS
BTS
BTS
R=2km
W=12km
32
32
Repeaters
Interference
Interference situation with repeaters
W/R=6 (12 cell re-use, omni)
f1
50dBm
EIRP
f1
48dBm
48dBm
-78dBm
-78dBm
32 dB
C/I= 32dB
BTS Rep.
50dBm
EIRP
Rep. BTS Rep.
Rep. BTS Rep.
Rep. BTS
R=2km
W=12km
33
33
Repeaters
Interference
Interference situation with repeaters
W/R=4
( < 7 cell re-use, omni)
f1
50dBm
EIRP
48dBm
48dBm
-78dBm
-78dBm
24 dB
BTS Rep.
f1 50dBm
EIRP
24 dB
Rep. BTS Rep.
Rep. BTS Rep.
Rep. BTS
R=2km
W=8km
34
34
Repeaters
Improving coverage and capacity
Re-use factor of 9 possible for BCCHs
Double capacity?
35
35
Repeaters
Advanced repeater design
Avoid need for decoupling by shifting frequency
F1
F2
F1
36
36
Repeaters
Advanced repeater design
Keep repeater output power constant
regardless of input by varying gain
- 47 to
- 100dBm
+ 35 dBm
37
37
Contents
2. Repeaters
Introduction
Link Budget
Feedback
Time Delay
RF over fibre

Power density
Health Issues
Safety Guidelines

Measurements
Filtering
91. GPRS / EDGE

Packet concepts
GPRS channels
Core network

Capacity
Parameters
Planning
38
Propagation
Model Tuning
38
Propagation Model Tuning

Measurements
Dynamic range required:
138 + 21+ 10 dB = 169 dB
Transmitter Power (Signal generator)
Power Amplifier
Cable & connector Loss
Tx Antenna Gain
Rx Antenna gain
Rx cable loss
Receiver Threshold
Measurement Dynamic Range
20.0
14.0
-3.0
5.0
2.0
-2.0
-136.0
172.0
dBm
dB
dB
dBi
dBi
dB
dBm
dB
39
39

Measurement averaging
Minimum distance for averaging window
Enough to eliminate Rayleigh fading
~ 20 wavelengths (ref: WCY Lee)
Maximum distance for averaging window

do NOT eliminate Lognormal shadow fading
Function of average building width/street width
~ 40 wavelengths (ref: WCY Lee)
~ 10 to 15 metres (ref: common sense)
40
40

Measurement averaging
Other relevant data
Site geographical co-ordinates & height a.s.l
Tx antenna type and height a.g.l
Tx EIRP
Sketch of antenna installation
Photograph of installation
Route specific information
local features
obstructions on routes
way points to indicate specific features/events
41
41

Map Database
Map resolution/Datum reference
Terrain/Topography
accuracy (sea-on-mountain ? reference features)
Clutter/Morphology
consistency (holes in clutter ?)
accuracy (urban-on-sea ?)
Vector
highways, roads
special features
building outlines (microcell)
42
42

Data Processing
Check for consistency
Filter out non-useful data
low signal strength (< 10 dB above Rx sensitivity)
doubtful or abnormal data
data position not coincident with road vectors
separate close to BS (~300m),
and far from BS
farther than noise floor distance
(cell and clutter dependent)
43
43

Measurement filtering
Measurements close
to the noise floor
160
150
140
Measured PL, dB
130
120
110
100
90
80
Measurements70below
the antenna beam
60
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Log (Dist,km)
0.5
1.5
44
44

by path loss
Remove measurements
with Path Loss > X
Regression slope
Area of
measurement
points
True slope
Remove measurements
with Path Loss < X
45
45

by path loss AND distance
Meas PL (dB)
Doubtful measurements
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
46
46

Aim: To find values for AF and L1Ln
A + B log (F) + C log (Hb) + [D + E log(Hb)] log D + Lc
B can be ignored for single frequency

models
A can be adjusted to zero mean error at the
end of the process
Step 1: Find suitable start value for D
47
47

Establishment of slope value
Mixing clutter types affects average slope
Lower clutter loss further from the BS makes
the slope shallower
Measured
K1
y=Path gain
Slope = dy/dx = K2/log10
0 (d = 1 m)
K2
Predicted
1 (d = 10 m)
2 (d = 100 m)
3 (d = 1 km)
4 (d = 10 km)
x=Log (distance)
48
48

Establishment of slope value
1.
2.
3.
4.
Separate results into different clutter types

Filter measurements separately
Calculate regression slope for each clutter
Calculate weighted average of slopes
Seed value for D

49
49

Iterative tuning of parameters
Without path clutter
Take calculated slope value D
Remaining values to establish: C & E
Only possible with various heights of BS or, case of
other height algorithms, difference in BS-MS height
Calibration of clutter values (Lc) is trivial

D = seed
C =13.8
E = -6.55
Calculate
values
of Lc
Vary E to
minimise
St. Dev.
50
To calculate values for L1 to Ln, first set them all to zero. Then run the analysis.
The mean errors for the individual clutter classes give values for L1 to Ln
50

Without path clutter
Calculate
new values
of Lc
D = seed
C =13.8
E = -6.55
Vary D to
minimise
St. Dev.
Vary E to
minimise
St. Dev.
Calculate
new values
of Lc
Repeat loop until

standard deviation
is minimised
Calculate
new values
of Lc
Vary C to
minimise
St. Dev.
51
51

Path clutter
Essential for resolutions of less than 50m
Weighted average
of nearby clutter
offset values
n=
Dclutter
prediction _ resolution
Leff = K
n
i =0
To Tx
f n [Lclutter (i )]
BS
Suburban
Open
D. Urban
Urban
Rx
Dclutter
52
52

With path clutter
Calculation of Lc values is no longer trivial
Vary L1 to
minimise
St Dev
D = seed
C =13.8
E = -6.55
Vary D to
minimise
St. Dev.
Vary L2 to
minimise
St Dev
Vary L3 to
minimise
St Dev
Vary Ln to
minimise
St Dev
Repeat loop until

standard deviation
is minimised
Vary C to
minimise
St. Dev.
Vary E to
minimise
St. Dev.
53
53

Reasonable values for parameters
C: 10 to 25
D: 25 to 50
E: 0 to -12
L (urban):
L (suburban):
L (quasi open):
L (water):
+5 to -10
0 to -15
-5 to -25
-10 to -30
Absolute values for L not so important as relative values

54
54

Effective height algorithms
Slope
H eff = (H b H m ) (k d slope )
define : max slope and min slope
55
55

Average
A: Start Point
H eff =
n
i =0
[h
profile
(i)
B: End Point
where
n=
dB dA
pixelsize
56
56

Difference
Hb
Heff
Ho
Define max and min Heff
57
57
Contents
2. Repeaters
Introduction
Link Budget
Feedback
Time Delay
RF over fibre

Power density
Health Issues
Safety Guidelines

Measurements
Filtering
91. GPRS / EDGE

Packet concepts
GPRS channels
Core network

Capacity
Parameters
Planning
58
Frequency
Hopping
58
Frequency hopping
Capacity calculation
Number of frequencies
Number of Frequency-Timeslots
Subtract SDCCH & BCCH Timeslots
Load factor X remaining Frequency-Timeslots
= Maximum Number of Erlangs
59
59
Frequency hopping
Parameters
CA
Cell Allocation
MA
Mobile Allocation
MAIO
MA Index Offset
HSN
Hopping Sequence
Number
60
60
Frequency hopping
Parameters
General parameters of the BTS, specific to
one BTS, and broadcast in the BCCH and
SCH:
CA: Cell Allocation of radio frequency channels.
This is the allocation calculated when frequency
planning
61
61
Frequency hopping
Parameters
General parameters of the BTS, specific to
one BTS, and broadcast in the BCCH and
SCH:
FN: TDMA Frame Number, broadcast in the SCH,
in form T1,T2,T3'.
T1R: time parameter T1, reduced modulo 64 (6 bits)
T3: time parameter, from 0 to 50 (6 bits)
62
62
Frequency hopping
Parameters
Specific parameters of the channel, defined
in the channel assignment message:
MA: Mobile Allocation of radio frequency channels
Defines the set of radio frequency channels to be used
in the mobiles hopping sequence.
The MA contains N radio frequency channels,
where 1 N 64.
Can be same as, or a subset of CA
63
63
Frequency hopping
Parameters
Specific parameters of the channel, defined
in the channel assignment message:
MAIO: Mobile Allocation Index Offset.
(0 to N-1, 6 bits) ensures that TRXs using the same MA
are using orthogonal frequencies
HSN: Hopping Sequence (generator) Number

(0 to 63, 6 bits) ensures that cells with the same MA
and frame number are using different hopping
sequences
64
64
Frequency hopping
Hopping sequence generation
MA list contains N frequencies
if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping) then:
MAI, integer (0 ... N-1):
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N
The sequence just cycles through the

frequencies allocated to the TRX
65
65
Frequency hopping
Hopping sequence generation
if HSN = 1 to 63 then random hopping
Which frequency from Mobile Allocation
defined by MA Index (MAI)
Frame Number
MAI
Generation
algorithm
Frequency
MA
HSN
The Hopping Sequence generation algorithm is

precisely defined in GSM 05.02 sec 6.2.3.
66
if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping) then:

MAI, integer (0 ... N-1)
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N
M, integer (0 ... 152)

S, integer (0 ... N-1)
:
:
M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R) + T3)

M'= M modulo (2 ^ NBIN)
T'= T3 modulo (2 ^ NBIN)
else:
if M'< N then:
S = M'
else:
S = (M'+T') modulo N
MAI, integer (0 ... N-1)
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N
where:
T1R: time parameter T1, reduced modulo 64 (6 bits)
NBIN: number of bits required to represent N = INTEGER(log2(N)+1)
^: raised to the power of
xor: bit-wise exclusive or of 8 bit binary operands
RNTABLE: Table of 114 integer numbers, defined below:(see 05.02)
66
Frequency hopping
Frequency planning
Approximately uniform traffic:
Same number of frequencies per cell
40% peak traffic load
30% average traffic load
Very non-uniform traffic:

Variable number of frequencies per cell?
Variable loading factor per cell?
67
67
Frequency hopping
Frequency planning
Using the AFP
C/I Thresholds?
[Exercise: What median worst case C/I does a
regular 1/3 reuse have?]
What worst case C/I?

For the interference matrix threshold
What total C/I?

For the verification plot of C/I?
68
68
Frequency hopping
Frequency planning
Number of frequencies in each cell
Traffic planning
Use 30% load instead of Erlang tables
Cell Allocations
Output of AFP
HSNs
A little like BSIC planning
64 HSNs
Large C/I value possible
69
69
Frequency hopping
Frequency planning
With AFP
Traffic
map
Traffic
analysis
Predictions
Number of
frequencies
per cell
Interference
matrix
MLS arrays
C/I Thresholds
Allocation
algorithm
Frequency
plan
70
70
Frequency hopping
HSN planning
HSN = 0
cyclic hopping
MA is repeated in the same order each cycle
HSN = 1 to 63
random hopping
Hopping sequence 2 715 647 frames long
Transceivers on one site are distinguished

by different MAIOs
Therefore one HSN per site
71
71
Frequency hopping
Cyclic or random hopping?
Cyclic hopping
Better fading diversity
Random hopping
Better interference diversity
72
72
Frequency hopping
MAIO planning
8 frequencies in MA list
1 5 3 2 4 9 7 6 8 1 5 3 2 4 9
2 6 4 3 5 1 8 7 9 2 6 4 3 5 1
Same 9 frequencies, same HSN but

difference of 1 in MAIO
73
73
Contents
2. Repeaters
Introduction
Link Budget
Feedback
Time Delay
RF over fibre

Power density
Health Issues
Safety Guidelines

Measurements
Filtering
91. GPRS / EDGE

Packet concepts
GPRS channels
Core network

Capacity
Parameters
Planning
74
Health and
Environment
74
Health and Environment

Power Density
The power received per unit area (Watts per
square metre) at distance r (metres) from an
isotropic source radiating power Pt (Watts)
is
S=
Pt
4r 2
Since the area of a sphere surrounding the

source increases as the square of its radius,
then in an ideal case the power density falls
of as 1/(distance), the inverse square law.
75
75

Power density
Radiation decay with distance
6
ICNIRP recommended limit

Watts/sq m
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Range, metres
76
76

Power density
Radiation decay with distance
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.18
Watts/sq m
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
1% of ICNIRP recommended limit
0.04
0.02
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Range, metres
77
77

Power Density
Transmitting
Antenna
Ae
t
Pt
r
Transmitter radiating Power Pt

Transmit antenna with Aperture Aet
Human standing distance r from Transmitter
78
78

Power Density
For a non-isotropic antenna the Gain Gt of
antenna with aperture Aet is
Gt =
Aet
The power density in watts per square metre

incident on a Human is
Pint (Wm 2 ) = SGt
Pint (Wm 2 ) =
Pt Aet
r 2 2
Where is the exposed cross sectional area of the

Human
79
79

Power Density
Output from a Mobile phone
The RF power density at a point 2.2cm from a 2W,
900MHz phone and 1W, 1800 MHz phone has been
measured to be very roughly around 200 Watt/m
This is about one-quarter of the power density of
the Suns radiation on a clear summers day.
Although the frequency of emission is a million or
so times smaller.
Exercise: Hands free kit at a distance of 50cm ?
80
80

Power Density
Output from a Base Station
The maximum intensity in the main beam at point
on the ground 50m from a 10m high Tower
carrying a 120 sector antenna transmitting 60
Watts has been measured to be about
100milliwatt/m.
This power density of 100mW/m is very roughly
about 2000 times smaller than that measured
2.2cm from the antenna of a mobile phone.
81
81

Absorption is the result of conversion from
radio frequency energy to thermal energy,
within an attenuating particle (e.g. body
tissue)
Incident Radio
Wave
Heat is
dissipated
Radio frequency fields penetrate the body to

an extent that decreases with increasing
frequency.
82
82

The rate at which the energy is absorbed by
a particular mass of tissue m, is called the
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
For tissue mass m, the SAR = m
/2
is the conductivity of the tissue (siemens/m))

is the density of the tissue (kg/m3)
is the rms value of the electric field (V/m)
83
83

Values of
Tissue
800MHz 1900MHz
Nerve
0.60
0.90
Blood
1.86
2.27
Eye humour
1.68
2.14
Bone
0.25
0.45
Muscle
1.11
1.64
Fat
0.17
0.26
84
84

SAR is measured in Watts per Kilogram
(W/Kg) and is highest from a phone held
close to the head.
Maximum SAR from a 2W phone is less than
1W/Kg, and in normal operation is typically
hundreds of times lower.
85
85

Health Research
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has
identified further research required
Cancer
Current scientific evidence indicates that
exposure to RF fields emitted by mobile phones
and their base-stations are unlikely to induce or
promote cancers
Studies showing any link require very high
radiation power in very small animals
86
86

Health Research
Other health risks
Reported effects on changes in brain activity,
reaction times and sleep patterns. Effects are
small and have no apparent health significance
Driving
Research has shown increased risk of traffic
accidents when using mobile phone when driving
(either handheld or hands free kit)
Compare with
conversation with passenger
children fighting
talk show on radio
87
87

Safety Guidelines
The international body responsible for
advising on EMF exposure is the
International Commission on Non-Ionising
Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
88
88

Safety Guidelines
The average power absorbed by the whole
body should not exceed 0.08 W/kg
(additional restrictions apply to particular
parts of the body e.g. 2W/kg for the head).
These values will limit temperature rises in the
body to fractions of a C.
Recommendations are that the level of

electromagnetic fields should not exceed
about 4.5W/m (900MHz) or 9W/m (1.8GHz).
89
89

Safety Guidelines
Measured and predicted base station
radiation at a distance of 50m is between
300 and 3000 times less than the safety
guidelines.
Nevertheless a sensitive approach is
required when dealing with concerned
residents.
90
90
Contents
2. Repeaters
Introduction
Link Budget
Feedback
Time Delay
RF over fibre

Power density
Health Issues
Safety Guidelines

Measurements
Filtering
91. GPRS / EDGE

Packet concepts
GPRS channels
Core network

Capacity
Parameters
Planning
91
GPRS/EDGE
91
GPRS/EDGE
Radio Access Network Technologies
Bit rate
(Theoretical)
2Mb/s
384kb/s
WCDMA
EDGE
GPRS
115 kb/s
57.6kb/s
14.4kb/s
HSCSD
GSM
92
92
GPRS/EDGE
Packet Concepts
GSM inherently supports circuit switching
Connection-oriented for traffic channels
Tied radio resource concept
Call concept for services
Optimised for voice traffic

Low rates for data services
Voice and data on single TDMA bearer
Not supporting packet data traffic well

Resource utilisation problems
Cost issues
Transmission speed drawbacks
93
93
GPRS/EDGE
Packet Concepts
Driving forces of designing GPRS
Be a natural choice for the expected increase in
mobile data communication
Attract new market segments
Improve competition with other mobile networks
and radio based solutions
Re-use of already made investments
Efficient use of radio frequencies
Market requirements
94
94
GPRS/EDGE
Packet Concepts
GPRS designed to support packet switching
technology
End-to-end packetised data transport
Efficient radio resource utilisation for data with
dynamic sharing of radio resource between packet
and circuit switching services
Resource and bandwidth on demand
Efficient support of bursty type applications
95
Circuit Switched Data
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS1
GPRS
95
GPRS/EDGE
Packet Concepts
GPRS designed to support packet switching
technology
Variable peak data rates
Faster air access: multi-slot operation
Volume based charging possible only pay 4
what u use
Supporting of existing data applications and open
to new applications
Support for Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint
(PTM) Multicast and Point-to-Multipoint Group Call
96
96
GPRS/EDGE
Packet Concepts
Circuit versus packet switching
Item
Dedicated link
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Yes
No
Bandwidth allocation
Fixed
Dynamic
Resource utilisation
Potentially wasted
Efficient
At time of origination
(without storage)
Store-and-forward
Information follows the

same route
Different patches for

different packets
Transmission
Switching
Call set-up
Required
Not required
Congestion
At set-up time
At each packet
Charging
Per time (but other

Flexible (time, volume,
options possible, e.g. flat
flat rate, etc.)
rate)
97
97
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS channels
PDCH - Packet Data Channel
Physical channel dedicated to packet data
traffic
optimised for packet data traffic
can carry data traffic, control channels or a mix
Master-Slave concept, i.g. packet common control
channels
98
98
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Channels
PDTCH
Packet Data TCH, one channel can be shared
by several active users.
Logical structure of PDCHs
BCH
Broadcast Channels
DOWNLINK ONLY
PBCCH
Packet Broadcast Control CH
(can be combined with BCCH)
MS CONTINUOUSLY
MONITORS
TCH
Traffic Channels
GPRS Interface Logical Channels
PCCCH
Packet Common Control
Channels
(can be combined with CCCH)
PPCH
Packet Paging CH
BSS WANTS TO
CONTACT MS
PAGCH
Packet Access Grant CH
DCCH
Dedicated Control
Channels
TCH
Traffic Channels
PACCH
Packet Associated Control CH
Allocated to the opposite direction than the PDTCH
to which it is associated.
PDTCH
Packet Data TCH, one channel can be shared
by several active users.
PTCCH
Packet Timing Control Channel.
PDCH IS
ALLOCATED TO MS
PRACH
Packet Random Access CH
PACCH
Packet Associated Control CH
Allocated to the opposite direction than the PDTCH
to which it is associated.
MS ASKS FOR
PDCHs.
99
MS ASKS FOR
PDCHs.
PRACH
Packet Random Access CH
PDCH IS
ALLOCATED TO MS
Packet Timing Control Channel.
PTCCH
PAGCH
Packet Access Grant CH
BSS WANTS TO
CONTACT MS
MS CONTINUOUSLY
MONITORS
PPCH
Packet Paging CH
PBCCH
Packet Broadcast Control CH
(can be combined with BCCH)
DCCH
Dedicated Control
Channels
PCCCH
Packet Common Control
Channels
(can be combined with CCCH)
BCH
Broadcast Channels
DOWNLINK ONLY
GPRS Interface Logical Channels
99
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Channels
Packet Broadcast Control Channels
GPRS specific broadcast can be made either on
existing BCCH or on PBCCH
full flexibility in allocating of broadcast resources
capacity on demand (long term basis)
PBCCH carriers all necessary GPRS system

information
facilities also circuit switched operation when GPRS
attached
Existence and configuration of PBCCH is

indicated on BCCH
Preferably, PBCCH is allocated on BCCH carrier
100
100
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Channels
Packet Common Control Channels
PRACH
Packet Random Access Channel
PPCH
Packet Paging Channel
PAGCH
Packet Access Grant Channel
101
101
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Channels
Packet Dedicated Control Channels
PACCH
Packet Associated Control Channel
PTCCH/U
Packet Timing advance Control Channel, Uplink
Used to transmit RA burst
PTCCH/D
Packet Timing advance Control Channel, Downlink
Used to transmit TA updates to one or more MSs
102
102
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Channels
PDTCH
Packet Data Traffic Channels
Carries RLC-data blocks
103
103
GPRS/EDGE
Channel mapping
52-Multiframe Structure for PDCHs
52 TDMA Frames
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
X = Idle frame
T = Frame used for PTCCH
B0 - B11 = Radio blocks
104
104
GPRS/EDGE
Channel mapping
Possible combination of PDCHs
PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH
PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH
PBCCH + PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH
105
Examples of PDCH allocations on TDMA frame

GSM Channels
GPRS Channels - Dynamic Allocation

Single
Carrier
Single
Carrier
Broadcast
Control Channel
BCCH
FCCH
SCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
Traffic Channels
Dedicated Common
Control Channel
TCH
SACCH
FACCH
SDCCH
SACCH
Traffic Channels - TCH

Broadcast
Dedicated
Control
TCH
Common
Channel
Packet Data
SACCH
Control
Channel - PDCH
FACCH
BCCH
Channel
FCCH
SCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
Typical Channel Resources For A GSM

Circuit Switched Only Network.
GPRS Channels - Static Allocation
Combined PBCCH & PDTCH
Single
Carrier
PDTCH
PACCH
SDCCH
SACCH
Only allocate PDCH when required to transfer

GPRS Data or Signalling
LOW TRAFFIC - share GSM common control channels
Dynamic GPRS PDCH Resources

(Low Traffic Levels)
GPRS Channels - Static Allocation
Non Combined PBCCH & PDTCH
Single
Carrier
Broadcast Dedicated Traffic Channels

Control
Common
Channel
Control
TCH
SACCH
Channel
BCCH
FCCH
SCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
Packet Data
Channel - PDCH
FACCH
PBCCH and PDTCH exist on same Timeslot

MEDIUM TRAFFIC - 1 Timeslot can handle all
GPRS data and common control signalling
PBCCH
PPCH
PAGCH
PRACH
PDTCH
PACCH
Combined PBCCH & PDTCH

(Static allocation)
Broadcast Dedicated Traffic

Control
Common Channels
Channel
Control
TCH
Channel
BCCH
FCCH
SCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
SACCH
FACCH
Packet
Data
Channel
Packet Data
Channel
- PDCH
PBCCH
PPCH
PAGCH
PRACH
PDTCH
PACCH
PBCCH and PDTCH exist on different Timeslot

HIGH TRAFFIC - 2+ Timeslots handle all
GPRS data and common control signalling
Non-combined PBCCH & PDTCH

(Static allocation)
105
GPRS/EDGE
Core network enhancements
VLR
PSTN/
ISDN
MSC
MAP-D
A
MS
P
C
U
BSS
Gb
PCU
- Packet Control Unit
Core
Network
Gc
Gn
SGSN
Mobile Switching Centre

Visitor Location Register
Home Location Register
Base Station System
- Packet Switched Public
Data Network
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support
Node
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support
Node
CCU - Channel Codec Unit
HLR
Gs
Gr
C
C
U
MSC VLR HLR BSS PSPDN
Gi
PSPDN
GGSN
N.B. Gc & Gs interfaces are optional
106
106
GPRS/EDGE
Core Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN
It enables the access to packet services
Transport layer routing protocol support

PDU tunnelling
Screening
Data/packet counting
Address mapping, routing tables
107
107
GPRS/EDGE
Core Network
Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN
It serves the MS and support the Gb and Iu
interfaces
Mobility Management (MM)

Ciphering
Compression
GSM circuit switched interactions
Data/packet counting
108
108
GPRS/EDGE
Core network
BSS part
Packet Control Unit PCU
it converts the air interface protocols (MAC, RLC)
and the protocols used towards the SGSN
PDCH scheduling functions for data transfer
error handling towards MS
channel access control functions, e.g. access request
and grants
radio channel management functions, e.g. power
control, congestion control, broadcast control
information, etc.
109
109
GPRS/EDGE
Core network
BSS part
Channel Codec Unit CCU
channel coding (FEC and interleaving)
radio channel measurements functions (received
quality level, received signal level and information
related to timing advance measurements)
110
110
GPRS/EDGE
MS Modes of Operation
Class A
MS Attached to BOTH CS and GPRS
Full SIMULTANEOUS operation
1 time slot for CS + 1 or more for GPRS
Class B
Attached to BOTH CS and GPRS
Either/Or operation allowed
GPRS service placed in suspend mode whilst CS used
Class C
Attached to GPRS ONLY
Data Only PC card or vending machine card
111
111
GPRS/EDGE
For access to external data networks MS
must perform following procedures:
GPRS Attach network is inform of MS presence
GPRS PDP context activation to receive and
transmit of data packets
112
PDP Packet Data Protocol
112
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Attach
The mobile terminal asks core network to activate
the procedure. MS indicates its capability of
supporting multi-slot operation, encryption
algorithm and type of mode (CS, PS or both)
Authentication procedure is performed
Subscription information is exchanged between
HLR and SGSN and MSC/VLR
SGSN sends confirmation message to MS
113
113
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS PDP context activation
MS requests PDP context activation (address
assignment, QoS, etc.)
SGNS validates the request (with subscription
data from HLR)
SGSN determines the GGSNs address (based on
information from MS and data from HLR)
A logical link between SGSN and GGSN is
activated (GTP tunnel)
SGSN requests an IP address allocation at GGSN
and forward it to MS
Packet data transfer can be processed
114
114
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS Physical Layer
Modulation and burst formatting unchanged
Block interleaving over 4 TDMA-frames (radio
block - smallest amount of data over the air
interface)
4 possible channel coding: CS-1,..., CS-4
CS1 (most robust) always used for control
signalling
115
115
GPRS/EDGE
Why having several coding schemes?
Optimise throughput for given radio conditions
1.8
1.7
1.6
Throughput [kBytes/s]
1.5
BLER=10%
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C/I [dB]
(TU50 ideal FH)
116
116
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS coding schemes
Coding
Scheme
Code rate
Data bits per

block
Raw user
data rate
[kb/s]
Maximum
raw user data
rate for 8 TS
[kb/s]
Maximum
user
throughput
rate [kb/s]
True peak
user
throughput
rate [kb/s]
Max true
peak user
throughput
rate for 8 TS
[kb/s]
CS-1
1/2
181
9.05
72.4
6.86
5.8
46.4
CS-2
2/3
268
13.4
107.2
10.79
8.8
70.4
CS-3
3/4
312
15.6
124.8
12.93
10.1
80.8
CS-4
1 (no coding)
428
21.4
171.2
17.59
13.7
109.6
117
117
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS coding schemes
Layers overhead reduces the throughput by up to
83% of user data rate
Additional overhead for processing time, reaction
on radio conditions, etc. reduces the throughput
by up to 65% of user data rate
118
118
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS coding schemes performance
CS1 only gives the best overall throughput in extreme
radio environments, with C/I < 4 dB
CS2 outperforms CS1 in all but the very harshest of
radio environments, above C/I 4dB
CS3 will provide a higher throughput than CS2 or
CS1, in reasonably good environments, above around
C/I 10dB
In poor radio conditions throughput difference
between CS1, CS2 and CS3 is small
119
119
GPRS/EDGE
GPRS coding schemes performance
CS4 requires a good radio link and gives the best
throughput above ~ 15-25dB C/I depending on the
environment
Baseband SFH would be unlikely to change the
performance of CS3 and 4 as there is insufficient
coding to recover from one of the four bursts in
error
Higher coding schemes suffer severely in fast
moving environments
120
120
GPRS/EDGE
EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM
Introduction of new coding schemes and
modulation (8-PSK)
ECSD: Enhanced Circuit Switched Data
EGPRS: Enhanced GPRS
121
121
GSM evolution to EDGE

EDGE standardisation phases
Phase 1
ECSD: rates up to 64 kbps
43 kbps per TS, average data rates expected 32 kbps
EGPRS: rates up to 473 kbps
8x59 kbps, average data rates expected 40 kbps per TS
Multicall: e.g. simultaneous voice and packet data calls
Phase 2 features candidates

Rich voice and video calls QoS for EGPRS (IP)
More voice capacity - EDGE AMR
HiFi speech quality EDGE WB AMR
128 kbps ESCD ISDN 2B
Phase 3 features candidates

Above 2 Mbps packet data user rates
122
122
GPRS/EDGE
New modulation 8-PSK
3 bits per symbol
Non-constant envelope high requirements for
linearity of power amplifier
Because of amplifier non-linearity, a 2-4 dB power
back-off is typically required
Symbol rate and burst length identical to those of
GMSK
123
8-PSK modulation
(0,1,0)
(0,0,0)
(0,1,1)
(0,0,1)
(1,1,1)
(1,1,0)
(1,0,1)
(1,0,0)
GSM
EDGE
Modulation
GMSK, 1 bit/symbol
8-PSK, 3 bits/symbol
Symbol rate
270.833 ksps
270.833 ksps
Payload/burst
114 bits
346 bits
Gross rate / time slot
22.8 kbps
69.2 kbps
123
GPRS/EDGE
ECSD services and radio interface rates
HSCSD update for 8-PSK modulation, maximum
user rate still limited to 64 kbps/user
Same services as in HSCSD, but with less amount of
radio resources simpler mobile
E.g. 64 kbps service: 7 x 9.6 or 5 x 14.4, but 2 x 32 with ECSD
ECSD radio interface rates are 29 kbps, 32 kbps and

43.5 kbps
124
124
GPRS/EDGE
ECSD services and radio interface rates
Service
Code rate
Modulation
Gross rate
[kbps]
Radio
interface
rate [kbps]
TCH/F2.4
0.16
GMSK
22.8
3.6
TCH/F4.8
0.26
GMSK
22.8
6.0
TCH/F9.6
0.53
GMSK
22.8
12.0
TCH/F14.4
0.64
GMSK
22.8
14.5
E-TCH/F28.8
0.419
8-PSK
69.2
29.0
E-TCH/F32
0.462
8-PSK
69.2
32.0
E-TCH/F43.2
0.629
8-PSK
69.2
43.5
125
125
GPRS/EDGE
EGPRS
9 new modulation and coding schemes
(GPRS has 4, but an EDGE MS must
support all 13)
Mechanism to improve and maintain link quality
Link adaptation
Incremental redundancy
126
EGPRS: improved retry mechanism

Incremental redundancy reduces retry level by sending successive retries
with different puncturing schemes, and soft-combining the received data.
E.g. if the first transmission of radio block fails, it is retransmitted with
different puncturing scheme (P1, P2, P3) and then soft combined with old
data. It gives approximately 2dB gain on average, but varies with MCS
and BLER. The retry process by EGPRS is not restricted to the same
coding scheme (unlike to GPRS same coding scheme always used).
When link adaptation has occurred within the same family, the
retransmissions can be sent with the new coding scheme.
126
GPRS/EDGE
EGPRS
MCS
Modulation Code rate
Family
User rate
[kbps]
GMSK
0.53
6.8
GMSK
0.66
11.2
GMSK
0.80
14.8
GMSK
17.6
8-PSK
0.37
22.4
8-PSK
0.49
29.6
8-PSK
0.76
44.8
8-PSK
0.92
54.4
8-PSK
59.2
127
127
GPRS/EDGE
Quality in a (E)GPRS network
Current GSM networks are deployed for
voice service
Hard criteria for speech service quality:
minimum signal level receiver sensitivity level
minimum signal to interference ratio C/I
Quality in a (E)CSD network is similar to

speech service quality hard criteria
128
Retransmission of erroneous radio blocks on air interface
Network
File
Air
User
File
File
corrupted
File
corrupted
File
OK
128
GPRS/EDGE
Quality in a (E)GPRS network
Quality in a (E)GPRS network for packet data
services
TROUGHPUT - Retransmission of erroneous radio
blocks
Function of received signal level and signal
quality (C/I)
Block Error Rate BLER
TS_Throughput = TS_Peak_Throughput * (1
BLER)
129
129
GPRS/EDGE
Coverage issues
For fixed BLER: the higher modulation and
coding scheme the less coverage range
less redundancy
For higher throughput per TS better signal
level is required, thus less coverage
Under poor radio condition the performance
of MSC1 is better then CS-1, thus signalling
coverage for EDGE is better then for
GSM/GPRS
130
130
GPRS/EDGE
Coverage issues
Under excellent signal level CS-4 provides
more throughput per TS then MSC-4, but
much less then MSC9
With incremental redundancy MSC1-9
provide better or equal quality as CS1-4
Downlink diversity and incremental
redundancy allow MSC-5 in downlink to
reach almost the same coverage range as
speech service
Assumptions: incr_red gain: 2dB,
DL_div gain: 2dB, body loss gain: 3dB
131
131
GPRS/EDGE
Coverage issues
Coverage for 64 and 128 kbps services for
EGPRS
Benchmarks for system performance
Assuming: 3 TS mobiles, Incremental Redundancy
13dB C/(I+N) for 64 kbps (MSC-7 IR)
25dB C/(I+N) for 128 kbps (MSC-8 IR)
If a terminal can support more TSs, then reduced
C/(I+N) requirements
132
132
GPRS/EDGE
Frequency planning issues
Higher data rates require high C/I, typically
greater then 20dB for MSC-7 and MSC-8
Loose re-use patterns will provide optimum
performance for all load levels
For systems with very restrictive frequency
allocation, EGPRS can offer good
performance even for very tight frequency
re-use patterns (1/3 or 3/9)
EGPRS traffic suited for BCCH use layer
with better C/I
133
133
GPRS/EDGE
Frequency hopping
Loss or gain dependant on techniques, C/I
and coding/modulation scheme
Baseband hopping
BCCH carrier can hop, but no BCCH TS
restriction to multiple TSs usage (all TSs from one
mobile require the same hopping group)
Synthesised hopping
BCCH cannot hop, no restrictions to multislot
mobiles as long no intracell HO
134
134
GPRS/EDGE
Capacity issues
Available capacity within of circuit-switched
capacity
Resource allocation for circuit switched services
based on Erlang B formula allows low blocking
probability, thus statistically some resources are
not used.
This capacity can be used for packet data
transmission, which can be temporally interrupted
to accommodate CS traffic peaks, to guarantee no
quality loss of CS traffic
E.g. 2 TRX configuration, 14 TCH, 2% GoS, CS
allowable load 8.2 Erlangs, on average 5.8 spare TCH
135
135
GPRS/EDGE
Capacity Issues
Available capacity out of circuit-switched
capacity
Occu pancy dist for 1/2/3 carrier site
100%
Pro b o f o ccu p an cy
90%
80%
70%
60%
1 carr
50%
2 carr
40%
3 carr
30%
20%
10%
0%
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
TCH ch an n e l
136
136
GPRS/EDGE
Available capacity out of circuit-switched
capacity
TRX
TCH
Mean (E)GPRSavailable TCH

4.06
TCH
Traffic
(2%)
2.94
Traffic
(2%)
2.28
Mean (E)GPRSavailable TCH

3.72
1
2
15
9.01
5.99
14
8.20
5.8
22
30
14.90
7.1
21
14.04
6.96
21.93
8.07
29
21.04
7.96
37
28.30
8.7
36
27.30
8.7
45
35.61
9.39
44
34.68
9.32
52
42.12
9.88
51
41.19
9.81
60
49.64
10.36
59
48.70
10.3
137
137
GPRS/EDGE
Capacity issues
Capacity calculation for (E)GPRS
Throughput = #_(E)GPRS_TS *
mean_data_rate_per_TS
(mean_data_rate_per_TS depends on C/I and S/N
performance of different coding and modulation
scheme)
138
138
GPRS/EDGE
Capacity issues
Resource allocation
Example: 2 TRX cell
TRX 1
BCCH
TRX 2
TS
SDCCH
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
Switched
Territory
Packet
Switched
Territory
Dedicated
GPRS
Territory border moves
Dynamically based on
Circuit Switched traffic load
Capacity
139
EGPRS: improved retry mechanism

Incremental redundancy reduces retry level by sending successive retries
with different puncturing schemes, and soft-combining the received data.
E.g. if the first transmission of radio block fails, it is retransmitted with
different puncturing scheme (P1, P2, P3) and then soft combined with old
data. It gives approximately 2dB gain on average, but varies with MCS
and BLER. The retry process by EGPRS is not restricted to the same
coding scheme (unlike to GPRS same coding scheme always used).
When link adaptation has occurred within the same family, the
retransmissions can be sent with the new coding scheme.
139
Contents
2. Repeaters
Introduction
Link Budget
Feedback
Time Delay
RF over fibre

Power density
Health Issues
Safety Guidelines

Measurements
Filtering
91. GPRS / EDGE

Packet concepts
GPRS channels
Core network

Capacity
Parameters
Planning
140
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GSM Advanced v1-0 Notes

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The Cellular Academy

GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimisation

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

74. Health and Environment

38. Propagation Model Tuning

91. GPRS / EDGE

58. Frequency Hopping

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Cheaper, Smaller, Faster than BSs

Lower power consumption

Fewer handovers, less signalling

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Increased network planning complexity

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Providing in-building coverage

Providing line coverage, area coverage

Fast interim solution for planned BTS

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Additional interference due to amplification of

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Repeater RX Antenna gain

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Max Repeater gain

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

( Gmax : passband gain)

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Measurement point: repeater input

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

Def.: Includes cable losses

A = S + CBS + CMS - GBS-MS - GMS-BS

Repeater passband gain Gmax = A - 15 dB

Network Consultants / TNC Ltd 2005

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

( Gmax = 80 dB, CBS = CMS = 3 dB)

~ 47 + 40 log d (900 MHz)

TNC Ltd / Network Consultants 2005

the donor signal level is higher than e.g. - 60 dBm