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IN PIPES
Dr. Azmahani Sadikin
Room : C16-101-09
Off no : 07- 4537750
azmah@uthm.edu.my
WHY PIPES?
Have many application in engineering system
The pipe is completely filled with fluid (if the pipe is not
full, it is called open channel and not possible to maintain
pressure difference).
Viscous fluid.
Reynolds Number, Re
Reynolds Experiment
The region near where the flow enters the pipe is called
the entrance region.
Here, the fluid typically enters the pipe with a nearly
uniform velocity profile at section (1).
Once the fluid reaches the end of the entrance region, section
(2), the flow is simpler to describe because the velocity is
a function of only the distance from the pipe centerline, r,
and independent of x.
This is true until the character of the pipe changes in some
way, such as a change in diameter, or the fluid flows
through a bend, valve, or some other component at
section (3). The flow between (2) and (3) is termed fully
developed.
Beyond the interruption of the fully developed flow [at section
(4)], the flow gradually begins its return to its fully
developed character [section (5)] and continues with this
profile until the next pipe system component is reached
[section (6)].
refer to derivation
Local velocity:
Pressure drop :
Flowrate:
-> is called
Poiseuille law
3.
4.
5.
where,
and
where is the eddy or turbulent viscosity
However, in practice it is not easy to use and this eddy viscosity changes
from one turbulent flow condition/point to another cannot be looked up
in handbooks. Several semiempirical theories have been proposed to
determine approximate values of . For example, the turbulent process
could be viewed as the random transport of bundles of fluid particles
over a certain distance, the mixing length,
from a region of one
velocity to another region of a different velocity. By the use of some ad
hoc assumptions and physical reasoning, it was concluded that the eddy
viscosity was given by,
Viscous Sublayer
Random, fluctuating/eddying of
the flow is essentially absent
is an important parameter
is not important
is not important
is important
and
and
For the overlap region, the following expression has been proposed :
(i)
(ii)
Exercise
LOSSES IN PIPES
Where for
TYPE OF LOSSES
There are 2 type of losses major losses and minor losses.
When all the loss coefficients are available, the total head loss in a
piping system is determined from
MAJOR LOSSES
Surface Roughness,
Moody Chart
MINOR LOSSES
KL for 90 bend
Example 1 :
Noncircular Conduits
Most of the pipes used for engineering purposes are circular.
However some of them are not circular in their cross section.
For noncircular pipes, the diameter in the previous relations can be
replaced by the hydraulic radius which defined as RH = A/P,
where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe (m2) and P is its
Replace hydraulic radius in Re, relative roughness and head loss given
Reynolds no
Relative roughness :
Head loss
EXERCISES
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
b)