Survey Practice Handbook - Part 1 Drawing Practice

SURVEY PRACTICE
VICTORIA
HANDBOOK
ISBN 0 7241 4736 5
Part 1 - Drawing Practice

THE SURVEYORS BOARD OF VICTORIA 1997
First Published in 1984

Reprinted with minor amendments 1989
Revised 1997
ISBN 0 7241 4736 5

Published by the Surveyors Board, Victoria
2nd Floor, 456 Lonsdale Street,
Melbourne 3000
Surveyors Board, Victoria.
PREFACE TO 1997 REVISION

- by
J. R. Parker, L.S., M.I.S. Aust., Grad. Dip. Bus. (Admin)
Chairman, Surveyors Board.
This edition of the Part 1 of the Survey Practice handbook is the third update since the initial publication in
1984. The constant updating by the Surveyors Board of Part 1 represents a tangible indication of the intent of
the Board to ensure that the Survey Practice Handbook does not lag behind current practice and legislation.
Indeed, in one section of this Part, the Board has embodied a section on "DIGITAL DATA - Surveying
Software and Future Directions" which is providing a background on the future direction of the management
of survey information and a broad appreciation of systems which would support such management.
In addition, the revision has also been driven by the revised Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) Regulations 1995.
Increased responsibility is being placed upon the licensed surveyor to ensure that "quality surveys" are being
performed. The production of a handbook which aids in the achievement of attaining such an objective is
viewed as being a positive contribution to both the profession and the operation of the State cadastral system.
The Handbook has still retained some traditional aspects on plan preparation and it is anticipated that
subsequent editions may cull such information. The opinion that is held at this stage is that it is prudent to
provide details on these matters as they provide basic information upon which cadastral plan presentation is
based.
The mediums used in this edition reflect the changing communication scene. This Part of the Survey Practice
Handbook will be available not only in traditional paper format but also on disk and the Internet.
SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA
PART 1 -1997 -- Page i
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Surveyors Board, Victoria, with the collaboration of the Victoria Division, Institution of Surveyors,
Australia, set up a Survey Practice Handbook Committee late in 1979. The task of this Committee was to
formulate proposals, and subsequently prepare material for approval and publication by the Board.
With the publication of this Part 1, the Board acknowledges the permission for use of material so freely given
by the following:
The Institution of Engineers, Australia - Australian Engineering Drawing Handbook
Standards Australia - Australian Standards - Drawing Practice
The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy - Geological Patterns
Australian Geological Survey Organisation - Magnetic Data.
The example plans have been provided by:
Land Titles Office
Geographic Data Victoria
Office of Surveyor General
The Handbook Committee is in recess, and this update has been largely put together by:
P. F. Davies
Member of Board
J. P. Bertacco
Consultant Editor
B. H .Vardy
Secretary of Board
B. Bremner
Member of Board
D. Bennett
Consultant
June 1997
PART 1 -1997 -- Page ii
CONTENTS
Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
ii
Evolution of Names of Administering Authorities
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION - The Graphic Language and Design
iii-iv
Sec 1 1-2
1.1 Development of Technical Presentation
1.2 The Graphic Language and Design
1.3 The Surveyor's Responsibility
1.4 Inter-disciplinary Communication
1.5 Adoption of the International System of Units (SI)
DIGITAL DATA - Surveying Software and Future Directions
Sec 2 1-6
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Digital Data
2.2.1 Data Structure
2.2.2 Data Flow
2.2.3 Data Exchange and Standards
2.3 Surveying Software
2.4 The Future
DIGITAL DATA - Creation - Management - Distribution
Sec 3 1 - 3
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Creating and Gathering of Digital Data
3.3 Distribution of Digital Data
3.3.1 Online
3.3.1.1 CDROM
2
2
3.3.1.2 Magnetic Disk
3.3.1.3 Magnetic Tape
3.3.1.4 Existing Data Bases
3.4 Management of Digital Data
3.5 Hard Copy
PART 1 -1997
Appendix Al
DRAWINGS - Materials, Sheet Sizes and Layouts

A 1.1 Materials
A1.2
A1.3
Appendix A2
A1.1.1 Media
A1.1.2 Requirements
A1.1.3 Pre-printed sheets
A1.1.4 Intermediates (or Reproducibles)
Sheet Sizes
A1.2.1 Preferred and Non-preferred Sheets
A1.2.2 Oversize Sheets
A1.2.3 Roll Drawings
A1.2.4 Tolerances
Layout of Drawing Sheets
A1.3.1 Size of Borders
A1.3.2 Print Trimming Line
A1.3.3 Alpha - Numeric Referencing
A1.3.4 Sheet Designation and Title Blocks
A1.3.5 Drawing Numbers
A1.3.6 Revisions
SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES

A2.1
Apx Al 1 - 10
Apx A2 1 - 8
Scales
A2.1.1 Standard Scales
A2.1.2 Indication of Scales
A2.1.3 Single Scales
A2.1.4 Multiple Scales
A2.1.5 Determination of Original Sheet Size and Scale
A2.2
Identification of North Points on Cadastral Plans
A2.3
Notes on Magnetic Declination
A2.3.1 Grid Convergence
Presentation of Survey Data on Plans
A2.4.1 General
A2.4.2 Positioning of Lettering
A2.4.3 Typical Examples of Survey Drawings
A2.4.4 Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey
A2.4
PART 1 -1997
Appendix A2
SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES (Continued)

A2.4.5 Record of Having Re-established a Parcel
A2.4.6 Size of Plans in Handbook
A2.4.7 Scale Selection for Plans
A2.4.8 Computer Aided Drafting
A2.4.9 Digital Lodgement of Subdivisions
A2.4.10 High Quality Reproduction of Plans
A2.4.10.1
The Medium
A.2.4.10.2 Contrast in Density of Text and Linework
A2.4.10.3
Fonts with Serifs
A2.4.10.4
Separation of Linework and Dimensions
A2.4.10.5
Crowding of Dimensions
A2.4.10.6
Summary
Apx A3 1 - 9
Appendix A3 TYPES OF LINES
Appendix A4
Apx A2 1 - 8
A3.1
Introduction
A3.2
Lines
A3.2.1 Types and Dimensions of Lines
A3.2.2 Line Spacing
A3.2.3 Line Density
A3.2.4 Reproduction of Pencil Lines
A3.2.5 Application of Lines
LETTERING AND ASSOCIATED SYMBOLS
Apx A4 1 - 12
A4.1 Objectives
A4.2 Lettering Standards - Australian and International
A4.2.1 General
A4.2.2 Character Shapes and Proportions
A4.2.3 Height of Characters
A4.2.4 Thickness of Character Lines
A4.2.5 Spacing
A4.2.5.1 Spacing of Characters
A4.2.5.2 Space between Words
A4.2.5.3 Space between Lines of Lettering
PART 1 -1997
Appendix A4
LETTERING AND ASSOCIATED SYMBOLS (Continued)

A4.2.6 Use of Characters
A4.2.7 Decimal Sign and Fractions
A4.2.7.1 Decimal Sign
A4.2.7.2 Decimal Fractions
A4.2.8 Reference Numbers
A4.2.9 Dimension Lines and Symbols
A4.2.9.1 General
A4.2.9.2 Arrowheads
10
A4.2.9.3 Leaders
10
A4.2.10 Dots
11
A4.2.10.1Dots Terminating Line
11
A4.2.10.2Dots Terminating Leaders
11
A4.2.11 Use of Arrowheads and Dots
11
A4.3 Standard Characters and Freehand Lettering
12
A4.4 Optical Illusions
12
Appendix A5. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS & MAP PROJECTIONS

A5.1 Co-ordinate Systems
Apx A5 1-3
1
A5.1.1 The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 [AGD66]
A5.1.2 The Geodetic Datum of Australia 1994 [GDA94]
A5.2 Projections
Appendix A6
Apx A4 1 - 12
A5.2.1 The Australian Map Grid 1966 [AMG66]
A5.2.2 The Map Grid of Australia 1994 [MGA94]
A5.2.3 VICGRID Co-ordinates
ABBREVIATIONS
Apx A6 1-12
A6.1 List of Abbreviation Tables
A6.2 Use of Abbreviations
A6.2.1 Clarity
A6.2.2 Word Combinations
A6.2.3 Syntax
A6.2.4 Punctuation
A6.3 References
PART 1 -1997
Appendix A7
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Appendix A8 LAY OUT OF PLANS

Examples under Plans 1-10
Apx A 7 1 - 2
Apx A8
1
PART 1 -1997
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.1
Layering Concept
Section 2 - Page 2
Fig.2.2
Data Flow Diagram
Section 2 - Page 3
Fig. 2.3
Relationships Between Surveying Software,

Surveying systems and other software
Section 2 - Page 5
Fig. 3.1
Sources of Digital Survey Data
Section 3 - Page 1
Fig. 3.2
Management of Digital Data
Section 3 - Page 3
Fig. A1.1
A Series Drawing Sheets
Appendix A 1 - Page 3
Fig. A1.2
Size and location of drawing frame on drawing

sheets with filing margin
Fig. A1.3
Size and location of drawing frame on drawing

sheets without filing margin
Fig. A2.1
Bar Scale
Appendix A2 - Page 1
Fig. A2.2
North Points
Fig. A2.3.1 & .2
Positioning of Lettering
Fig.A3.1.1
Lines of equal thickness
Fig. A3.1.2
Lines of different thickness
Fig. A3.2.1 & .2
Spacing of lines
Fig. A4.1
Lettering Rules
Fig. A4.2
Character Shapes & Proportions
Fig. A4.3
ISO 3098/1 Type B Upright Characters
Fig. A4.4
ISO 3098/1 Type B Sloping Characters
Fig. A4.5
Characters clear of lines
Fig. A4.6
Example of decimal form
Fig. A4.7
Numbers for referring to item lists
Fig. A4.8
Extension lines
PART 1 -1997
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. A4.9
Arrowheads
Fig. A4.10
Dots terminating line
Fig. A4.11
Leaders terminating in dots
Fig. A7.1
Magnetic Declination - Historic Perspective
Fig. A7.2
Magnetic Declination - Isogonic Lines
PART 1 -1997
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE A 1.1
Dimensions of Preferred Sheets
TABLE Al.2
Dimensions of Non Preferred Sheets
TABLE A1.3
Dimensions of Preferred Sheets (With wider

borders)
TABLE A1.4
Dimensions of Non Preferred Sheets (With

wider borders)
TABLE A1.5
Dimensions of Drawing Frame: Roll Drawings
Appendix Al - Page 5
TABLE A1.6
Details of Alpha-Numeric References
TABLE A2.1
Surveying & Mapping Scales
TABLE A3.1
Lines - Types and Dimensions
TABLE A3.2
Linework & Symbols - Cadastral
TABLE A4.1
Lettering Rules
TABLE A4.2
Minimum Height of Characters on Drawings
TABLE A6.1
Abbreviation of Terms in Common Use in

Surveying in Victoria
TABLE A6.2
Interpretation of Abbreviation Listed in Table
TABLE A6.3
Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use on

Architectural and Building Drawings
TABLE A6.4
Interpretations of Abbreviations Listed in Table
Appendix A3 - Pages 6-9
Appendix A6 - Pages 6-8 A6.1

Appendix A6 - Pages 11-12 A6.3
PART 1 -1997
iii
EVOLUTION OF NAMES OF ADMINISTERING AUTHORITIES

Year denotes introduction - Public usage in brackets
Forests
Forests Branch
Department of State Forests
Forests Commission of Victoria
Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands
Department of Conservation & Environment
Department of Conservation & Natural Resources
Department of Natural Resources and Environment
1880
1907
1918
1983
1990
1992
1996
Lands
Crown
Surveyor-General/Commissioner of Crown Lands and Survey
Board of Land and Works
Department of Public Lands
Department of Lands and Survey
Department of Crown Lands and Survey
Department of Conservation & Environment
Department of Conservation & Natural Resources
1857
1858
1860
1951
1983
1990
1992
1996
Freehold
Registrar-General
Office of Titles
Land Titles Office (LTO)
1854
1866
1987
Mines
Department of Mines
Department of Minerals and Energy
Department of Industry, Technology & Resources
Department of Manufacturing and Industry Development
Department of Energy & Minerals
Department of Agriculture, Energy & Minerals
1867
1977
1985
1990
1992
1995
1996
Planning
Town and Country Planning Board

Ministry for Planning and Environment
Department of Planning and Housing
Department of Planning & Development
Department of Infrastructure
1944
1983
1990
1992
1996
PART 1 -1997 -- Page iii
iv
Railways

Victorian Railways Commissioners
Victorian Railways Board
State Transport Authority
State Transport Authority (V/Line)
Metropolitan Transit Authority (The Met)
Public Transport Corporation
1857
1884
1972
1983
1984
1984
1989
1996
Roads
Central Roads Board

Country Roads Board
Road Construction Authority
Roads Corporation (VicRoads)
1857
1913
1983
1989
1996
Survey & Mapping
Water
Survey and Mapping Victoria (SMV)

formerly the Survey Branch of the Department of
Lands and Survey became a Division of:
Department of Property and Services
Ministry of Finance
Department of Finance
Department of Treasury & Finance
Office of Surveyor General
Geographic Data Victoria
(Formerly Office of Geographic Data Co-ordination)
1983
1985
1992
1993
1995
1995
1995
1996
Metropolitan
Board of Lands and Works
Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (Melbourne Water)
Melbourne Water Corporation
1857
1906
1993
Rural
Water Supply Department
State Rivers and Water Supply Commission
Rural Water Commission of Victoria
Rural Water Corporation
1906
1984
1992
PART 1 -1997 -- Page iv
SECTION 1 - GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION - The Graphic Language & Design

1.1
Development of Technical Presentation
From earlier times, communication by use of graphics has divided along two separate and distinct paths. On
the one hand there is what is generally recognised today as the art form, and on the other there are the
technical drawings. The technical drawings have become a sophisticated development of the earlier drawings
and illustrate the contemporary requirement to provide a working document for various aspects of community
development.
Technical drawings or presentations are produced in a wide range of disciplines and serve to communicate
ideas, accurately describe manufacturing or construction processes, record the "as constructed" activity, and
frequently form important adjuncts to contract documents and to fulfil legal requirements.
1.2
The Graphic Language and Design
Technical presentations are a specialised graphic language. They represent the mental processes of design
brought to reality in a tangible form, and as an accurate message in communication. All technical
presentations must aim to precisely convey without ambiguity, the message intended, and leave no room for
misinterpretation or an inaccurate conclusion.
To achieve this aim, the graphic language must conform to a set of basic rules to enable the user to effectively
and efficiently write or read this language. It is essential that all practitioners in a discipline, which covers a
wide variety of subject matter, be familiar with the codes and standard of presentation.
In Australia these codes are prepared and distributed by Standards Australia (The Standards Association of
Australia). These are known as Australian Standards (AS) and are coordinated to parallel recommendations of
the International Standards Organization (ISO) based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Throughout this handbook there will be frequent reference to Australian Standards, and where appropriate,
Victorian practice will be related to these national standards. For standard abbreviations of words and terms
refer to Appendix 6.
The co-ordinate systems and map projections relevant to Victoria are described in Appendix 5.
1.3
The Surveyor's Responsibility
Proficiency in the art and practice of technical presentation is basic to all those engaged in the branches of
surveying where the presentation of work requires a drawing, chart or diagram. Quite often, the drawing
prepared as a result of a survey represents all that a client sees of the work of a surveyor. For many, the
standard of presentation of work will not only reflect the standard of professional competence, but will also
serve as a measure by which the work will be judged.
Apart from becoming proficient in the graphic language, the values derived as by-products of serious
application to this aspect of professional life are neatness, speed and accuracy. These attributes are some of
the hallmarks of the successful surveyor. Deficiencies however in these skills may bring the tag of
professional illiteracy.
PART 1 -1997 - Section 1, - Page 1 of 2
1.4
Inter-disciplinary Communication
It is important that all members of the profession of surveying be well acquainted with this Handbook, and
where engaged in multi-disciplinary employment or the wide ranging involvements of general practice, also
acquire a sufficient working knowledge of technical presentations related to allied disciplines, such as
engineering and architecture.
1.5
Adoption of the International System of Units (SI)
All units used in this Handbook will comply with AS 1000-1979, The International System of Units (SI) and
the Victorian Metric Conversion Act, 1973, in so far as it affects survey practice and specific Acts and
Statutory Rules directly affecting survey practice.
Linear measurements should always be expressed either in metres or millimetres, depending on the purpose
of the survey. In general, decimetres and centimetres are units not acceptable in survey practice.
For cadastral surveys, lengths are expressed in metres and decimals of a metre. For architectural and
engineering purposes, lengths are expressed in metres and/or millimetres.
SECTION 2 - DIGITAL DATA - Surveying Software and Future Directions

2.1
Introduction
The advent of the IBM PC in the early eighties, enabled for the first time, affordable desktop computing for
the surveying industry. Over the past decade, the power of the desktop PC has increased almost
exponentially, while the price of the hardware has continued to fall.
On the software side, the release of Windows 3.x, Windows NT and now Windows 95 operating systems, has
seen development of extremely powerful, yet easy to use, survey, engineering and CAD applications. The
intuitive graphical user interface of the Windows family of operating systems, has encouraged many more
surveyors to utilise computers in their everyday work.
The desktop PC is now such a common survey office tool that it is rare to find a survey office that does not
utilise a PC for its report writing, survey computations and plan preparation. This section outlines some basic
concepts in relation to the capture, processing and exchange of digital data for surveyors.
2.2
Digital Data
In the past, a surveyor was called upon to measure, calculate, design and draft plans, typically of real world
objects which they surveyed. The resulting product for a client was often in the form of a report, and hard
copy plans or maps. Although many of the tasks performed by a surveyor today are essentially the same, the
extensive use of computers within the surveying and allied industries has seen the introduction of a new form
of final product, digital data.
2.2.1
Data Structure
One of the many advantages of digital data is the easy manipulation of the data by appropriate software
packages. When changes are required to a design or a plan the data is simply manipulated in the software
package being used. Although the required manipulations in some cases can be far from simple, the ease of
change in comparison to traditional methods is significant and can mainly be attributed to the structure of the
data.
A surveying software digital data base can be simplified into two main sections, a graphical component and
an attribute component. The graphical component of a digital data base usually contains positional and
relationship information (typically co-ordinates) for point, line and polygon objects, while the attribute
component holds other information relating to the objects. The attribute component usually contains
associated textual information such as a description, but the next generation of surveying software should
allow any form of attribute data. Eg. Sound, video etc.
Essentially, all surveying software packages hold additional attribute information relating to the data within
their data bases. The ease of manipulation and the flexibility of the data is governed by the attributes
contained within the data base. Perhaps the two most basic attributes associated with any object within a
surveying software related digital data base is the feature code and layer.
The feature code is basically a tag that is used to identify the type of real world object the data represents.
Typically, feature codes are assigned to the objects at the time of collection in the field and passed into the
digital data base via a data collector. Tagging of the digital data with a feature
code enables manipulation of the data based on the object type. For example, if all fire hydrants within a
digital data base have been assigned the feature code "HYDRANT", then it is a simple task for the surveying
software package to locate and manipulate only objects of that type. The feature code is often used to define
other attributes associated with the graphical object, such as symbology and other display characteristics.
Layers can be described as logical groupings of feature codes to form themes of information. For example, all
feature codes associated with water (HYDRANT, METER, PIPE etc.) could all be associated with the
"WATER" layer. Most surveying software packages enable layers to be turned on and off, thereby changing
the displayed data. The ability to turn on and off different layers of information enables different themes of
the data to be displayed and can obviate screen clutter.
Fig. 2.1 shows schematically the layering concept.

2.2.2
Data Flow
The flow of digital data from a surveying office to other organisations follows the same path as that of
traditional hard copy data, however the handling and transport media are now far more flexible. A single
floppy diskette has the capacity to store many plans or maps in a digital form.
The wide spread use of digital data has smoothed the flow of data between surveyors, their clients and allied
professions. It is not uncommon for a surveyor to provide an architect with a detail and feature survey plan in
digital form, for the architect to create a design on a separate layer and then pass this updated digital data on
to an engineer so that they can add their civil design on yet another layer. All this can be done without a
single hard copy plan being produced, although usually a hard copy plan is provided to verify the digital data.
The following data flow diagram is far from extensive but shows the surveyor as the central hub to the flow
of digital data.
The surveyors' knowledge of co-ordinate systems and appreciation of positional accuracy make them ideal
leaders in the administration of digital data. Each of the lines in the Fig. 2.2 indicate two way digital data flow,
however, the flow of digital data along many of these lines is still a thing of the future. Although not shown on
the diagram, digital data already flow between many of these organisations.
2.2.3
Data Exchange & Standards
Unlike traditional plans and reports which can be easily interpreted by the intended recipient, digital data must
be provided in a format known to the software package for it to be able to interpret the data. This requirement
has led to the development of digital data exchange formats and standards to facilitate the exchange of data
between various software systems.
Digital data exchange standards can be categorised in the following way:
Australian published standards. Eg. AS2482, SDTS etc.
Defacto standards. Eg. AutoCAD DXF, MicroStation DGN etc.
Regulated standards. Eg. Melbourne Water asset collection etc.
Organisational standards. Eg. Client defined specifications
Although a number of Australian Standards for the exchange of digital data have been defined, defacto
standards are still the most common means of digital data exchange between the surveying and allied
professions. The most common defacto standard for the exchange of CAD type data is AutoCAD's drawing
interchange file (DXF). Although far from elegant, the early arrival on the market and user numbers has made
DXF a major exchange standard.
With more government and utilities organisations wanting to be provided with digital data, surveyors are faced
with the problem of providing different exchange formats for different organisations. A single exchange
standard format that is acceptable to all government and utilities organisations is what we should be striving to
achieve, as the cost of developing specialised data exchange software is prohibitive.
When dealing with allied professions, the organisational standard is perhaps the most common standard the
surveyor will encounter. An organisation standard simply means that the client has a set of rules within their
organisation that define attributes for objects such as codes, layers, colours, sizes etc.
It is essential that the surveyor knows the required exchange standard before undertaking any work as this
could affect the feature coding, processing and exchange mechanism utilised by the surveyor.
In relation to the transport side of digital data exchange, there are a number of alternatives to the transport
medium which include the following:
CDROM
Floppy diskette (5 and 3 )
Tape
Modem / E-mail
Zip Drives
The most common transport medium is the 3 floppy diskette, however modems are also used to exchange
digital data.
A typical problem associated with the exchange of digital data is the size of the physical file. The DXF
exchange format is well known for the physical size of the exchange files required to transfer even small
amounts of digital data. Typically, a 3 floppy diskette has a capacity of 1.4Mb however it is common for a
DXF file to be many times this size, therefore making it impossible to transfer to a single floppy diskette.
The use of file compression software tools can help over come this problem. Tools such as LHArc and PKZIP
can compress DXF files to a fraction of their native size allowing in most cases, even the largest files to
reside on a single floppy diskette. These tools can also provide a level of security for the surveyor during the
transport of the digital data, via password protection and also by Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) which
ensures that when a file is decompressed, it is returned exactly the same as before it was compressed. These
types of compression tools are ideal for the archiving of old data files allowing much more data to be stored
on the backup media and even allow large files to span a number of diskettes.
2.3
Surveying Software
To allow the surveyor to achieve the processes detailed in previous sub-sections, the extensive use of
surveying software packages is essential. There is a wide range of surveying software available in Australia
and local surveying software developers are acknowledged as world leaders in this field. The functionality of
the software required will vary from company to company. Fig. 2.3 shows the relationships between
surveying software, surveying sensors and other software systems.
Fig. 2.3 Relationships between surveying software, surveying systems and other software.
The following items should be considered when evaluating surveying software. The importance of each item
will vary with the surveyor, the type of work and clients that they service. Consideration should be given to
both long and short term requirements of the surveyor.
Ease of use:
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Totally integrated modules
On-line help
Flexible feature codes and layering
Data Collection and Setout:
Operation and feature coding capabilities (speed of collection)
Support for different data collectors
Automatic attribute generation
Data transfer integrity
Map Projections:
Full rigorous geodetic computation
Support for all projections needed
Computations:
All required computation methods
Extensive reporting
Adjustments and transformations
Data Exchange:
Bi-directional exchange
Support for CAD, GIS and other application software
Level of exchange support
Surveying CAD
Fonts supported
Symbols supported
Line styles supported
Additional functionality:
Contouring
Long/cross sections
Alignment design
Volumes
The above list is far from extensive but is a reasonable starting point. Consideration should also be given to
data base capacity if large projects are undertaken, as well as to the availability of all required functionality
from a single vendor. This single vendor solution can have significant savings in purchase and training costs.
2.4
The Future
The question of "where to from here?" is one that cannot be accurately answered, however like all professions
surveyors will be guided by new technologies.
One of the most talked about technologies over the last few years is the Internet. This global network of
computers will have a major impact on the surveying and allied professions. The publication and transfer of
digital data across the globe opens the doors of opportunity for everyone. Perhaps the most useful feature of
the Internet is E-mail. E-mail is already extensively used to transfer digital data between organisations. This
medium allows the transfer of a project completed by a surveyor in one part of the world to the client's desk
on the other side of the world within minutes.
The digital lodgement of plans etc. will be mandatory and most likely be performed from the surveyor's desk,
as will the searching and retrieval of required survey information. The floppy diskette as the preferred
transport medium is rapidly being replaced by the Internet and E-mail.
The standards for the exchange of digital data is an area for much debate. Although a single uniform
exchange standard for all government and utilities organisations would be ideal, the reality is that such an
agreement is unlikely. However, commonality in exchange standards amongst these organisations must be
sought.
SECTION 3 - DIGITAL DATA - Creation - Management - Distribution

3.1
Introduction
As modern surveying equipment becomes more affordable and confidence and appreciation grows as to the
inherent benefits, survey information will tend towards being gathered entirely in digital form. Operating in this
new environment will require different procedures in creating, gathering management and distribution of data.
3.2
Creation and gathering of Digital Data
The most prevalent form of data gathering will be via the use of total stations equipped with digital data
recording devices. This will be supplemented by positional information derived from digital levels and GPS
observations.
The surveyor's role in society will also become more diverse and include the gathering of environmental
information relating the value of measured thematic variables to co-ordinate positions in space. This type of
information will come from existing data bases and a whole range of automatic recording systems, which
produce digital information, together with remote sensing digital imagery and vector binocular input.
In addition increasing use of existing graphical information in the form of maps, charts, plans will be required.
This will necessitate the use of scanners and digitisers to convert hard copy information into digital form. A
synopsis of the various methods of collecting digital data is represented in Fig. 3.1.
3.3
Distribution of Digital Data
The majority of digital data will be housed in a central register under the control of either government or private
agents and available in a number of data formats and structures. Some digital data will remain the property of private
and government organisations and be subject to payment while other data will be freely available to the community
at large.
Transfer of digital data will be possible by one or more of the following mediums :3.3.1
Online
Digital data relating to topographic and cadastral information will be under the custody of government and/or private
organisations and will be available in a number of formats ranging from E-mail/Internet options through to
telephone/modem linking to the respective digital data bases.
The diagram in Fig. 3.2 gives an overview of the possible sources of information and data flow in a typical land
subdivision project.
3.3.1.1 CDROM
This medium offers the most comprehensive form of portable data storage. The early problems of writing
information to such disks has been overcome and this medium now represents an economic and efficient method of
housing and distributing large volumes of digital data.
3.3.1.2 Magnetic Disk
This medium has made some rapid advancements in recent times. It is now possible to store large amounts of
information on such devices as zip drives which use disks capable of holding large amounts of data.
A cheaper and smaller capacity disk is the 3.5" high density floppy disk which at present is the industry standard
being capable of holding 1.4Mb of information. Floppy disks capable of holding larger amounts of data also exist but
require special disk drives.
3.3.1.3 Magnetic Tape
This is a relatively inexpensive form but is becoming increasingly less popular.
3.3.1.4 Existing data bases
Data previously gathered will also be available via Internet, E-Mail and data bases containing CAD/GIS information.
3.4
Management of Digital Data
Building a digital data base is a costly and time-consuming process. It is essential that the digital information is
transferred from the surveyor's local disk memory of the computer to a more permanent storage medium where it can
be safely preserved. This operation should be supplemented with back-up copies which should be stored in a safe
location away from the usual workplace and a scheme of monthly or even more frequent back-up operations be
incorporated as part of normal digital data maintenance.
Digital databases for topographic, cadastral, and environmental mapping can be expected to have a limited useful
lifetime, and this fact must also be considered.
There is some uncertainty about the stability of stored data and the best procedures for storing digital data.
Current practice varies greatly between rewriting tapes at monthly intervals to performing rewriting up to every
seven years. The importance of a proper environment for computer operations and storage area can not be
stressed enough.
In addition to the need for careful handling, the storage environment should lie within temperature limits of 7
to 32 C, and 40% to 60% humidity. The storage environment (use metal cupboards) should also take into
account the possibility of corruption from magnetic fields generated by electric motors, etc. Precautions should
also be taken to avoid corruption of information from nuclear radiation, noxious fumes and fire.
3.5 Hard Copy
In situations where hard copy is required, plans will generally be generated by either vector or raster plotters.
The aesthetic quality of such products will be dependent upon the skill and experience of the computer operator
and the limitations of the software used. A number of survey oriented CAD/CAM packages are now available
for producing high quality charts and plans.
The CAD/CAM packages available generally follow the guidelines for presentation outlined in Appendices Al to
A4.
Where subdivision data is presented in digital data form to a responsible authority, suitable conversion
software is generally available to transform digital data to any desired data format. See Appendix A2, A2.4.9
for more detailed information.
A1 - 1
Appendix A1
DRAWINGS - Materials, Sheet Sizes and Layouts
A1.1 Materials
A1.1.1 Media
A drawing or a graphic presentation can be viewed either in a hard copy form or on a visual display unit.
Hard copy forms are prepared on opaque or translucent sheets, the choice depending on the use for the
drawing, and the method of reproduction to be used.
If opaque sheets are used, then reproduction by photographic copying using reflected light from the original
will be required. Opaque sheets cannot be used in normal drawing copying processes, such as diazo, where a
print is made by exposing sensitized material to light transmitted through a positive translucent original.
Opaque materials include paper, boards and some drafting films, and are used for some original drawings,
legal documents, art work, and project illustrations.
Translucent sheets, which are translucent under normal conditions but become transparent when viewed
against a strong light source, can be used for all methods of reproduction. Translucent materials include paper
and film. Because of its greater versatility, translucent material is currently used for most drafting work.
A1.1.2 Requirements
Drafting materials come in a wide range of handling qualities, surface finish, dimensional stability, weight or
thickness, and as single sheets or rolls of various lengths and widths.
Papers and boards are not dimensionally stable with changes in temperature and humidity and are not
waterproof; they are being superseded by drafting film for many purposes. With normal handling, tracing
paper of 85 to 95 g/m2 is suitable for much drafting work. Detail paper is cheaper than tracing paper, but is
not suitable for work to be reproduced.
Note: Grammage is the term used for expressing the mass of a sheet of paper in relation to its area. It is
expressed in grams per square metre (g/m2 or, colloquially, gsm).
Drafting films are polyester based materials with prepared matt surfaces which are suitable for either ink or
pencil. Films are available with either one or both surfaces matt, and in thicknesses range from 0.05 mm to
approximately 0.2 mm. These films are, in general, highly translucent, dimensionally stable for most
purposes, waterproof, static free, very resistant to impact shocks, not easily torn and do not become brittle
with age; nor do they leave "ghosts" after erasures. It is recommended that a minimum thickness of 0.07 mm
be used to ensure satisfactory handling in diazo printing.
All drafting material should possess the following properties:
Surface suitable for the application and retention of either pencil or ink.
PART 1 1997 Appendix A1, - Page 1 of10
A1-2
Ability to withstand repeated erasures without abrasion or ghosting.
Sufficient strength to withstand considerable handling.
Good resistance to ageing (if retention for a considerable period is required).
Tone such that maximum contrast between drawn matter and background is achieved.
Surface sufficiently matt so that light reflection does not affect photographic reproduction.
Surface free from obvious grain, body structure, stains or water mark.
In addition, translucent media should have good transparency to ultra violet light so that reproduction by
contact printing will give sharp images.
A1.1.3 Pre-printed Sheets
Standard size sheets that are pre-printed with border lines, title blocks and other routine information may
economise on drafting time. Pre-printing should be executed on the front of the translucent sheets. Work on
the back of the sheet may involve some loss of quality in microfilm reproduction unless special photographic
techniques are employed.
A1.1.4 Intermediates (or Reproducibles)
Intermediates (or reproducibles) are sensitised and translucent paper or film sheets which may be used for
producing additional copies by the plan printing process. These additional copies may be used instead of, or
in addition to, the original drawing.
The use of intermediates greatly reduces drafting and tracing time in an office although this is of decreasing
concern as computer produced drawings are now the norm. These sheets may be used for producing a
modified version of a drawing while retaining the unaltered original, for transferring a paper drawing to film
for permanent retention and for production of duplicate originals. The use of edge binding to protect drawings
is not recommended unless the binding and the drafting materials are compatible for shrinkage.
A1.2 Sheet Sizes

Standardization of drawing sheets sizes offers definite advantages in economies of cut-paper sizes, filing
systems material and furniture, and in reproduction.
AS 1100 Part 101 - Section 2 - Materials, Sizes and Layout of Drawing Sheets emanates from the system of
paper sizes recommended by the International Standards Organization and while it refers particularly to
engineering drawings, it has equal application to survey drawings.
This standard lists the Preferred Series which comprises all the A series from A0 to A4, and the B series in
sizes B1 to B4 which is the Non-preferred Series.
A1-3
With some flexibility of approach, the A series can be adapted to a wide range of applications in the many
fields of surveying.
International sizes comprise the series known as A, B and C. In each series the shape of the basic size and all
normal subdivisions is the same, so that the sides are always in the proportion 1: 2, ie. 1:1.414
approximately. The A and B series are used in stationery, drawings and posters, and the C series is used only
for envelopes. Further information is available in AS 1612 - Paper Sizes.
The Survey Co-ordination (Survey) Regulations 1992, made pursuant to the Survey Co-ordination Act 1958,
now require that drawings must conform to one of the sizes A0-A4 in the range of International Paper Sizes.
See Table A1.1.
The A and B series drawing sheets are well suited to reduction onto 35 mm microfilm. Their aspect ratio
being 1: 2, throughout the ranges, is the same as the aspect ratio of the microfilm frame. The normal
subdivision of the basic size in the A series, A0 (841 mm x 1189 mm) which occupies an area of 1m2 , is
shown in Fig. A1.1. This system of paper sizes is built on the basis that each series of paper sizes consists of
a range of sizes formed by dividing the size immediately above into two equal parts, the division being
parallel to the shorter side. The areas of two successive sizes are then in the ratio 2:1.
A1.2.1 Preferred and Non-preferred Sheets

Unlike traditional Imperial sizes, International Standards are stated as trimmed sizes.
Table A1.1 gives designations and sizes of Preferred International sheet sizes which have application in
various branches of surveying.
Table A1.2 gives designations and sizes of the Non-preferred sheet sizes, some of which have a limited
application in Victoria.
A1-4
A1.2.2 Oversize Sheets

Tables A 1.3 and A 1.4 give sizes and corresponding ordering designations for oversize sheets for use where
wider borders are required for purposes which may include pre-printing considerations, edge binding or a
frame for subsequent trimming of prints.
A1.2.3 Roll Drawings

Where roll drawings are required, they should be 860 mm or 610 mm wide. Lengths of the roll drawing sheets
are determined by the individual requirements of each drawing. In choosing the length of a roll drawing, care
should be exercised in selecting a length which is suitable for microfilming (See AS 1203), and folding
purposes.
A1-5
A1.2.4 Tolerances
The cut sheet dimensions in Tables A1.1 and A1.2 are subject to the following tolerances:
For dimensions up to and including 600 mm: 2 mm
For dimensions greater than 600 mm:
3 mm
Neither diagonal of any cut sheet shall exceed the diagonal of a sheet which has the maximum length and
width, nor shall it be less than the diagonal of a sheet which has minimum length and width.
For the purposes of checking sheet sizes, the material shall be conditioned at 20 2 C at a relative humidity
of (65 2) per cent and measured under these conditions.
A1.3 Layout of Drawing Sheets

It is essential that certain basic information be shown on every drawing. If the display of this information is
standardized as to size and location, the interchange of information and the filing of drawings will be
facilitated.
A typical layout of a drawing sheet which basically conforms to AS 1100 Part 1. This layout has been
adapted to contemporary practice in Victoria as shown in Appendix A8, Plan No.s 1, 4 and 5.
(It should be appreciated that plans of subdivision formats are controlled under the Subdivision Act. (Refer to
examples in Layout of Plans No.9 in Appendix A8).
A1.3.1 Size of Borders
It is customary for the drawing area to be enclosed within a frame. The sizes and locations of drawing frames
on drawing sheets, with and without a filing margin, are shown in Figs. A1.2 and A1.3. All dimensions
shown are in millimetres.
Where borders are required for roll drawings, the borders of sheets should conform to the dimensions shown
in Table A1.5.
A1.3.2 Print Trimming Line

Where oversize drawing sheets are used, a method of indicating the trimming line should be marked on the
sheets. This may be by means of broken lines forming a frame dimensioned to the cut sheet dimensions of
regular size sheets or by other suitable means. International Standard ISO 5457-1980 provides two
alternatives:
A1-6
A1-7
A1-8
(a) Corner marks in the form of isosceles triangles with sides of approximately 10 mm, or
(b) Comer marks which have been reduced to two small strokes with a width of 2 mm.
The ISO alternatives relate to machine trimming equipment where the heavier symbols are used for machine
sensing of trimming boundaries. Symbols with less visual impact will suit most applications.
A1.3.3 Alpha-Numeric Referencing

Drawings may be divided into zones by a reference system based on lettered and numbered divisions to assist in
readily locating a particular dimension or feature, especially on large drawings concerning construction surveys.
If used in conjunction with a table of additions and amendments, these are not only more easily located, but
provide a chronological sequence of all additions and amendments etc. during the life of the project. If this
system is used, it should be placed inside the drawing frame.
Where an alpha-numeric reference is required, it is recommended that a scheme be used, where:
vertical zones are designated numerically reading from left to right
horizontal zones are designed by capital letters starting with A and reading from top to bottom, but
omitting the letters I and 0.
the number of zones and the width of the margin in which they are inserted should be in
accordance with Table A1.6, depending on the size of the drawing.
Note: This alpha-numeric system of reference is described as "Grid Referencing" in AS 1100.101-1984.

Throughout this Handbook, the term "grid reference" will be reserved for Australian Map Grid (AMG) or other
grid co-ordinates determined by survey.
A1-9
A1.3.4 Sheet Designation and Title Blocks

The sheet size designation number should be indicated on the drawing, preferably in the title block, the
normal position of which is at the bottom right hand comer of the sheet. See examples in Appendix 8.
Provision should be made in all title blocks for the following information:
Name of firm, department etc.
Title or description of drawing
Drawing number
Sheet number and size
Scale
Signatures and dates
AMG Reference
Bar Scales
Lengths are in metres
(Note: Refer to Appendix A8, Layout of Plans Nos 1, 4, 5, 6 & 7.).

Elsewhere and adjacent to the title block, provision should be made for:
Certificates required by law
Notations and amendments with dates.
Standard information relating to units of measurement and the system of projection used in engineering
drawings may be included in the title block.
Prominent figures and letters, preferably upper case Gothic style, are recommended for the drawing number
and the title.
Titles of drawings should be as concise as possible, consistent with adequate description. Recording and
cross-referencing is simplified by the use of a planned system of titling.
A1.3.5 Drawing Numbers
The drawing number is located in the bottom right hand comer of the title block.
The drawing number may be repeated in other comers of the sheet or along the sides of the sheet to ensure
that it is visible when the drawing is filed or stored.
A1.3.6 Revisions
All revisions should be indicated and recorded on the drawing and each new issue of the drawing should be
identified.
The method of recording may vary in detail, but commonly the necessary information is entered in a table. An
example plan possessing a revision table is Plan No. 4, the Survey and Feature Plan, in Appendix A8.
Identification of a change on a drawing may be by symbol, usually a number or
A1-10
letter enclosed within a circle, square or triangle, which is placed in proximity to the revised dimension or
detail. Reference is made to this number or letter in the recorded details of the change. When zoning is used
the position of the change may be given by the appropriate alpha-numeric reference in the revision table.
Irrespective of the manner by which changes are identified and recorded, details of dimensional changes and
of other changes when practicable, should provide a record of the previous size, feature etc.
A2-1
Appendix A2
SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES
A2.1 Scales
A2.1.1 Standard Scales

Survey drawings and maps should be plotted at the following scales:
A2.1.2 Indication of Scales

The scale of any survey drawing shall be indicated by the reduction ratio, eg. 1:500, and by the construction of
a bar scale accompanied by the notation - "Lengths are in metres" [See Fig. A2.1].
The bar scale shall be divided into equal primary divisions on the right hand side of the zero, with each
primary division representing 10 units or multiples thereof. To the left of the zero, 10 equal secondary
divisions may be constructed so that each represents one tenth part of a primary division.
Fig. A2.1 Bar Scale
A2.1.3 Single Scale

Where only one scale is to be used on a survey drawing, it should be indicated in the title block.
A2.1.4 Multiple Scales
Where more than one scale is used on a survey drawing the title block shall be marked "SCALES AS
SHOWN", and the reduction ratio clearly indicated adjacent to the view or views concerned.
PART 1 1997 Appendix A2, - Page 1 of 8
A2-2
A bar scale shall be included as applicable adjacent to the major part of the drawing, and a representative
fraction scale may also be indicated on the drawing sheet, eg.
HORIZONTAL SCALE
1:500
VERTICAL SCALE
1:100
The ratio of the larger to the smaller of any two scales used on a drawing sheet should not be less than 2.
A2.1.5 Determination of Original Sheet Size and Scale

Where drawings have been reproduced at scales other than the original scale, the scale of the original drawing
can be readily discerned from the ratio indicated in the title block. The drawing frame dimensions as indicated
by the sheet size designation shown in the title block is another aid, and the ratio of the reduced sheet to the
original after microfilming can be ascertained from the graduated line shown in accordance with AS 1100.101
Section 2.4.5.
A2.2 Identification of North Points on Cadastral Plans
On most cadastral plans, it is required that the north point be directed generally toward the top of the sheet.
Where the datum of the survey has been related to AMG, the north point should be drawn parallel to a
direction on the plan which has an AMG bearing of grid north. In this instance, the north point should be
identified with the letters AMG accompanied by the zone number. [See Fig. A2.2].
Alternatively, if the datum of the survey is taken from other information where bearings relate to approximate
true or magnetic north, the north point should be oriented to the plot of the survey so that it reflects the
direction of approximate north relative to the stated bearing of the datum used for the survey.
In these circumstances, cardinal bearings relating to the datum used should be plotted up and down and across
the plot sheet, with the north point rotated to indicate approximate true north. It should be identified with the
words 'Approx. True North'. [See Fig. A2.2].
Generally, the location of the north point should be confined to the top left quadrant of the sheet.
A2-3
A2.3 Notes on Magnetic Declination

While much of the original survey of Victoria was set out relative to the magnetic meridian (north) at the
time, some areas were set out approximately related to true north.
At Appendix A7, a plot of the magnetic declination observed over the years at Toolangi Observatory is
included. This has been extended back from available information to the time of the first surveys around
Melbourne. Also at Appendix A7 is an outline map of Victoria showing an overlay of the 1: 100,000 map
series, and the isogonic lines for epoch 1995.0.
A2.3.1 Grid Convergence
Some care is needed to ascertain the origin of bearings in many areas, but reference to the orientation of the
road pattern on medium scale maps such as the 1:100,000 series, will often provide a useful starting point. In
these circumstances, the grid bearing corrected for grid convergence will provide an acceptable
approximation for true north in the area under survey.
A2.4 Presentation of Survey Data on Plans
A2.4.1 General
Technical drawings must precisely convey, without ambiguity, the message intended, and leave no room for
misinterpretation or an inaccurate conclusion.
The skilful presentation of a drawing requires not only a careful selection of scale and optimum use of the
drawing frame, but also a logical adherence to the hierarchical importance of dimensions and symbols with
accompanying descriptions which are portrayed on survey drawings.
It is not possible to formulate a comprehensive set of basic rules governing the presentation of data as
exceptions will always be encountered. Even so, the hierarchy of the order of placement of dimensions and
descriptions can usually be accepted as:
Dimensions - bearing and distance
Offsets and street and easement widths
Street names and names of natural features
Descriptive data
Allotment numbers and areas.
It is important that the composition of a drawing gives some aesthetic satisfaction to the user, in addition to
the prime purpose of conveying information.
A2-4
The skilful placement and selection of sizes of dimensions and names not only enhances the appearance of the
drawing, but increases legibility and understanding.
The sizes of lettering set out in Appendix A4 are a generally acceptable minimum. Use of sizes smaller than the
stated minimums can only be justified where use is not extensive, nor a continuing departure from the
specifications. If the use of smaller size lettering is deemed necessary to any extent, a larger scale should be
selected for the drawing.
A2.4.2 Positioning of Lettering

Having determined the space available for lettering, there are some general rules to be observed:
Lettering should be parallel to straight line features.
Lettering along simply curved features should be placed in a series of straight lines aligned to the curve
of the feature [See Fig. A2.3.1].
Where this is completely unsatisfactory, lettering may be placed along a smooth curve.
When letters are placed on a curve, the base of the letter is always aligned tangential to the curve.
[ See Fig. A2.3.2].
Lettering along features having complex shapes should be aligned along simple curves, and no attempt
made to follow the intricacies of the feature.
Undue emphasis should not be given to minor features.
Lettering positioned vertically on the sheet should read from the lower sheet edge towards the top, ie.
from left to right, when viewed from the right hand side.
A2.4.3 Typical Examples of Survey Drawings

Examples of plans and abstracts of field records of survey have been included in Appendix A8.
A2-5
A2.4.4 Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey

Section 20A of the Subdivision Act 1988 as amended by the Subdivision (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act
1991 requires advice to be provided to a Council that, subsequent to the completion of necessary Works, the
boundaries of the land in question and all lots, reserves etc. contained within the subdivision have been
marked out or defined, and that supporting monumentation required under the Surveyors Act 1978 and the
Survey Co-ordination Act 1958 is in place.
The form of this advice is set out in Form 19 relative to Regulation 56 of the Subdivision (Procedures)
Regulations 1989. It is based on a Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey submitted by a
Licensed Surveyor and, more particularly, must comply with the requirements of the Surveyors (Cadastral
Surveys) Regulations 1995 and the Survey Co-ordination (Surveys) Regulations 1992.
Two examples of the form of suitable Supplementary Abstracts of Field Records of Survey are included in
Layout of Plans No. 8 of Appendix A8.
Where a connection to AMG is unable to be made, an appropriate note shall be made in one of the notation
boxes on the abstract of field records.
A2.4.5 Record of Having Re-established a Parcel

The Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) Regulations 1995 require a surveyor to lodge, with the Surveyor General,
a Record of Having Re-established a Parcel for all surveys in which a title boundary has been defined or redefined. An example of such a record is included in Appendix A8 - Plan 3.
A2.4.6 Size of Plans in Handbook
Users should note that in this Handbook, for economies in publication, all plans have been reduced to a size
approximating A4 for single sheet reproduction.
All plans for Land Titles Office and Office of Surveyor-General would be at A3 original size.
A2.4.7 Scale Selection for Plans
As already emphasized (See A2.4.1), careful selection of scale is important. The example plans illustrate that
the scale selected should be sufficiently large to enable all lettering, except some descriptions of occupation,
to be drawn not less than 2.5 mm in height.
A2.4.8 Computer Aided Drafting
The preparation of plans has moved into the computer age with fine penwork virtually becoming a craft of the
past. There are many computer aided drafting software packages available and with various enhancements,
these become extremely valuable tools. The end result enables the user to load field observations via a "total
station" or a data recorder together with in-house computations directly into a drawing file. This file provides
the basis for a wide range of final products including base maps, survey plans, field records and plans of
subdivision. Setting up of menus to accommodate standard symbols, line types and text heights results in all
drawings being produced to the same pre-determined standard and ensures a consistent final product.
A2-6
Creation of a file storage and protection system must be developed to maintain the integrity of the drawing
file. The ability to transfer these digital files by network or disk is a further option which allows for greater
cohesion between individual users and organizations. Inevitably, the transfer of digital data to and from
government bodies such as the Land Titles Office will become commonplace.
Implementation of this total process will streamline drawing output and eliminate much duplication of work.
Growth in this new technology has been rapid, and there are issues which require continuing consideration:
phasing out of hard copies
the certification of digital files by electronic signature
the occurrence of differences between hard copy and its digital file
in the interim, is it economical or necessary to carry out amendments to both hard copy and digital
file ?
the verification of on-screen calculations
incorporation of quality assurance procedures to negate errors.
A2.4.9 Digital Lodgement of Subdivisions

The Office of Surveyor General (OSG) and the Land Titles Office (LTO) have recognised the benefits of
digital lodgement. With advances in technology and the increasing use of computer systems by the surveying
industry in the preparation of plans and abstract of field records, it is appropriate to consider digital lodgement
of documents.
Standards will be established to facilitate digital lodgement and a working party will be looking at existing
standards including Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). Geographic Data Victoria (GDV) is developing a
common data structure for the rural and urban portions of the State Digital Cadastral Database. Once this
structure has been decided upon, a standard will be required to allow the incorporation of digital subdivisional
information into the Digital Cadastral Database.
The data providers (surveyors) and the data customers (Utilities / LGAs) also have an interest in the
establishment of a digital transfer standard for subdivision information. The data flows within and between
each organisation need to be considered and the impact that probable technology will have on these data flows
determined.
For Melbourne Water digital lodgement is already a reality. Currently in the urban area subdivisions over 10
lots are expected to be lodged digitally with Melbourne Water. Melbourne Water specify its own digital
format for these plans.
A2-7
Details of the requirements of the Yarra Valley Water Limited for the submission of subdivisions in digital
form can be obtained from the Subdivision Digital Input Manual, Volume 3 - Survey, Technical Standards
Manuals (2nd Edition), formerly Land Development Manual. The manual is available from the Water Industry
Technical Standards Unit at the offices of Yarra Valley Water Ltd, Lucknow Street, Mitcham.
A2.4.10 High Quality Reproduction of Plans
Prints of plans recently registered in the Land Titles Office are produced from laser printers connected to a
FileNet optical disk based imaging system. The transparencies of the lodged plan are scanned on a system at
200 dots per inch (dpi) and the images are committed to optical disk. The quality of prints produced from the
imaging system is, of course, dependent on the quality of the original drawings.
Guidelines to ensure good reproduction from each transparency follow established drawing practice.
Nevertheless, there are some limitations to the production of a good image, and some basic points to be
considered are set out as follows.
A2.4.10.1
The Medium
Most plans are produced on good quality drafting film. Dense black linework and dimensions will reproduce
clearly. Where in some cases typed documents are submitted on a paper medium, the paper should be white
and the type should be black and crisp.
A2.4.10.2
Contrast in Density of Text and Linework
Plans show a variety of text and graphic information, and this will scan and reproduce best if the density of
the drafting is reasonably consistent over each plan sheet.
Problems occur when either the linework or dimensions, or both, are faint. It is possible that the scanner will
not detect a fine line or the line will be reproduced discontinuously. Similar problems apply to faint
dimensions.
Scanner operators have some latitude when dealing with a plan document which shows considerable variation
in density. The scanner threshold, or density, can be varied to provide a denser image of the lighter
information. This is necessarily a compromise and tends to "blob" the denser information and downgrade the
professional presentation of the document. It is not a good memorial to the provider of the original plan.
A2.4.10.3
Fonts with Serifs
These should generally be avoided. Serifs usually indicate that some part of a character is of a thicker width
or density than another part. There is a possibility that such characters will break up and not reproduce
clearly.
A2-8
A2.4.10.4
Separation of Linework and Dimensions
Problems can occur when dimensions are placed too close to, or touching linework, particularly when
associated with the external boundaries of the plan, where the linework is thicker and generally denser. Here
the scan may not clearly separate the linework and dimensions, resulting in "blobbing" or infilling of
dimensions.
A2.4.10.5
Crowding of Dimensions
Where dimensions are tightly packed within small areas of a plan, there is potential for problems of
separation in image recording. "Infilling" of dimensions, especially with the numerals eight and three may
occur if "open" drawing is not practised. Such situations can be avoided with careful planning, and if
necessary controlled enlargements.
A2.4.10.6
Summary
When producing a plan, a surveyor considers a range of perspectives to enable the client's objectives to be
achieved. One of the objectives is to enable clear reproduction of the plan documents, particularly as a
registered plan now serves the function of the former diagram on a Certificate of Title. Following established
drawing practices and being aware of Land Titles Office reproduction technology will achieve this objective.
A3 - 1
Appendix A3
TYPES OF LINES
A3.1 Introduction
If all lines on a drawing are equal thickness, the drawing may be confusing and difficult to read. See Fig. A3.1.1.
If however, the salient features are portrayed by thicker lines, the drawing is more easily understood. See Fig.
A3.1.2.
By varying the thickness and construction of lines it is possible to express meaning in the drawing which is
otherwise difficult to convey. To ensure uniformity in interpretation the use of each type and thickness of line is
defined in the international and national drawing standards.
A3 - 2
A3.2 Lines
A3.2.1 Types and Dimensions of Lines

Table A3.1 has been prepared from AS 1100.101 - 1984, Sections. This standard and Table A3.1 specify the
types of lines to be used in engineering drawings. It also shows the recommended proportions of dashes and
spaces in lines which are not continuous. Line thicknesses used on any one drawing are generally restricted to
two, with the thin lines being half the thickness of the thick lines.
These specifications are appropriate for engineering and some survey purposes, but some variations to these
basic requirements are to be observed for cadastral surveying purposes in Victoria. These are included in
Table A3.2, on pages A3-6 to 9, which sets out the minimum line thicknesses to be used on cadastral
surveying drawings. These must be modified if necessary to suit the sheet size being used, scanning and
microfilming considerations, and environmental conditions. It is important to ensure that the ratio of thin lines
to thick lines be maintained at 1:2.
The minimum values given in Table A3.1 are suitable for drawings to be printed at a reduced size of not less
than one-half original size. If greater reduction is required then the line thickness should be selected such that
the thickness as printed will not be less than 0.18 mm.
The length and spacing of dashes should be consistent, but may vary in length depending on the complete
length and size of the drawing. Recommended dimensions in relation to sheet sizes are shown in Table A3.1,
columns 3 and 4.
A3 - 3
A3 - 4
A3.2.2 Line Spacing

Parallel lines should be drawn with a clear space between them of not less than twice the thickness of the thickest
line, with a minimum space of 1 mm (Fig. A3.2.1)
Where a group of parallel lines intersect another group of parallel lines, the space between lines in each group
should not be less than 2 mm. (Fig. A3.2.2)
Care must be exercised to provide adequate spaces for rows of figures.
A3.2.3 Line Density

All lines used on drawings shall be matt and of a constant density. Lines should also present a minimum value of
contrast of 0.7 with respect to the backgrounds of the sheet.
Note: Transparent charts of neutral grey tones are available to assist in the choice of equipment and materials to
meet these requirements.
A3.2.4 Reproduction of Pencil Lines
Pencil lines on tracings should be sharp, dense and uniform to obtain good reproduction Care should be taken to
ensure discernible contrasts between the thick and thin lines when using normal drawing pencils. To obtain these
contrasts the pencil used for the thick lines may be of a softer grade than that used for the other line thicknesses.
A3 - 5
The grade of pencil selected for any application will depend on the nature of the drawing, the brand of pencil,
climatic conditions, the medium on to which the drawing is to be made and personal preference. Pencil leads
should be hard enough to prevent smudging, but soft enough to give good density for reproduction.
Mechanical pencils, now freely available with optional grades and thicknesses of polymer leads make pencil
work a lot easier.
A3.2.5 Application of Lines
Except where in conflict with statutory requirements, the application of lines with complementary symbols
for various types of survey drawings are recommended as shown in Table A3.2.
The various Departments and Authorities should be consulted regarding their specific requirements.
A3 - 6
A3 - 7
A3 - 8
A3 - 9
Note: Table A4.1 & Fig. A4.1 provide comprehensive information about ratios of line thickness to heights of
characters, and spacing of characters, words and lines.
A4 - 1
Appendix A4
LETTERING AND ASSOCIATED SYMBOLS

A4.1 Objectives
In this Appendix, which forms the basis of presentation of survey work, a renewed emphasis is given to the
art and skills of freehand lettering. Proficiency in lettering not only provides a sense of satisfaction, but is
cost effective in the production of some drawings and field records. Accordingly, the objectives are:
To prepare drawings with consistency in letters and numerals which are capable of being produced at
reasonable speed by hand, stencil, machine, or other means, such that they remain legible and
unambiguous on a direct photocopy, in a reduced copy, and as an image on a microfilm viewing
screen or on computer screen.
To prepare field records, miscellaneous drawings and sketches by hand to achieve a high degree of
legibility and free from ambiguities. (Note: Lettering, not "Printing" is the correct term for making
letters and numerals by hand. Printing means the facsimile production of originals by machine
methods).
To have characters of a simple form, preferably without serifs and other embellishments, and not be
of exaggerated proportions.
Clarity, style, size and spacing are important, particularly for numerals as, unlike letters, they rarely fall into
self-identifying patterns and hence are read individually.
A4.2 Lettering Standards - Australian and International

The Standards applicable to this Section are AS 1100, Part 101-1984, Section 4: Letters, Numerals and
symbols, and other information contained in the International Standards Organization, ISO 3098/1-1974:
Technical Drawings - Lettering.
A4.2.1 General
The three essential requirements of lettering on survey drawings are:
legibility
uniformity
suitability for microfilming, scanning and other reproduction methods.
To achieve this, the characters are to be clearly distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any
confusion between them, even in the case of slight mutilations.
A4 - 2
Microfilming, scanning and other photographic reproductions require the distance between two adjacent lines
or the space between letters or numerals to be at least equal to twice the line thickness.
To achieve these requirements, there are some basic rules to be observed, and these are summarized in Fig. A4.1
and Table A4.1.
TABLE A4.1 Lettering Rules
Lettering B (d = h/10)
NOTE:
Values in millimetres
The spacing a between two characters may be reduced by half if this gives a better visual effect, as for example
LA, TV; it then equals the line thickness d.
A4.2.2 Character Shapes and Proportions

The basic form for freehand lettering is illustrated in Fig. A4.2.
Stencil lettering should comply with one of the following styles. See Figs. A4.3 and A4.4.
Note: ISO 3098/1 Type A characters which have a height equal to fourteen times the line thickness are not
normally used in Australia. The ratio d/h for ISO 3098/1 Type B is 1/10 - See Fig. A4.1 and Table A4.1
A4 - 3
Machine-made lettering as produced by mechanical or transferable means should generally adhere to the
basic requirements set out in this section.
A4.2.3 Height of Characters
The height of the capital letters is taken as the base of dimensioning.
The ratio of v 2 in the range of heights for lettering is derived from the standardized progression of
dimensions for paper sizes.
The height of the characters, related to the size of the drawing sheet used, shall be not less than the height
stated in Table A4.2. Where the drawing is to be reduced, h shall be selected such that the height as
reproduced is not less than 1.7 mm.
A4.2.4 Thickness of Character Lines
The maximum thickness of the lines used to form the characters shall be 0.1h, where h is the height of the
characters as shown in Fig. A4.1 and Table A4.1. The line thickness of both lower and upper case letters shall
be the same.
A4 - 4
Fig. A4.2 Character Shapes & Proportions
A4 - 5
* Either of these characters is acceptable by ISO, but 'a' and '?' are not recommended for use in Australia
Fig. A4.3 ISO 3098/1 TYPE B UPRIGHT CHARACTERS
A4 - 6
* E ither of? these characters is acceptable by ISO but a and 7 are not recommended for use in Australia
Fig. A4.4 ISO 3098/1 TYPE B SLOPING CHARACTERS
A4 - 7
A4.2.5
A4.2.5.1
Spacing
Spacing of Characters
Characters forming a word or a number should be spaced so that the distance/s between the characters
(See Fig. A4.1 and Table A4.1) is approximately twice the thickness of the line forming such characters
or 1 nun, whichever is the greater.
NOTES
1
Table A4 2 specifies minimum character heights for upper case lettering only.
For upper and lower case combinations, the minimum character height should be one size larger than that
specified in the table
The minimum values stated in the table are suitable for copies produced according to current copying
practice ie. A0, B1, and A1 sizes reduced to A2 size, and A2, A3 and A4 sizes not reduced in size.
A4.2.5.2
Space between Words
The space between words shall not be less than 0.6 h and should not be more than 2 h.
A4.2.5.3
Space between lines of Lettering
The space between lines of lettering shall not be less than 0.6 h.
A4.2.6
Use of Characters
Vertical characters are preferred to sloping characters. Only one style of character should be used for a
particular purpose throughout a drawing, and vertical characters should be used for titles, drawing
numbers and reference numbers.
Upper case lettering should be used except that lower case letters shall be used for conventional signs and
symbols normally requiring such characters, eg. mm, kg, kPa and all other SI units where required.
Underlined lettering should be avoided. Special emphasis, where required, may be given by the use of larger
characters.
A4 - 8
Where necessary for clarity or to prevent misinterpretation between upper case I lower case l and the
numeral '1', serifs may be added, or use made of the ISO alphabet and numerals in Figs. A4.3 and A4.4. The
following examples indicate possible solutions:
Illustration 1 a
Illustration 1 a
The letters O and I should not be used in combination with numbering owing to the liability of confusion
with the numerals 0 and 1.
All characters in a drawing shall be kept clear of lines.
Note: Where a line precludes this requirement, the line may be interrupted sufficiently to accommodate
characters. See Fig. A4.5.
A4.2.7 Decimal Sign and Fractions

A4.2.7.1
Decimal Sign
The decimal sign for technical drawings and associated documents should be a dot preferably on the line, or at
mid-height. An example is shown in Fig. A4.6.
0.35
Fig. A4.6 Example of decimal form
The diameter of the dot shall be twice the thickness of the line used to form the character or 1 mm, whichever
is greater, and should be given a full character space.
Notes:
1.
Standards Australia, after an earlier recommendation in favour of the comma as the decimal sign, has
now reverted to the use of the dot, following an overwhelming preference for the dot by the
Australian community.
2.
The decimal comma is commonly used in some overseas countries.
A4 - 9
3.
A4.2.7.2
The preferred location of the dot on the line, prevents some numbers being inadvertently read
upside down. eg. 60.9.
Decimal Fractions
Where the quantity is less than unity, the decimal sign shall be preceded by the cipher 0 (See Fig. A4.6).
A4.2.8 Reference Numbers

Numbers referring to items in lists should be enclosed as shown in Fig. A4.7. The enclosing lines should be
the same thickness as Type B lines in Table A3.1.
A4.2.9 Dimension Lines and Symbols

A4.2.9.1
General
A dimension line on any drawing must clearly and accurately indicate the extent and direction of the
dimension, and the work so arranged to permit the dimension figure to be clearly identified.
Associated with dimension lines are extension lines, arrowheads, dots and leaders, which have developed as
the universal method of providing the reader with an accurate identification of the lines and surfaces to which
they refer.
Extension lines are usually drawn at right angles to dimension lines, but may be varied in the interests of
clarity. See Fig A4.8.
In general, the shorter dimensions are placed closest to the object outline. This makes for a tidy presentation,
and makes it unnecessary for extension lines to cross dimension lines, which is to be avoided. A dimension
line should never co-incide with, or form a continuation of any hue on a drawing, and dimension lines should
not cross one another.
A4 - 10
Where these lines and symbols are used on technical drawings, the size of characters, and spacing and
thickness of lines and characters shall comply with Tables A3.1 and A4.1 and Fig. A3.2.1 and A3.2.2.
A4.2.9.2
Arrowheads
Arrowheads should be uniform in size and style throughout the drawing, and should not vary with size of the
drawing sheet, or the length of dimensions. They should be drawn freehand with the length and width in ratio
of 3:1, or in the open style as illustrated in Fig. A4.9.
A4.2.9.3
Leaders
A leader should be a thin continuous line leading from a note, reference cipher, or dimension, and terminating
with a dot or arrowhead touching the part to which it refers. A leader should generally be an inclined straight
line, and if near each other, drawn parallel. Leader lines should not intersect. This helps to preserve neatness
and clarity, always essential qualities in a drawing.
A leader to a circle should be radial, so that if extended, it would pass through the centre.
A4 - 11
A4.2.10
Dots
A4.2.10.1
Dots terminating Line
Dots used for terminating dimension lines shall be of a diameter that is approximately three times the
thickness of the dimension line which they terminate, but shall not be less than 1.5 mm. See Fig. A4.10.
A4.2.10.2 Dots terminating Leaders

Dots used for terminating leaders shall be of a diameter that is approximately twice the thickness of the
leaders which they terminate, but shall not be less than 1 mm.
4.2.11
Use of Arrowheads and Dots
In drawings of individual items, leaders to notes should terminate in arrowheads; however, in assembly
drawings dots are preferred for the termination of leaders to notes and item numbers. See Fig.A4.11.
A4 - 12
A4.3 Standard Char acters and Freehand Lettering

The general form and proportions of characters used in surveying and engineering presentations is shown in
Fig A4.2.
In all forms of lettering, uniformity is essential. Uniformity in height, inclination, line thickness, spacing of
letters within words, spacing of words and lines of lettering ensures a pleasing effect. Uniformity in height
and inclination should be controlled by the use of guidelines.
A4.4 Optical Illusions
Good lettering is a function of artistic design, in which white and black areas are harmoniously balanced to
give a pleasing appearance. Letters are designed to compensate for anomalies in perception.
The height/width ratio of letters vary, as well as the placing of horizontal strokes in B, E, F and H slightly
higher and lower to overcome optical illusions.
A5 - 1
Appendix A5
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS & MAP PROJECTIONS

A5.1 Co-ordinate Systems.
A5.1.1 The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66).
AGD66 was adopted for use throughout Australia in 1966 replacing the various systems in use by individual
States up until that time. This system has remained in use in Victoria and will continue to be used until 1
January 2000 when GDA94 will become the officially sanctioned datum.
AGD66 is defined by the position of the Johnston Geodetic Station (near Alice Springs) on the Australian
National Spheroid (ANS) as determined in the National Adjustment of 1966 which provided the AGD66 coordinate set.
As satellite and Very Long Base Line Interferometry (VLBI) measurements utilising radio telescopes became
available and as further densification of the national network occurred, a further national adjustment was
undertaken in 1982 resulting in the AGD84 co-ordinate set. This set was adopted by several States which
considered it to offer advantages over the AGD66 set but was not adopted by either Victoria or New South
Wales.
A5.1.2 The Geodetic Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94).
With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), it became possible to obtain geodetic quality
measurements over distances from a few to hundreds of kilometres with relative ease. Although originally an
American military navigation and positioning system it has been enthusiastically embraced by both civilian
and surveying users.
This assisted in the decision to adopt an earth centred datum on a global rather than local ellipsoid (Geodetic
Reference System 80 or GRS80) for a new national adjustment utilising both conventional and GPS
observations to define the GDA94 national data set.
GDA94 is realised through the global solution of the Australian Fiducial Network and Australian National
Network (AFN and ANN) Stations.
The AFN now consists of eight permanently tracking GPS sites which help to provide data to monitor
movement of the Australian Plate and also assist in GPS constellation integrity monitoring.
Pending completion of the computation of relevant transformation parameters and of the readjustment of the
secondary and tertiary control networks, GDA values will be available for use in Victoria from 1 January,
2000.
A5 - 2
A5.2 Projections A5.2.1 The Australian Map Grid 1966 (AMG66).
Geodetic co-ordinates are usually expressed in terms of latitudes and longitudes. It is more convenient for
many uses to employ a system of rectangular grid co-ordinates.
The standard representation of the curved earth on a map sheet is by the Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) projection. The Transverse Mercator projection is a variation of a simple cylindrical projection drawn
or projected onto a vertical cylinder tangential at the equator to the spheroid representing the earth.
The UTM system has Zones of 6 degrees width in longitude with the Scale Factor at the Central Meridian of
each Zone equal to 0.9996.
The zones are numbered sequentially from Greenwich.
Land surveys in Victoria lie in either Zone 54 or Zone 55 (Fig. A7.2 in Appendix 7 shows the zone
boundaries in Victoria).
For cadastral and survey co-ordination purposes, the Parishes in Victoria have been assigned to zones and are
listed in Schedule 5 of the Survey Co-ordination (Surveys) Regulations 1992 (see also section 7.7.2 and Fig.
7.3 of Survey Practice Handbook, Part 2).
To avoid the problem of negative co-ordinates south of the equator or west of the Central Meridian, a false
origin is used which adds 500,000m to the easting values and 10,000,000m to the Northing values.
Rigorous formulae and worked examples for computations on the AMG may be found in the Australian
Geodetic Datum Technical Manual (Special Publication No. 10) published by the National Mapping Council.
This is also available through the AUSLIG Web page:
http://www.auslig.gov.au
A5.2.2 The Map Grid of Australia 1994 (MGA94).
The MGA94 has been named as such to distinguish it from the AMG66. The grid is still the UTM system,
however, the difference of approximately 200m between the AGD66 and GDA94 origins is reflected in the
co-ordinate differences between AMG66 and MGA94. The co-ordinate shift from AMG66 to MGA94 is to
the north east consisting of about 115m. E-W and 175m. N-S.
The same Zone widths, scale factors and false origins will apply to MGA94 as to AMG66 and computations
on the grid will use the same formulae after due allowance is made for the differing figure of the Earth.
A5.2.3 VICGRID Co-ordinates
In 1995, Geographic Data Victoria (GDV), formally announced that a new map projection called VICGRID is
to be adopted for the Victorian Geographic Information System Database. This new projection to replace the
previously used VICMAP-TM (sometimes referred to as pseudo-AMG).
A5 - 3
The specifications of VICGRID are as follows:

VICGRID co-ordinates (metres) are derived from Lambert's Conformal Conic projection of latitudes and
longitudes on the Australian Geodetic Datum - 1966 (AGD66) with standard parallels of latitude at 36S. and
38S. and a central meridian of longitude at 145E.
The origin of VICGRID co-ordinates is 2,500,000 metres west and 4,500,000 metres south of the
intersection of the parallel of latitude 37 S. and the central meridian of longitude at 145 E.
Formulae for VICGRID are listed in Appendix D attached to "Report to the Office of Geographic Data Coordination on a suitable map projection for the Victorian Geographic Information System Database", October
1994. The report, together with software, is available from Geographic Data Victoria (GDV).
A6 - 1
Appendix A6
ABBREVIATIONS
A6.1 List of Abbreviation Tables
Table A6.1
This table contains general abbreviations of an English word or of two or more English words of common use
in surveying in Victoria. In accordance with recommended practice, uppercase letters shall be used except
where otherwise shown in the table.
Table A6.2
This table gives the interpretation of the abbreviations listed in Table A6.1.
Table A6.3
This table is an extract of abbreviations of terms used on architectural and building drawings, and which are
not elsewhere included above.
Table A6.4
This table gives the interpretation of the abbreviations listed in Table A6.3.
A6.2 Use Of Abbreviations
A6.2.1 Clarity
Abbreviations shall be used only when their meanings are unquestionably clear to the intended reader WHEN IN DOUBT, SPELL IT OUT.
A6.2.2 Word Combinations
An abbreviation of a word combination shall not be separated for use singly. Single abbreviations may be
combined when necessary if there is no abbreviation listed for the combination.
A6.2.3 Syntax
Unless otherwise indicated herein, the same abbreviation shall be used for all tenses, the possessive case,
participate endings, and singular or plural, and noun and modifying forms.
A6.2.4 Punctuation
Punctuation marks which do not appear in this appendix shall not be used with the abbreviation of a technical
term.
A6 - 2
A6.3 References
Many of the abbreviations listed in Table A6.1 are already set out in Australian Standard 1100, Part 101 1984.
Also included is a section on SI Units and their multiples and sub-multiples. These have been repeated here to
provide a single reference document for more particular use in the practice of surveying.
The supplementary Table A6.3 has been extracted from tables in AS 1100, Part 301 - 1985 Architectural
Drawing.
Information on abbreviations of terms in common use on mechanical and structural engineering drawings,
which were in previous editions of this handbook, may be found in the Australian Engineering Drawing
Handbook Part 1 - Revised 1982.
A6 - 3
TABLE A6.1
Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use in Surveying in Victoria
Word(s)
Abbrevlation
adopt
aggregate
agricultural
agricultural pipe drain
alley
allotment
altitude
amendment
ampere
approved
approximate
arc
arcade
asbestos cement
astronomical
assumed datum
atmosphere
Australia/Australian
Australian geodetic datum
Australian height datum
Australian map grid
Australian national spheroid
Australian standard
auxiliary
avenue
average
azimuth
AD
AQQR
AG
APD
AL
ALLOT
ALT
AMDT
A
APPD
APPROX
A
ARC
AC
ASTRO
ASSD
ATM
AUS
AGD
AHD
AMG
ANS
AS
AUX
AV
AVG
AZ
back of
back sight
barb
bearing
bench mark
bitumen
bluestone (Victorian basalt)
block
bottom
boulevard
boundary
brass
brick
brick veneer
brickwork
bridge
British standard
bronze
building
building line
BK OF
BS
BB
BRG
BM
BIT
BSTONE
BLK
BOT
BLVD
BDY
BRS
BK
BV
BWK
BR
BS
BRZ
BLDG
BL
calculated
capacity
carnageway
cast iron
cement lined (pipe)
cemetery
centimetre
central plan office
centre
centre of
centreline
centre to centre
certificate of adjustment
certificate of correction
certificate of title
CALC
CAP
CWAY
Cl
CL
CEM or C
cm
CPO
CEN
C OF
CL
C TO C
C OF A
C OF C
C/T
certified plan
chain wire mesh
change of grade
change point
channel
chase
CP
CWM
C OF G
CP
CHNL
CHA
Expl
Note
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Word(s)
Abbrevlation
chord
church
circle
circuit
ci rcu it (roadway)
circumference
circus
close (roadway)
coefficient
column
common tangent point
computed
concourse
concrete
concrete block
construction
contour
coordinate
corner
corrected
corrosion-resistant steel
(stainless steel)
corrugated
corrugated galvanized iron
court
creek
crescent
crossfall
crossing
crossover
cross section
crown allotment
crown grant
crown portion
crown section
cubic metre
cubic millimetre
cycle per second (frequency)
culvert
C
CH
CIRC
CCT
C I RT
CIRC
CIR
CL
COEF
COL
CTP
COMP
CON
CONC
CB
CONSTR
CTR
COORD
CNR
CORR
declination
degree (angular)
degree Celsius
department
depression
detail
diagram
diameter
inside
outside
dimension
distance
division
drain
drawing
dnve
driveway
dwelling
DECL
C
DEPT
DEPN
DET
DIAG
DIA
ID
OD
DIM
DIST
DIV
DR
DRG
DV
DVWY
DWG
easement
East
eccentric
electric
electric light pole
electromagnetic distance
measurement
elevation
engineering
equivalent
estimate
esplanade
exclude
EMT
E
ECC
ELEC
ELP
CRES
CORR
CGI
CT
CK
CRES
XFALL
XING
XOVER
XSECT
CA
C/G
CP
SEC
m3
mm3
Hz
CULV
Expl
Note
(2)
E DM
ELEV
ENG
EQUIV
EST
ESP
EXC
A6 - 4
Word(s)
Abbreviation
existing
expansion
external
Word(s)
Abbreviation
EXST
EXP
EXT
kilopascal
kilovolt ampere
knot
kPa
kVa
kn
face of
fall
fence
field book
field records
figure
finished floor height
folio
foresight
forward
found
freeway
frequency
audio
intermediate
low
medium
high
very high
ultra high
full supply level
F OF
F
F
FB
FRS
FIG
FFH
FOL
FS
FWD
FD
FWY
FREQ
AF
IF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
FSL
lane
latitude
left
left hand
left hand side
level
level book
licensed surveyor
litre
lodged plan
longitude
low pressure
low voltage
low water mark
LA
LAT
L
LH
LHS
LEV
LB
LS
I
LP
LONG
LP
LV
LWM
galvanized
galvanized iron
galvanized iron pipe
galvanized mild steel
galvanized wrought iron
gazette
glade
government
gram
grange
grid north
ground level
grove
QALV
Gl
GIP
GALV MS
GWI
GAZ
GLA
GOVT
g
GRA
GN
GL
GV
magnetic
magnetic north
manhole
manhole cover
mark
maximum
mean sea level
megalitre
megapascal
metre
metre per second
mild steel
millilitre
millimetre
minimum
minute (angular)
minute (time)
miscellaneous
mount
MAG
MN
MH
MHC
MK
MAX
MSL
Ml
MPa
m
m/s
MS
ml
mm
MIN
....'
min
MISC
MT
hectare
height
hertz
high pressure
high voltage
high water mark
highway
hinge joint
horizontal
horizontal board
hour
ha
HT
Hz
HP
HV
HWM
HWY
HJOINT
HORIZ
HORIZ BD
h
natural surface
nautical mile
netting
new peg
new peg and trench
new trench
North
not defined
not to scale
number
NS
n mile
NETT
NP
NPT
NT
N
NOT DEF
NTS
NO
OP
include
inside diameter
instrument point
internal
International System of Units
(Systeme International d Unites)
intersection point
invert
invert height
irrigation
island
INCL
ID
IP
INT
SI
old peg
old peg and trench OPT
old trench
original
original plan
ornamental wire
outside diameter
overall
overhead
kerb
kilogram
kilolitre
kilometre
KB
kg
kl
km
paling
parade
parallel
part
pedestrian
permanent
permanent mark
picket
PAL
PDE
PAR
PT
PED
PERMT
PM
PIC
IP
INV
IH
IRR
IS
Expl.
Note
(2)
(2)
(2)
Expl.
Note
OT
ORIG
OP
ORN W
OD
OA
OH
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
A6 - 5
Word(s)
Abbrevlation
pipe line
place
plain
plan of cluster subdivision
plan of consolidation (Land Titles
Office)
plan of strata subdivision
plan of subdivision
plan of subdivision (1988 onwards)
plan of survey
plinth
polyvinylacetate
polytetrafluoroethylene
polyvmylchlonde
portion
position
post and wire
post office
pressure
primary cadastral mark
promenade
public
PTFE
PVC
PORT
POS
P &W
PO
PRESS
PCM
PROM
PUB
quadrant
quantity
QUAD
QTY
radian
radius
railway
reduced (chainage)
reduced level
reference
reference mark
registered survey mark
registered surveyor
regulation
reinforced concrete
reinforced concrete pipe
reinforcement
relative humidity
required
reserve
right
right hand
right hand side
nnglock
rise
river
road
root mean square
round
rad
RAD
RLY
R
RL
REF
RM
RSM
RS
REG
RC
RCP
REINF
RH
REQD
RES
R
RH
RHS
RLOCK
R
R
RD
RMS
RD
schedule
secant distance
second (angular)
SCHED
SEC
.
Expl
Note
Word(s)
Abbrevlation
PL
PL
PL
CS
PC
second (time)
section (crown)
section
sewer
sheet
s
SEC
SECT
SEW
SH
SP
LP
PS
PS
PL
PVA
South
split
square
square centimetre
square kilometre
S
SP
SQ
cm2
km2
square metre
square millimetre
standard
standard survey mark
standard temperature and
pressure
station
steel
street
structure
m2
mm2
STD
SSM
tangent distance
tangent point
temperature
temporary bench mark
terrace
Title Plan of Subdivision
tonne
Transfer of Land Act
traverse
tngonometncal
true north
TAN
TP
TEMP
TBM
TCE
TP
t
TLA
TRAV
TRIG
TN
underground
U/G
vapour pressure
vertical
vertical board
vertical curve
vertical interval
Victoria
vitrified clay
volt
volume
VP
VERT
VERT BD
VC
VI
VIC
VC
V
VOL
water level, wateriine

weatherboard
weld mesh
West
wire
wood
wrought iron
WL
WB
WELD M
W
W
WD
Wl
year
(2)
(2)
Expl
Note
(2)
STP
STA
STL
ST
STR
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
EXPLANATORY NOTES
(1) This abbreviation conforms to ISO 3166 - Code for the Representation of Names of Countries
(2) These have particular reference to descriptions of fences and structures
A6 - 6
TABLE A6.2
Interpretation of abbreviations Listed in Table A6.1
Abbreviation Word(s)
A
A
a
AC
AD
AF
AG
AGD
AGGR
AH D
AL
ALLOT
ALT
AMG
AMDT
ANS
APD
APPD
APPROX
ARC
AS
ASSD
ASTRO
ATM
AUS
AUX
AV
AVG
AZ
ampere
arc
year
asbestos cement
adopt
audio frequency
agricultural
Australian geodetic datum
aggregate
Australian height datum
alley
allotment
altitude
Australian map grid
amendment
Australian national spheroid
agricultural pipe drain
approved
approximate
arcade
Australian standard
assumed datum
astronomical
atmosphere
Australia/Australian
auxiliary
avenue
average
azimuth
BB
BDY
BIT
BK
BK OF
BL
BLDG
BLK
BLVD
BM
BOT
BR
BRG
BRS
BRZ
BS
BS
BSTONE
BV
BWK
barb
boundary
bitumen
brick
back of
building line
building
block
boulevard
bench mark
bottom
bridge
bearing
brass
bronze
back sight
British standard
bluestone (Victorian basalt)
brick veneer
brickwork
CL
CL
cm
cm^
CNR
COEF
C OF
C OF A
C OF C
C OF G
COL
COMP
CON
CONC
CONSTR
COORD
CORR
CORR
CGI
CP
CP
CP
CP
CPO
ORES
CRES
CS
CT
C/T
C TO C
CTP
CTR
CULV
CWAY
CWM
close (roadway)
centreline
centimetre
square centimetre
comer
coefficient
centre of
certificate of adjustment
certificate of correction
change of grade
column
computed
concourse
concrete
construction
coordinate
corrected
corrugated
corrugated galvanized iron
certified plan
change point
crown portion
plan of consolidation (Office of Titles)
central plan office
crescent
corrosion-resistant steel (stainless steel)
plan of cluster subdivision
court
certificate of title
centre to centre, centres
common tangent point
contour
culvert
carriageway
chain wire mesh
DECL
DEPN
DEPT
DET
DIA
DIAG
DIM
DIST
DIV
DR
DV
DVWY
DWG
DRG
declination
depression
department
detail
diameter
diagram
dimension
distance
division
drain
drive
driveway
dwelling
drawing
C
CA
CALC
CAP
CB
CCT
CEM or C
CEN
C/G
CH
CHA
CHNL
Cl
CIR
CIRC
CIRC
CIRT
CK
CL
chord
crown allotment
calculated
capacity
concrete block
circuit
cemetery
centre
crown grant
church
chase
channel
cast iron
circus
circle
circumference
circuit (roadway)
creek
cement lined (pipe)
E
ECC
EDM
ELEC
ELEV
ELP
EMT
ENG
EQUIV
ESP
EST
EXCL
EXP
EXST
EXT
East
eccentric
electromagnetic distance measurement
electric
elevation
electric light pole
easement
engineering
equivalent
esplanade
estimate
exclude
expansion
existing
external
F
F
FB
fall
fence
field book
A6 - 7
FD
FFH
FIG
FRS
F OF
FOL
FREQ
FS
FSL
FWD
FWY
found
finished floor height
figure
field records
face of
folio
frequency
foresight
full supply level
forward
freeway
LONG
LP
LP
LP
LS
LV
LWM
longitude
lodged plan
low pressure
plan of subdivision
Licensed Surveyor
low voltage
low water mark
g
GALV
GALV MS
GAZ
Gl
GIP
QL
GLA
GN
GOVT
GRA
GV
GW]
gram
galvanized
galvanized mild steel
gazette
galvanized iron
galvanized iron pipe
ground level
glade
grid north
government
grange
grove
galvanized wrought iron
h
ha
HF
H JOINT
HORIZ
HORIZ BD
HP
HT
HV
HWM
HWY
Hz
Hz
hour
hectare
high frequency
hinge joint
horizontal
horizontal board
high pressure
height
high voltage
high water mark
highway
cycle per second (frequency)
hertz
m
m2
m3
MAG
MAX
MF
MH
MHC
MIN
mm
MISC
MK
Ml
ml
mm
mm2
mm3
MN
MPa
MS
m/s
MSL
MT
metre
square metre
cubic metre
magnetic
maximum
medium frequency
manhole
manhole cover
minimum
minute (time)
miscellaneous
mark
megalitre
millilitre
millimetre
square millimetre
cubic millimetre
magnetic north
megapascal
mild steel
metre per second
mean sea level
mount
ID
IF
IH
1NCL
INT
INV
IP
IP
IRR
IS
inside diameter
intermediate frequency
invert height
include
internal
invert
instrument point
intersection point
irrigation
island
N
NETT
n mile
NO
NOT DEF
NP
NPT
NS
NT
NTS
North
netting
nautical mile
number
not defined
new peg
new peg and trench
natural surface
new trench
not to scale
KB
kg
kl
km
km2
kn
kPa
kVA
kerb
kilogram
talolitre
kilometre
square kilometre
knot
kilopascal
kilovolt ampere
OA
OD
OH
OP
OP
OPT
ORIG
ORN W
OT
overall
outside diameter
overhead
old peg
original plan
old peg and trench
original
ornamental wire
old trench
L
I
LA
LAT
LB
LEV
LF
LH
LHS
left
litre
lane
latitude
level book
level
low frequency
left hand
left hand side
P&W
PAL
PAR
PDE
PED
PERMT
PIC
PL
PL
PL
PL
PM
PO
PORT
P08
PRESS
post and wire

paling
parallel
parade
pedestrian
permanent
picket
pipe line
place
plain
plinth
permanent mark
post office
portion
position
pressure
PART 1 1997 Appendix
A6 - 8
PROM
PT
PTFE
PUB
PVA
PVC
promenade
part
polytetrafluoroethylene
public
polyvinylacetate
polyvinylchloride
QTY
QUAD
quantity
quadrant
SP
SQ
SSM
ST
STA
STD
STL
STP
STR
split
square
standard survey mark
street
station
standard
steel
standard temperature and pressure
structure
R
R
R
R
RAD
rad
RC
RCP
RD
RD
REF
REG
REINF
REQD
RES
RH
RH
RHS
RL
RLOCK
RLY
RM
RMS
RP
RS
RSM
reduced (chainage)
right
rise
river
radius
radian
reinforced concrete
reinforced concrete pipe
road
round
reference
regulation
reinforcement
required
reserve
relative humidity
right hand
right hand side
reduced level
ringlock
railw ay
reference mark
root mean square
plan of strata subdivision
registered surveyor
registered survey mark
t
TAN
TBM
TCE
TEMP
TLA
TN
TP
TRAV
TRIG
tonne
tangent distance
temporary bench mark
terrace
temperature
Transfer of Land Act
true north
tangent point
traverse
trigonometrical
UHF
U/G
ultra high frequency

underground
V
VC
VC
VERT
VERT BD
VHF
VI
VIC
VOL
VP
volt
vertical curve
vitrified clay
vertical
vertical board
very high frequency
vertical interval
Victoria
volume
vapour pressure
S
s
SCHED
SEC
SEC
SECT
SEW
SH
SI
South
second (time)
schedule
crown section
secant distance
section
sewer
sheet
International System of Units
(Systeme International d' Unites)
W
W
WB
WD
WELD M
WL
Wl
West
wire
weatherboard
wood
weld mesh
water level, waterline
wrought iron
XFALL
XING
XOVER
XSECT
crossfall
crossing
crossover
cross section
A6 - 9
TABLE A6.3
Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use on Architectural and Building Drawings
Word(s)
Abbreviation
Word(s)
Abbreviation
access opening
access panel
acid-proof floor
acid resistant
acid waste
acoustic
acoustic plaster ceiling
acoustic tile ceiling
acrylic
adhesive
air brick
aluminium
asbestos
asbestos cement board
asphalt
AO
AP
APF
AR
AW
ACST
APC
ATC
ACRY
ADH
AB
AL
ASB
ACBD
ASPH
earthenware
educt vent
effluent
expanded metal lath
expansion joint
EW
EV
EFF
EML
EJ
baffle
baseplate
basin
bearer
blanket
board
bookcase
boundary trap
briquette
bucket
built-in
BAF
BPL
B
BRR
BLKT
BD
BC
BT
BRIQ
BKT
B/I
fibrous plasterboard
fire alarm
fire water service
fire detector
fire extinguisher
fire hose rack/reel
fire hydrant
fire plug
fire resistant
floor
floor waste
flush fitting
flushometer tank
framework
FPBD
FA
FWS
FD
FE
FHR
FH
FP
FR
FLR
FW
FF
FT
FWK
GM
GPO
GRC
GRP
GEW
GVC
GRAND
cabinet
canopy
cantilever
casing
caulking
cavity
cavity wall
ceiling
ceiling joist
ceiling level
cement
cement render
chemical closet
chrome plated
chute
cleaning eye
clear glass
clock
closed circuit television
clothes drier
clothes washer
coating
cold water
cold water tank
collar tie
composition
concrete ceiling
concrete floor
contact adhesive
cooker
copper
corner
cut-off valve
cupboard
CAB
CAN
CANT
CSG
CLKG
CAV
CW
CLQ
CJ
CL
CEM
CR
CC
CP
CH
CE
CG
CK
CCTV
CD
CW
CTQ
CW
CWT
CW
COMP(O)
CC
CF
CA
C
Cu
CNR
COV
CPD
gas meter
general purpose outlet
glass reinforced concrete
glass reinforced plastic(s)
glazed earthenware
glazed vitrified clay
granolithic
grease interceptor trap GIT
hardboard
hardcore
hardwood
heater
hot water unit
HBD
HC
HWD
HTR
HW
indicator
induct vent
inspection chamber
inspection opening
insulation
interceptor trap
IND
IV
IC
10
INSUL
IT
lining
linoleum
liquefied petroleum gas
louvre
LNG
LI NO
LPG
LVR
main switchboard
masonry
meter
MSB
MSRY
M
natural ground level

nickel plated
NGL
NP
obscure glass
oil interceptor trap
oven
OG
OIT
0
damp-proof course
disconnector trap
dishwasher
distribution switchboard
double glazing
double hung
drinking fountain
DPC
DT
DW
DSB
DG
DH
DF
partition
pedestal
plasterboard
plate glass
plywood
precast
prefabricated
push-button
PTN
PED
PBD
PG
PLY
PC
PREFAB
PB
quadrant moulding
QUAD
A6 - 10
Word(s)
Abbreviation
Word(s)
Abbreviation
rainwater head
rainwater pipe
refrigerator
roller shutter
RWH
RWP
REFRIG
RS
terra cotta
terrazzo
time switch
tough plastic sheathed
TC
TRZO
TS
TPS
safe working load

safety valve
satin chrome plated
sewer drain
sewer vent pipe
shower
sliding door
softwood
standpipe
stopcock
stop tap
stop valve
stormwater drain
strawboard
SWL
SV
SCP
SD
SVP
SHR
SD
SWD
SP
SC
ST
SV
SWD
SBD
underside
urinal
utility
U/S
UR
UTIL
vapour barrier
vent pipe
ventilator
vinyl tiles
vitrified clay pipe
VB
VP
VENT
VT
VCP
telephone
television
TEL
TV
wallboard
wardrobe
waste pipe
washing machine
wash trough
water meter
waterproof membrane
WBD
WR
WP
WM
WT
WMR
WPM
yard gully
YG
A6 - 11
TABLE A6.4
Interpretation of Abbreviations Listed in Table A6.3
AB
ACBD
ACRY
ACST
ADH
Al
AO
AP
APC
APF
AR
ASB
ASPH
ATC
AW
air brick
asbestos cement board
acrylic
acoustic
adhesive
aluminium
access opening
access panel
acoustic plaster ceiling
acid-proof floor
acid-resistant
asbestos
asphalt
acoustic tile ceiling
acid waste
B
BAF
BC
BD
B/I
BKT
BLKT
BPL
BRIQ
BRR
BT
basin
baffle
bookcase
board
built-in
bucket
blanket
baseplate
briquette
bearer
boundary trap
C
CA
CAB
CAN
CANT
CAV
CC
CC
CCTV
CD
CE
CEM
CF
CG
CH
CK
CJ
CL
CLQ
CLKG
CNR
COMP(O)
CP
CPD
CR
CSG
CT
CTG
Cu
CW
CW
CW
CWT
cooker
contact adhesive
cabinet
canopy
cantilever
cavity
chemical closet
concrete ceiling
closed circuit television
clothes drier
cleaning eye cement
concrete floor
clear glass
chute
clock
ceiling joist
ceiling level
ceiling
caulking
corner
composition
chrome plated
cupboard
cement render
casing
collar tie
coating
copper
cavity wall
clothes washer
cold water
cold water tank
DF
DG
DH
DSB
DT
DW
drinking fountain
double glazed
double hung
distribution switchboard
disconnector trap
dishwasher
EFF
EJ
EML
EV
EW
effluent
expansion joint
expanded metal lath
educt vent
earthenware
FA
FD
fe
FF
FH
FHR
FLR
FP
FPBD
FR
FT
FW
FWK
FWS
fire alarm
fire detector
fire extinguisher
flush fitting
fire hydrant
fire hose rack/reel
floor
fire plug
fibrous plasterboard
fire resistant
flushometer tank
floor waste
framework
fire water service
GEW
G IT
GM
GPO
GRAND
GRC
GRP
GVC
glazed earthenware
grease interceptor trap
gas meter
general purpose outlet
granolithic
glass reinforced concrete
glass reinforced plastic(s)
glazed vitrified clay
HBD
HC
HTR
HW
HWD
hardboard
hardcore
heater
hot water unit
hardwood
IC
IND
INSUL
10
IT
IV
inspection chamber
indicator
insulation
inspection opening
interceptor trap
induct vent
LINO
LNG
LPG
LVR
linoleum
lining
liquefied petroleum gas
louvre
M
MSB
MSRY
meter
main switchboard
masonry
NP
NGL
nickel plated
natural ground level
0
OG
OIT
oven
obscure glass
oil interceptor trap
PB
PBD
PC
PED
PG
PLY
PREFAB prefabricated
PTN
push-button
plasterboard
precast
pedestal
plate glass
plywood
partition
A6 - 12
QUAD
quadrant moulding
REFRIG
RS
RWH
RWP
refrigerator
roller shutter
rainwater head
rainwater pipe
SBD
SC
SCP
SD
SD
SHR
SP
ST
SV
SV
SVP
SWD
SWD
SWL
strawboard
stopcock
satin chrome plated
sewer drain
sliding door
shower
standpipe
stop tap
safety valve
stop valve
sewer vent pipe
softwood
stormwater drain
safe working load
TC
TEL
terra cotta
telephone
TPS
sheathed
TRZO
TS
TV
tough plastic
UR
U/S
UTIL
urinal
underside
utility
VB
VCP
VENT
VP
VT
vapour barrier
vitrified clay pipe
ventilator
vent pipe
vinyl tiles
WBD
WM
WMR
WP
WPM
membrane
WR
WT
wallboard
washing machine
water meter
waste pipe
waterproof
YG
yard gully
terrazzo
time switch
television
wardrobe
wash trough
A7 - 1
Appendix A7
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
LEGEND
TOOLANGI OBSERVATORY RESULTS

ACCURACIES: PRE - 1948 ABOUT 0.2 - 0.5
POST - 1948 BETTER THAN 0.1
- - - - INDICATIONS FROM EARLIEST SURVEYS AROUND MELBOURNE

Fig. A7.1 Magnetic Declination - Historic Perspective
PART 1-1997 Appendix A7, - Page 1 of 2
A7 - 2
Appendix A7
PART 1-1997 Appendix A7, - Page 2 of 2
A8- 1
Appendix A8
LAYOUT OF PLANS
1
PLAN OF SURVEY
This Plan may be used for:
Subdivision Act 1988
Section 26
Transfer of Land Act 1958
Section 99
Section 103
Section 60 (Where all the land under survey is subject to adverse
possession)
ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY

Example 1
Example 2
1 Sheet
2 Sheets
2 Sheets
RECORD OF HAVING RE-ESTABLISHED A PARCEL Schedule 4 Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys)

Regulations 1995
Example
1 Sheet
4 SURVEY AND FEATURE PLAN

Example
1 Sheet
5 PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT
Example
1 Sheet
6 PLAN OF CROWN ALLOTMENTS

Example
2 Sheets
PLAN OF ROAD ALIGNMENT SURVEY

Example
1 Sheet
SUPPLEMENTARY ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY

Example 1
Example 2
1 Sheet
2 Sheets
PLAN LAYOUTS REQUIRED FOR SUBDIVISION ACT 1988

Example 1 Plan of Subdivision 2 Lots
2 Sheets
Example 2 Plan of Subdivision showing specified easements
2 Sheets
Example 3 Plan of Consolidation
1 Sheet
Example 4 Plan of Creation of Easement
1 Sheet
PART 1 -1997, - Appendix A8
A8-2
PLAN LAYOUTS REQUIRED FOR SUBDIVISION ACT 1988 (Continued)

Example 5 Plan of Removal of Easement
1 Sheet
Example 6 Plan of Variation of Easement
1 Sheet
Example 7 Plan of Creation of Restriction
1 Sheet
Example 8 Creation of Restriction in Plan of Subdivision
1 Sheet
or Consolidation
Example 9A Plan of Removal/Variation of a Restriction
1 Sheet
Example 9B Plan of Subdivision Removing a Restriction
2 Sheets
Example 10 Master Plan of Staged Subdivision
3 Sheets
Example 11 Plan of Subdivision for Land Stage 2
2 Sheets
Example 12 Master Plan of a Staged Subdivision
3 Sheets
with a Body Corporate

Example 13 Plan of Subdivision for a Staged 2
3 Sheets
with Body Corporate

Example 14 Plan of Subdivision in Strata
4 Sheets
with Body Corporate

Example 15 Plan of Subdivision for Road Widening,
including Acquisition Boundary Re-alignment
2 Sheets
and Acquiring Authority Land

Example 16 Plan of Subdivision of Road Deviation,
including Multiple Acquisition, Unencumbered
3 Sheets
Land, Additional Lots, Planning Permit,

Vesting of Reserves and Partial Survey
Example 17 Plan to Subdivide a Lot on a Strata Plan
where Common Property is not affected
2 Sheets
Example 18 Plan to Subdivide Lots on a Plan of

Subdivision where Common Property is affected
2 Sheets
Example 19 Plan to create a Body Corporate for existing Lots
3 Sheets
Example 20 Plan for vesting a reserve in Council and removing

a reservation
1 Sheet
10 TITLE PLAN
Example
1 Sheet
PART 1 -1997, - Appendix A8
No.1
PLAN OF SURVEY
This Plan may be used for:

Subdivision Act 1988
Section 26
Transfer of Land Act 1958 Section
99 Section 103
Section 60 (Where all the land under survey is subject to
adverse possession)
PART 1 -1997, Appendix A8 - Layout of Plans
No. 2
ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OF
SURVEY
Example 1
SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK-VICTORIA
PART 1 -1997, Appendix A8-Layout of Plans
No. 2
ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OF
SURVEY
Example 2
No. 3
RECORD OF HAVING REESTABLISHED A PARCEL
RECORD OF HAVING RE-ESTABLISHED A PARCEL

For Office use only
Parcel Identification
Address:
Parish of
53 Beresford Road
Golden Square 3555
9614 - 265
Title Vol Fol
Crown description/Plan reference Lot 28 LP 32547
E 258051, N5925778
Paracentroid
Sandhurst
Datum (including previous survey reference): PS 327180
Mark
PM90
PM92
PCM
111770014
PCM
111770015
Schedule of Co-ordinates
Description
Zone 55 AMG
Easting
258091.258
258090.93
Drill hole with wings in concrete
258043.05
footpath
Steel star post
258058.90
co-ordinates
Northing
5925780.868
5925677.14
5925802.50
5925795.39
AHD
value
Remarks
Datum
Found
Placed
Found
PS
327180
Combined height and scale factor used: 1.0003037

Reason if unable to connect to AMG:
Marks not available
Other..................
DIAGRAM OF SURVEY CONTROL MARKS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH ADOPTED ALIGNMENTS.
Surveyor's Name Joe Bloggs SMITH Name

of firm PCM Surveys Pty Ltd Surveyors
reference no. V273-15
Surveyor's Signature..........
Date of Survey: 25.7.1995
No. 4
SURVEY AND FEATURE PLAN
No. 5
PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT
No. 6
PLAN OF CROWN ALLOTMENTS
No. 7
PLAN OF ROAD ALIGNMENT SURVEY
No. 8
SUPPLEMENTARY ABSTRACT OF
FIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY
Example 1
No. 8
SUPPLEMENTARY ABSTRACT OF
FIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY
Example 2
No. 9
PLAN LAYOUTS REQUIRED FOR
SUBDIVISION ACT 1988
PART 1 - 1997, Appendix A8 - Layout of Plans
Example 7 (1 Sheet)
PLAN OF CREATION OF RESTRICTION
Use if creation is not done as part of a

Plan of Subdivision or Consolidation
Regulation 17 Subdivision (Procedures)

Regulations 1989 SUBDIVISION ACT 1988
PLAN OF CREATION OF RESTRICTION
The following restriction is to be created upon registration of this plan as directed in (insert name of planning
scheme amendment or planning permit number).
Land to Benefit: (Insert Land description.)
Land to be Burdened: (Insert Land description.)
Description of Restriction: (Insert description or refer to attached document.)
"Council Certification and Endorsement:
"Council Name:
REF.
1.
This plan is certified under section 6 of the Subdivision Act 1988.
*2.
This is a Statement of Compliance issued under section 21 of the Subdivision Act 1988.
"(Council delegate)
"(Council seal)
Date.....................................
* Delete if inapplicable.
Note 1:
Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet
If the burdened land or the land to benefit is less than the whole of the land in a folio of
the Register, the land description of the relevant parcels(s) must be supplied.
Example 8 (This sheet to form part of the plan)

CREATION OF RESTRICTION IN A PLAN OF
SUBDIVISION OR CONSOLIDATION
Regulation 17 Subdivision (Procedures) Regulations 1989
Plan Number: (Insert plan of subdivision or
consolidation number)
CREATION OF RESTRICTION
Upon registration of this plan the following restriction is to be created.
Land to benefit: (Insert lot numbers or other land description as appropriate.)
Land to be burdened: (Insert lot numbers or other land description as appropriate.)
Description of Restriction: (Insert details of restriction.)
Sheet of Sheets Licensed

Surveyor (Print)
Date / / Signature
Council Delegate Ref:
Date / /
Version
Signature
Note 1:
If a restriction is to be created other than as part of a plan of subdivision or

consolidation example 7 may be used with appropriate amendments. In such a case
the land benefited must be described.
Example 9A (1 Sheet) PLAN OF REMOVAL/VARIATION OF RESTRICTION

(Not as part
of a Plan of
Subdivision or Consolidation)
Regulation 17 Subdivision (Procedures) Regulations 1989 (Do not use a plan number)
PLAN OF *REMOVAL VARIATION OF RESTRICTION
Upon registration of this plan the following restriction is to be "removed *varied.

This "removal "variation is regulated or authorised by (insert the name and amendment number of
the planning scheme or planning permit number.)
Land over which the restriction is to be *varied "removed. (Insert Volume and Folio number or other
description as appropriate. Diagram may be attached).
Identity of restriction:
(Insert instrument number e.g. transfer number or plan number in
which the restriction was originally created.)
"'Variation:
(Insert details of the variation regulated or authorised by the planning scheme or

permit.)
1.
The plan is certified under section 6 of the Subdivision Act 1988.
2.
This is a Statement of Compliance issued under section 21 of the Subdivision Act 1988.
"'(Council delegate)
"'(Council seal)
Date / /
Applicant/Surveyor:
(Applicant to sign each page if plan not prepared by a

surveyor, otherwise surveyor to sign.)
Date / / *Delete if inapplicable.
Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet
Note 1:
A copy of the amendment to the planning scheme and a copy of the page of the
Government Gazette in which the amendment is approved must accompany this
application. If a planning permit is relied upon then the original permit or copy must
accompany this application.
Note 2:
If the plan has more than one sheet, each sheet must be numbered. Each sheet
must be signed and dated by Council delegate and applicant or surveyor.
Note 3
If the removal or variation of a restriction is to be done as part of a plan of

subdivision or consolidation a suitable notation on the plan may be sufficient - See
Example 9B.
No.10
TITLE PLAN

Survey Practice Handbook - Part 1 Drawing Practice

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Survey Practice Handbook - Part 1 Drawing Practice

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SURVEY PRACTICE

ISBN 0 7241 4736 5

Part 1 - Drawing Practice

First Published in 1984

ISBN 0 7241 4736 5

PREFACE TO 1997 REVISION

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA

PART 1 -1997 -- Page i

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA

PART 1 -1997 -- Page ii

Evolution of Names of Administering Authorities

GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION - The Graphic Language and Design

1.1 Development of Technical Presentation

1.2 The Graphic Language and Design

1.3 The Surveyor's Responsibility

1.4 Inter-disciplinary Communication

1.5 Adoption of the International System of Units (SI)

DIGITAL DATA - Surveying Software and Future Directions

2.2 Digital Data

2.2.1 Data Structure

2.2.2 Data Flow

2.2.3 Data Exchange and Standards

2.3 Surveying Software

2.4 The Future

DIGITAL DATA - Creation - Management - Distribution

3.2 Creating and Gathering of Digital Data

3.3 Distribution of Digital Data

3.3.1.2 Magnetic Disk

3.3.1.3 Magnetic Tape

3.3.1.4 Existing Data Bases

3.4 Management of Digital Data

3.5 Hard Copy

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA

DRAWINGS - Materials, Sheet Sizes and Layouts

A1.1.3 Pre-printed sheets

A1.1.4 Intermediates (or Reproducibles)

A1.2.1 Preferred and Non-preferred Sheets

A1.2.2 Oversize Sheets

A1.2.3 Roll Drawings

Layout of Drawing Sheets

A1.3.1 Size of Borders

A1.3.2 Print Trimming Line

A1.3.3 Alpha - Numeric Referencing

A1.3.4 Sheet Designation and Title Blocks

A1.3.5 Drawing Numbers

SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES

A2.1.1 Standard Scales

A2.1.2 Indication of Scales

A2.1.3 Single Scales

A2.1.4 Multiple Scales

A2.1.5 Determination of Original Sheet Size and Scale

Identification of North Points on Cadastral Plans

Notes on Magnetic Declination

A2.3.1 Grid Convergence

Presentation of Survey Data on Plans

A2.4.2 Positioning of Lettering

A2.4.3 Typical Examples of Survey Drawings

A2.4.4 Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA

SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES (Continued)

A2.4.6 Size of Plans in Handbook

A2.4.7 Scale Selection for Plans

A2.4.8 Computer Aided Drafting

A2.4.9 Digital Lodgement of Subdivisions