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4. Material: The Resources of Learning. Materials are resources available to the teacher and
learners which serve as stimuli in the teaching-learning situation. This may be either a "human
person" or a "physical object." The whole purpose of materials is to initiate the students to the
"real world" they live in. Instructional materials represent elements found in that world are are
meant to help students understand and explain reality. Portraying reality can be by direct
experience, reproduction, representation or abstraction
5. Media: Communication in Teaching and Learning. This pertains to the communication system
in the teaching-learning situation. This serves dual purpose: to promote common understanding
in instruction and to set and maintain a healthy psychological climate in the classroom
conducive to learning.
6. Motivation: Arousing and Sustaining Interest in Learning. Motivation is the cardinal principle in
learning. A learner will learn only those things he wants to learn.
7. Mastery: The Be-all and End-all of Learning. This means internalization of learning resulting
in automatic or habitual change behavior through meaningful repetition and application. Mastery
comes through a "fixation" of what is to be learned, shifting it from short-term to long-term
memory, allowing for ease in use and transfer to new situations in the future. Some call it
executive control"
8. Measurement: Getting Evidence of Learning. This is the final stage in the teaching-learning
sequence, involving the systematic collection of the evidence of learning. This is concerned with
the "behavior" aspect of the objective.
In preparing for teaching, the teacher should take all of these elements into consideration.
These constitute thew warp and woof of a unified unit and session plan or Plantilla.