Title: Study of Single Purchase Winch Crab.

Objective: To calculate the efficiency of Single Purchase Winch Crab.

Apparatus: Single Purchase Winch, Weights, Hanger.
Diagram:

Introduction:
In a single purchase crab winch, a rope is fixed to the drum and is wound a few turns round it.
The free end of the rope carries the load W. A large toothed wheel known as spur wheel is rigidly
mounted on the load drum. Another small toothed wheel, called pinion, is geared with the spur
wheel.
Formula Used:
Let, Tl = Number of teeth on the pinion
T2 = Number of teeth on the spur wheel
L = Length of the handle
d = Diameter of the drum
Consider one revolution of the handle. Then, distance moved by the effort = 2L
Number of revolutions made by the pinion = 1 and number of revolutions made by the spur
wheel = T1 / T2
Distance moved by the load = d / (T1 / T2)

V.R = (Distance moved by P) / (Distance moved by W)

= 2L / d / (T1 / T2)
= (2L /d) / (T2 / T1)
M.A = W / P
= M.A / V.R
Procedure:
1. Firstly stabilize the single purchase crab machine and wrap the cord around the load drum
and the effort wheel.
2. Put some weight on the load drum. And add the some effort to the effort wheel via
hanger.
3. Hit the machine with some material, thus you will see some kind of movement in the load
drum as well as in effort wheel.
4. Write down the reading in the observation table
5. After this apply the above procedure, four to five times with gradually increasing the
Load as well as Effort to the load drum and effort pulley respectively.
6. Write down the all reading in the given observation table.
7. Measure the radius of the load drum and the radius of the effort wheel.
8. Calculate the MA, VR and of machine.
Observation table:

S.No.

Load (W) in gram.

Effort (P) in gram.

Precautions:
1. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.
2. Trapping should be done after adding the weight in the effort hanger.
3. Overlapping of string should not be there.
Source of error:
1. Frictions in the pulley.
2. Effort being pulled suddenly.
Result: The efficiency of the single purchase winch crab is..

Title: Study of Double Purchase Winch Crab.

Objective: To calculate the efficiency of Double Purchase Winch Crab.
Apparatus: Single Purchase Winch, Weights, Hanger.
Diagram:

Introduction:
In a double purchase crab winch the velocity ratio is obtained in two stages. In this lifting
machine there are two spur wheels of teeth T2 and T4 and two pinions of teeth Tl and T3.
The arrangement of spur wheels and pinions is such that the pinion with teeth T 1gears with the
spur wheel of teeth T2.
Similarly, the pinion with teeth T3 gears with spur wheel of teeth T4. The effort is applied at the
handle.
Formula Used
Consider one revolution of the handle.
Then, distance moved by the effort = 2L
No. of revolutions made by the pinion 1 = T1
No. of revolutions made by the spur wheel 2 = T2

No. of revolutions made by the spur wheel 3 = T1 / T2

No. of revolutions made by the spur wheel 4 = (T1 / T2).(T3 / T4)
Distance moved by the load = d.(T1 / T2).(T3 / T4)
V.R = (Distance moved by the effort) / (Distance moved by the load)
= 2L / [d.(T1 / T2).(T3 / T4)]
= (2L / d).(T1 / T2).(T3 / T4)
M.A = W / P
= M.A / V.R
Procedure:
1. Firstly stabilize the double purchase crab machine and wrap the cord around the load
drum and the effort wheel.
2. Put some weight on the load drum. And add the some effort to the effort wheel via
hanger.
3. Hit the machine with some material, thus you will see some kind of movement in the load
drum as well as in effort wheel.
4. Write down the reading in the observation table
5. After this apply the above procedure, four to five times with gradually increasing the
Load as well as Effort to the load drum and effort pulley respectively.
6. Write down the all reading in the given observation table.
7. Measure the radius of the load drum and the radius of the effort wheel.
8. Calculate the MA, VR and of machine.
Observation table:

S.No.

Load (W) in gram.

Effort (P) in gram.

Precautions:
1. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.
2. Trapping should be done after adding the weight in the effort hanger.
3. Overlapping of string should not be there.
Source of error:
1. Frictions in the pulley.
2. Effort being pulled suddenly.

Title: Study of Simple Screw Jack.

Objective: To find the Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of Simple and
Compound screw-jack.
Apparatus: Simple and compound screw jack, Load to be lifted (W), Weights or
Effort to be applied (P), Vernier caliper, Pan, Weight box
Diagram:

Fig. Simple Screw Jack

Theory:
Screw Jack
It is a device used for lifting heavy loads which are usually centrally loaded by applying smaller
effort. It works on the principle of inclined plane. The device consists of a nut and screw. The
load is carried by screw head. The body consisting of a nut is fixed and screw is rotated by
means of a lever.
The axial distance moved by the screw when it makes one complete revolution is known as the
Lead of the screw. The distance between two consecutive threads is called Pitch of the screw. For
single threaded screw Lead = Pitch, and for double threaded screw L = 2p
Mechanical Advantage
It is the ratio of weight lifted to effort applied.
M.A. = W/ P
Velocity Ratio
It is the ratio of distance moved by the effort (y) to the distance moved by the load (x).
V.R. = y/ x
In one complete revolution of the lever by effort P:

Distance traveled by effort = 2 R

And, distance traveled by the load = p
Therefore, Velocity Ratio = 2 R / p
Compound Screw Jack
In one complete revolution of the effort wheel, the distance moved by the effort, y = p( D + d )
But since it is a compound screw jack,
Therefore for the load to be lifted through a distance p, the no. of revolutions required by the
effort wheel = No. of teeth on the gear, N.
Therefore for p distance moved by the load, the distance moved by the effort = p( D + d )N
Therefore, Velocity ratio = p ( D + d )N / p
Mechanical Efficiency = M.A./ V.R.
= (W / P) / (p ( D + d )N / p)
= (W. p) / (P p ( D + d )N)
Procedure :
Put load on the jack and start applying efforts gradually and record the observations as
the load just moves.
Observations :
Let, Load Lifted = W
Effort Applied = P
Effort Wheel Diameter ( D) = 130 mm
Diameter of the rope (d ) = 5 mm
Pitch of the screw ( p ) = 2.5 mm
No. of teeth on the gear ( N ) = 40
Weight of the Pan ( w ) = 150 gm
Observation Table:

Precautions:
1. Lubricate the jack well before use.
2. Apply effort gently.
3. Note the effort readings as the load just moves.