Oxford University Press

Review
Author(s): K. Bowie
Review by: K. Bowie
Source: The English Historical Review, Vol. 124, No. 507 (Apr., 2009), pp. 431-434
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20485603
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BOOK REVIEWS

431

ofMuslim 'infidels'
andHabsburgacquisition
areseentoprovide
ofTransylvania
for
Jesuits
withtheopportunity
tomoveintoa land
witha troubling
'reputation
heresy' and towin its population over to 'theTrue Faith' (p. 6). In I69I the

Transylvanian
dietoffered
loyalty
toLeopoldon thebasisofhisacceptance
of
thelegalrights
of theprincipality's
anti-Trinitarian
Evangelical,
Reformed,
and
Catholicismthereafter
Catholicchurches.
benefited
However,Transylvanian
of a
fromstrongstatesupport.
One strand
of thispolicywas thepromotion
Uniate church.In I692Leopolddeclaredthatthose
who lefttheOrthodox
church and united with Rome would be granted all the rightsgiven to Latin

inthesubsequent
theprominent
roleplayed
Catholics.
Shoreexamines
byJesuits
but is rather
direction
Uniatechurch
lackof
of this
unimpressed
by itsrelative
He alsonotesthelackofany
progress
among
Transylvania's
Romanian-speakers.
inCluj directly
to 'reach
substantial
efforts
byJesuits
out toa largely
illiterate
on conversion
EasternRite population',
insteadconcentrating
efforts
to the
Hungarian-speaking
Calvinistcommunity
(p. 82). Shore thendescribesthe
financial
supportprovidedby theHabsburgauthorities
to developa Jesuit
take-over
andalteration
ofchurch
academyinCluj, theJesuit
buildings,
anduse
of drama and othermeans to gain converts.He notes the growing numbers of

theCluj academy,
theapparent
ofJesuit
pupilsattending
popularity
plays,and
theerection
church
the
of aMary columnoutsidetheJesuit
which 'affirmed
ofCatholictheology
andUnitarianbeliefs'(p. I23).
overProtestant
triumph
of theJesuit
However,in theendShoreconcedesthattheresults
presencein
weresurprisingly
modest.In 1714there
wereonlyaround30,000
Transylvania
Catholics inTransylvania, and at 'thepeak of the Jesuits'strength'in I754 they

couldonlymuster84 annualconverts,
evenaccording
to their
own report(p.
While someinteresting
interactions
with
I58).
detailsareprovided
aboutJesuit
of theSocietytreated
thesurviving
sources
heredo notseem
potential
converts,
on theselimited
achievements.
particularly
helpfulinreflecting
in thelatter
The structure
of thisbook isa little
uncertain
some
chapters:
recent
workon theUniatechurchhas beenneglected,
therearemistakesin
inplaceson somerather
givennames,and a reliance
odd secondary
literature.
Some of the claims made for Jesuit achievements in the region are certainly

over-stated.
One suggestion,
not centralto Shore's
althoughadmittedly
concerns, is thata Jesuitwas the firstto translate 'largeportions of theBible into

Hungarian'in I626 (p. 63).This overlooks

printed
Hungariantranslations
of
partsof theBible fromthe 1530Sand threeeditions of a complete Bible translation

incirculation
translator
by I6I2.The I626Jesuit
indeedspecifically
warnedhis
'Calvinist
Bibles'.
readers
against
usingtheseexisting
G.MURDOCK
TrinityCollege,Dublin

doi:Io.1093/ehr/cepo7I

Anglo-Scottish
Relations
Oxford
fromI603 toI900,ed.T.C. Smout (Oxford:
U.P., for theBritishAcademy, 2005; pp. 281. ?40);
The Scots and theUnion, by Christopher A. Whatley
U.P., 2006; pp. xv + 424. ?25).

(Edinburgh: Edinburgh

These two books represent the fruitsof the fresh angles pursued in recent
decades in the history of Britain and the 1707 Anglo-Scottish Union. With

EHR,cxxiv.
507(April
2009)

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432

BOOK REVIEWS

thecontexts,
contributions
by leadingscholars,theyilluminate
causesand
consequences
of the 1707Union, fromthe I603 unionof crownsto the
relations
nineteenth
century.
The authors
highlight
keyissuesinAnglo-Scottish
overtime,exploring
momentsof connection
andmutual influence
aswell as
a senseof theBritishunionas a negotiable
conflict.
entity,
rather
Throughout,
or inevitable
from
thana fixed
bothvolumes.
end,emerges
theBritish
Academy
In recognition
of the400thyearof theunionofcrowns,
in2003a series
of eventsfrom
and theRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh
sponsored
collection.'
The
whichProfessor
ChrisSmouthasgathered
papersforthepresent
a primer
first
on theBritish
problems
sixessaysinthecollection
together
comprise
Professor
of the seventeenth
These complement
ChrisWhatley's
century.
of themakingof theUnionof 1707,TheScotsand theUnion,
important
study
of I688-9to1707.Tomarkthe
whichfocuses
on theperiodfromtheRevolution
assistant
DerekPatrick
of theUnion,
anniversary
300th
Whatleyandhisresearch
from
haveintegrated
newsources
aswellasa vigorous
to
historiography
findings
anddetailedstudy.
Afterdigesting
this,thereader
can
provideawell-rounded
turnback to theBritish
Academyvolumeto exploreEnglishand Scottish
andnineteenth
centuries.
reactions
tocloserunionduringtheeighteenth
intheBritish
andconflict
feature
asJenny
Connections
Academycollection
and JohnFordanalyse
Wormald,KeithBrown,John
Morrill,Clare Jackson
theaccession
ofJames
VI to theEnglishthrone
thenatureofunionfollowing
in I603.Wormaldbegins
essayon James
and thelimits
ofBritish
witha lively
of ScotlandandEnglandunderone crown
union.Though theconjunction
priorities
of the
had been anticipated
by Jamesand others,theconflicting
monarchsooncreatedtensionin the 'brave
new
English,theScotsand their
Wormaldstresses
thedegreetowhich theScotsand
world'ofBritishunion.
theEnglish still saw each other as historic adversaries in I603, thoughBrown is
more optimistic about the extent towhich theProtestant amity established in

Brownpointsto thesuccessful
enmities.
1560had beguntosoftentraditional
ofa pragmatic
of theborders,
whileForddiscusses
thedevelopment
pacification

British approach to the law of the sea.Morrill's essay notes the degree towhich
themonarchical union was accepted by theScots and theEnglish by its fourth
decade, but points to the strugglesof the two nations over the termsof union
during the Civil War. Both Morrill and Wormald's essays indicate how
circumstances after I603, and particularly after I638, encouraged the Scots to

unionor
assimilative
union,while theEnglishpreferred
pushforconfederative
no union at all.

If theunionof crownsled to competition

betweenthekingdoms,italso
tomakecommoncauseacrossthe
enableddissidents
Anglo-Scottish
borderin
monarch.
thesedynamics
forthecivil
Morrillexplores
oppositiontoa shared
war period,
whileJackson
showshow theRestoration
crownbegantouse the
natureof thecomposite
by sendingsuspected
kingdomto itsownadvantage
wherejudicialtorture
This
toScotland,
couldbe usedagainstthem.
dissidents
inthe
newtensions
British
created
tactic,
inciting
however,
multiple
monarchy,
to theRevolution
fearof themonarch'styrannous
powersand contributing
against JamesVII and II.

I. A further set of papers has been edited byWilliam

L. Miller

and published as Anglo-Scottish

vol. I28,(Oxford,
and beyond,
of theBritish
relations
fromI900todevolution
Proceedings
Academy,
2005).

EHR, cxxiv.507 (April2oog)

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BOOK REVIEWS

433

Significantly,
Whatley'sbook on theI707Union takestheRevolutionof
i688 as itsstarting
point.
While his essayin theBritish
Academyvolume
forthedesirability
deepensfamiliar
arguments
of a unionof trade,
hisbook
constructs
a broaderthesis,
emphasising
thereligious
politicsof theUnion as
This isa refreshing
giventhepolarisation
well as theeconomic.
development,
of someUnion histories
betweeneconomicand politicalperspectives.
With
thereligious
politicsof theRevolutionin theframe,
themakingof theUnion
ofnegotiation
and compromise
becomesa story
tosecurea Protestant
crown
andPresbyterian
churchaswell as freetradeforScotland.
With meticulousdetailand strong
documentary
evidence,
Whatley traces
thedevelopment
of supportinScotlandfora closerunionwithEnglandfrom
thatthissupportreliedasmuch on a
theRevolutiononwards.
He stresses
Revolution
settlement
anEpiscopalian
desiretosecurethePresbyterian
against
toScottish
as a wish toprovideneweconomicopportunities
Jacobitethreat
merchantsand producers.
Whatley sets thisnascentunionismagainstthe
of incorporation
explosionof oppositionseen in 1706-7 to thetreaty
and
showshowthegovernment
majorityforthe
managedtosecurea parliamentary
in thefaceof violentpublicobjections.
treaty
His analysisisnotableforits
of thereputation
of thesquadrone
rehabilitation
volante,
thegroupofWhig
parliamentarians
who providedthecritical
swingvote in favour
of thetreaty.
weremade
thatsecret
of office
While acknowledging
andpromises
payments
from
of theScottish
London tomembers
Parliament,
including
thesquadrone,
Whatley builds a convincing picture of a parliamentmoved by principle aswell

also supportstheimpression
of the
as pecuniary
instincts.
Whatley'sanalysis
from
unionas a negotiated
outcome.
Scotlandfora
Though initial
arguments
confederal
unionprovedto be politically
impracticable,
widespreadoutrage
provoked
by thetreaty
of incorporation
did leadto its
modification.
The final
treatyaccommodated at least some fears for the securityof the Presbyterian
church and key branches of trade,with concessions being hammered out as

petitions
downonParliament
and riots
andother
rained
eruptedinEdinburgh
towns.
intheremaining
relations
after
Anglo-Scottish
1707areconsidered
essaysin
theBritish
Thesehighlight
thecontinuing
evolution
of the
Academyvolume.
Britishunionunderchanging
While Colin Kidd emphasises
circumstances.
thesolidunionism
ofmoderate
Scots,hepointstothedesireof
Enlightenment
manyScottishthinkers
to improve
theunion.Althoughtheyconsidered
the
1707 treaty to have been necessary, they also saw it as flawed (in part by the

concessions
nobleswhichwereneededtosecureagreement
made toScotland's

at the time). To bring Scottish civil liberties in linewith those of England,

inparticular,
wereurged.Despite the
ofScottishfeudalisms
further
reforms,
rhetoric
of liberty
and justice,however,
thewinningof these
modifications

relied asmuch on a pragmatic need to limit the powers of Scotland's Jacobite

nobles. Tom Devine shows how the threatof Jacobitism also opened doors in

theEast IndiaCompany to Scottishofficers,

andmerchants,
professionals

creating a growing patronage network that tied the Scottish gentry into the

sonsof lairds
Britishempire,
younger
Englishempire.
Throughan increasingly
toenjoy
secured
postsandbadly-needed
income,though
manyneversurvived
thefruits
of theirlabours.
of theEnglish
While someEnlightenment
Scotspraisedthecivilliberties
andsoughtimperial
madeBritishconnections
withmore radical
posts,others
EHR, cxxiv.507 (April2009)

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434

BOOK REVIEWS

endsinmind.Like thedissidents
of theseventeenth
century,
theradicals
of the
aidedby
latereighteenth
century
alsomade commoncauseacrosstheborder,
improvingtransport
and communicationlinks.Bob Harris tracesthe
interaction
betweenleaders
andgroupsinScotlandandEngland,showing
how
theiractivities
and co-ordinate
through
personal
theysoughtto correspond
networks,
newspapers
andpamphlets.
By theearlynineteenth
century,
growingculturalconnections
between
ThomasCarlyletobecomea literary
ScotlandandEnglandallowed
luminary
inLondon,asRosemary
Ashtonshows.
ofprovincial
Rejectingthenarrowness
capital
middle-class
Edinburgh,
Carlyleandhiswifedecampedforthecultural
on the'condition
ofLondon toprovidecutting
commentary
ofEngland',by
whichhemeantBritain.In therealm
ofparty
politics,lainHutchisonconfirms
in thenineteenth
an increasing
Britishness
century
with, forexample,the
election
ofScotstoEnglishseatsandviceversa.
frequent
Yet, as Britishness
expandedand became conflatedto a degreewith
Like the
Englishness,
Scotlandretaineda senseof nationaldistinctiveness.
overtime.
PaulLangford
unionitself,
though,
Scotland'simageshifted
explores
of theScots changedin responseto the threats
how Englishperceptions
stockScottishfigures
were
toEnglandby theScots.In thetheatre,
presented
of thelateseventeenth
from
century,
transformed
SaunytheScot,a barbarian
to Sir PertinaxMacsycophant, a Scot on themake who firstappeared on stage

As Scotsmultipliedinelitecirclessouthof theborder,
a century
later.
English
ina disdainforvulgar
forassimilative
themselves
preferences
unionmanifested
Scottishaccents.By theearlynineteenth
century,
however,
Langfordseesan
of theScots as thrifty
cousins.Hutchison's
emerging
acceptance
provincial
closingessayhintsat the forcesthatwould disruptthisbriefmomentof
asheoutlines
riseofScottish
nationalism
equilibrium
groundsfortheeventual
in thetwentieth
century.
the
Togetherthesetwobooksprovidea broadcontextforunderstanding
British
unionand a deepexploration
ofhowandwhy incorporation
happened
in 1707. As in any collection of essays, theBritish Academy volume has some
gaps; for example, a chapter on Jacobitism on both sides of the border would

have complemented
Kidd's analysisof eighteenth-century
Whig unionism.
thevolumewill proveusefultostudents
as a guidetokeyissues
Nevertheless,
with footnotes
references
forfurther
overtime,
reading.In turn,
supplying

Whatley's book provides a comprehensive analysis of themaking of the 1707

union, though its lengthmay prove a challenge to some readers.

While momentsofAnglo-Scottish
unionhave inspired
thesebooks,their
theoftendisruptive
natureof theBritishunion.When a
analysesilluminate
accidentledto theunionofcrowns,
inherent
betweenthe
differences
dynastic
made thisa difficult
ScottishandEnglishkingdoms
polityforanyking to
govern. Even when a shared interestin theRevolution of I688-9 impelledmany

intheScottish
Parliament
tosupportincorporation
in1707,incompatibility
in
otherareas,especially
made thisa tenuous
andconditional
union.As
religion,
inhis introduction,
there
was 'nothing
natural
or inevitable'
in
Smoutobserves
the idea of Anglo-Scottish union; but these books show how union in one
formor another has endured forfourcenturies througha process of negotiation

andaccommodation.

K. BOWIE
University

doi:Io.1093/ehr/cepoI6

of Glasgow

EHR, cxxiv.507 (April2009)

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